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UPSC General Studies — Previous Year Questions

Every question from General Studies papers in UPSC Civil Services Mains (2021–2026), organised by year. 432 questions in total, each with directive-word analysis, model answer points, and a full evaluation rubric.

432Questions
6Years covered

2026 Mains

72 questions · 1000 marks

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GS Paper I 20 Qs · 250 marksGS Paper II 20 Qs · 250 marksGS Paper III 20 Qs · 250 marksGS Paper IV 12 Qs · 250 marks
All 72 questions from 2026

GS Paper I

  1. Q1 Analyze the importance of Ashokan inscriptions for reconstructing Mauryan history. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  2. Q2 Discuss the impact of Macaulay's Minute on colonial administration and education in India. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  3. Q3 The significance of the Gandhian movements lay in the masses they mobilized. Elucidate. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  4. Q4 What is the Fujiwhara effect? Explain its impact on the movement and intensity of tropical cyclones. (Answer in 150… 10 marks
  5. Q5 "Tundra regions are ecologically fragile but economically important." Examine this statement critically. (Answer in 150… 10 marks
  6. Q6 Discuss the role of aeolian processes in desertification and land degradation. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  7. Q7 "Water resources are both an asset and a source of conflict in South Asia." Examine this statement giving examples… 10 marks
  8. Q8 Unity in diversity remains the defining feature of Indian society despite the challenges from communalism and… 10 marks
  9. Q9 How do you understand disability? Substantiate the need for inclusive policy framework in India in this regard. (Answer… 10 marks
  10. Q10 Do you think digital technology promotes social empowerment? Explain with examples. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  11. Q11 Vijayanagara architecture exemplifies the amalgamation of past traditions with contemporary practices. Elucidate with… 15 marks
  12. Q12 Linguistic reorganization of Indian States was driven by popular pressure from below. Comment. (Answer in 250 words) 15 marks
  13. Q13 The model of planned economy was adopted in India to address the regional imbalances left behind by colonial rule… 15 marks
  14. Q14 Compare the Loo, Chinook and Foehn winds with respect to their regions of prevalence, their nature and climatic… 15 marks
  15. Q15 Analyze the role of satellite-based technologies in achieving climate-smart agriculture and food security in India… 15 marks
  16. Q16 "The centre of global trade is gradually shifting from the Atlantic region to the Indo-Pacific region." Examine this… 15 marks
  17. Q17 Analyze the major drivers of human-induced land-use changes in India and their geographical consequences. (Answer in… 15 marks
  18. Q18 Is caste disappearing in urban India? Illustrate your answer with examples. (Answer in 250 words) 15 marks
  19. Q19 Critically examine the challenges of demographic transition in contemporary India. (Answer in 250 words) 15 marks
  20. Q20 Evaluate the impact of globalization on Indian youths with reference to social, political, economic and cultural… 15 marks

GS Paper II

  1. Q1 Right to privacy relating to self-identity is very dear to every human being and well protected under Article 21 of the… 10 marks
  2. Q2 "Women as a class neither belong to a minority group nor are they regarded as forming a backward class." In the light… 10 marks
  3. Q3 Examine whether the constitutional office of the Lok Sabha Speaker has become vulnerable to partisan politics under the… 10 marks
  4. Q4 Is the right to vote a fundamental right? Discuss the position of the Election Commission of India while undertaking… 10 marks
  5. Q5 Do constitutional bodies like the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) and the National Commission for… 10 marks
  6. Q6 Does India's tribal development policy reflect the aspirations for a socially grounded and equity-based governance?… 10 marks
  7. Q7 Malnutrition in India is not merely a public health concern; it is also a challenge of social equity, human development… 10 marks
  8. Q8 Analyse the advantages and limitations of the generalist structure of the Indian Civil Services in contemporary… 10 marks
  9. Q9 "IPMDA (Indo-Pacific Partnership for Maritime Domain Awareness) bridges the gap between India's SAGAR (Security and… 10 marks
  10. Q10 "BRICS acts as a powerful counterweight in global governance, actively amplifying the voice and influence of the Global… 10 marks
  11. Q11 Discuss the position of the Governor in the federal polity of India. What is the nature of his power while giving… 15 marks
  12. Q12 What is meant by judicial legislation? In this context, discuss the verdicts of the apex court allowing "passive… 15 marks
  13. Q13 How far has the Indian federal framework been successful in accommodating regional and cultural diversities? Highlight… 15 marks
  14. Q14 Examine how the separation of powers is practised in India compared to the rigid presidential model of the United… 15 marks
  15. Q15 To what extent do pressure groups, social movements and corporate lobbies deepen pluralistic democracy in India by… 15 marks
  16. Q16 "Transparency and accountability in governance are not about controlling corruption but about creating the trust of… 15 marks
  17. Q17 Can the constitutional mandate of rights-based welfare be effectively realised in the context of non-integrated… 15 marks
  18. Q18 Should education be treated primarily as a welfare obligation of the state or as a strategic investment for building a… 15 marks
  19. Q19 "India's global diaspora acts as a living bridge, as a critical economic factor and knowledge network in transforming… 15 marks
  20. Q20 "China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has transformed South Asia from a regional space into a theatre of great power… 15 marks

