Based on the above passage, the following assumptions have been made : 1. For effective school education, parents have greater role than the governments. 2. School curriculum that conforms to today's requirements and is uniform for the entire country may address the issues brought out. Which of the assumptions given above is/are valid?

• Assumption 1 is invalid because the passage attributes the low academic competencies to systemic issues like curriculum expectations and the transition gap, not to a lack of parental effort or a comparison of roles between parents and government.

• The passage states that abilities are 'far lower than they should be even based on curricular expectations of class 8,' implying that the current curriculum itself is not the primary cause of the failure, or that the issue lies in implementation rather than the curriculum's design.

• Assumption 2 is invalid because the passage highlights that students struggle with basic skills despite existing curricular expectations, suggesting that a uniform curriculum conforming to 'today's requirements' is not presented as a solution in the text.

• The text focuses on the disconnect between the number of students completing class 8 and their actual academic readiness, without proposing specific policy solutions like uniform curricula or assigning greater responsibility to parents.

• Therefore, neither assumption is supported by the specific facts and arguments presented in the passage, leading to the conclusion that neither is valid.