GS Paper III

  1. Q1 What do you mean by Digital Rupee? In this context, explain the working and progress of India's Central Bank Digital… 10 marks
  2. Q2 Examine the view that financial inclusion is an integral part of social and economic inclusion in a country like India… 10 marks
  3. Q3 Describe the various Technology Missions initiated in Indian agriculture and examine their role in food security… 10 marks
  4. Q4 Explain the factors responsible for inefficiency of agri-produce marketing. How e-commerce helps to reduce inefficiency… 10 marks
  5. Q5 Explain by giving two examples, how biotechnology has helped the Indian farmers in processing their perishable crops… 10 marks
  6. Q6 Distinguish between a Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) and a thermal nuclear reactor. In the context of first indigenously… 10 marks
  7. Q7 Discuss how the contradiction between 'rapid infrastructure development' and 'disaster-risk reduction' in… 10 marks
  8. Q8 Discuss the aim and goals of Kunming-Montreal global biodiversity framework. Mention India's commitments and… 10 marks
  9. Q9 Explain how fake news and disinformation pose threat to Internal Security and Public Order in Indian context? In this… 10 marks
  10. Q10 Ladakh is strategically located between China and Pakistan. As a measure to win hearts and minds of locals, discuss the… 10 marks
  11. Q11 Explain the key challenges for India's energy security. What measures do you suggest for ensuring energy security along… 15 marks
  12. Q12 How are startups in India promoting entrepreneurship, innovation and employment? Discuss the global and domestic… 15 marks
  13. Q13 How Indian agriculture has been transformed from food scarcity to food surplus level? Explain the various government… 15 marks
  14. Q14 Discuss the different types of subsidies and supports provided by the Government of India to agricultural sector… 15 marks
  15. Q15 Mention salient features of 'Mission Drishti'. Discuss the imaging techniques used in the satellite launched on 3rd May… 15 marks
  16. Q16 What is agentic Artificial Intelligence (AI)? Explain its working. Describe its applications with suitable examples… 15 marks
  17. Q17 What are the challenges to solid waste management in India? Discuss the governmental policy framework on solid waste… 15 marks
  18. Q18 "Community participation is the cornerstone of effective disaster management." Analyse this statement with suitable… 15 marks
  19. Q19 Separatist movements have been one of the major factors contributing to militancy and instability in Jammu & Kashmir… 15 marks
  20. Q20 Discuss counterfeit currency and money laundering as major sources of terror funding in India. State the actions being… 15 marks

GS Paper IV

  1. Q1 (a) Owing to paucity of time, a university professor generates a Ph.D. evaluation report using Artificial Intelligence… 20 marks
  2. Q2 (a) An endangered tribe has developed a severe skeletal deformity. A university research has identified a mineral… 20 marks
  3. Q3 Given below are the three quotations of great thinkers. What do each of these quotations convey to you in the present… 30 marks
  4. Q4 (a) Citing the serious adverse effects of long-term medication, a doctor convinces the family of a female patient for… 20 marks
  5. Q5 (a) Usually schools, working in remote areas, do not fully comply with government regulations. However, if the rules… 20 marks
  6. Q6 (a) On the request of his Personal Assistant (PA), the District Magistrate (DM) stops the transfer of a schoolteacher… 20 marks
  7. Q7 Lata, a mother of two children, was admitted to a hospital for acute abdominal pain. Her sister-in-law, Sujatha… 20 marks
  8. Q8 Ravi is a senior police officer with vast experience in riot control and cyber-policing. Since one year, he has been… 20 marks
  9. Q9 Seema is a senior bureaucrat with a reputation of honesty and professional efficiency. She has recently been posted as… 20 marks
  10. Q10 Vikas is a government officer with over a decade of service in public administration. He has recently moved as the… 20 marks
  11. Q11 Rajapuram is a border district. Jhara and Biru, its two major communities, are in continual conflict with each other… 20 marks
  12. Q12 Ajit has been recently promoted as the Head of the Department of Weapon Sales (DWS) in the Ministry of Defence… 20 marks

2025 Mains

72 questions · 1000 marks

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GS Paper I 20 Qs · 250 marksGS Paper II 20 Qs · 250 marksGS Paper III 20 Qs · 250 marksGS Paper IV 12 Qs · 250 marks
All 72 questions from 2025

GS Paper I

  1. Q1 Discuss the salient features of the Harappan architecture. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  2. Q2 Examine the main aspects of Akbar's religious syncretism. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  3. Q3 'The sculptors filled the Chandella artform with resilient vigor and breadth of life.' Elucidate. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  4. Q4 How are climate change and the sea level rise affecting the very existence of many island nations ? Discuss with… 10 marks
  5. Q5 What are non-farm primary activities ? How are these activities related to physiographic features in India ? Discuss… 10 marks
  6. Q6 Explain briefly the ecological and economic benefits of solar energy generation in India with suitable examples… 10 marks
  7. Q7 What are Tsunamis ? How and where are they formed ? What are their consequences ? Explain with examples. (Answer in 150… 10 marks
  8. Q8 How does smart city in India, address the issues of urban poverty and distributive justice ? (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  9. Q9 The ethos of civil service in India stand for the combination of professionalism with nationalistic consciousness –… 10 marks
  10. Q10 Do you think that globalization results in only an aggressive consumer culture ? Justify your answer. (Answer in 150… 10 marks
  11. Q11 Mahatma Jotirao Phule's writings and efforts of social reforms touched issues of almost all subaltern classes. Discuss… 15 marks
  12. Q12 Trace India's consolidation process during early phase of independence in terms of polity, economy, education and… 15 marks
  13. Q13 The French Revolution has enduring relevance to the contemporary world. Explain. (Answer in 250 words) 15 marks
  14. Q14 Give a geographical explanation of the distribution of off-shore oil reserves of the world. How are they different from… 15 marks
  15. Q15 How can Artificial Intelligence (AI) and drones be effectively used along with GIS and RS techniques in locational and… 15 marks
  16. Q16 Discuss how the changes in shape and sizes of continents and ocean basins of the planet take place due to tectonic… 15 marks
  17. Q17 Discuss the distribution and density of population in the Ganga River Basin with special reference to land, soil and… 15 marks
  18. Q18 How do you account for the growing fast food industries given that there are increased health concerns in modern… 15 marks
  19. Q19 Achieving sustainable growth with emphasis on environmental protection could come into conflict with poor people's… 15 marks
  20. Q20 Does tribal development in India centre around two axes, those of displacement and of rehabilitation ? Give your… 15 marks

GS Paper II

  1. Q1 Discuss the 'corrupt practices' for the purpose of the Representation of the People Act, 1951. Analyze whether the… 10 marks
  2. Q2 Comment on the need of administrative tribunals as compared to the court system. Assess the impact of the recent… 10 marks
  3. Q3 Compare and contrast the President's power to pardon in India and in the USA. Are there any limits to it in both the… 10 marks
  4. Q4 Discuss the nature of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly after the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019… 10 marks
  5. Q5 "The Attorney General of India plays a crucial role in guiding the legal framework of the Union Government and ensuring… 10 marks
  6. Q6 Women's social capital complements in advancing empowerment and gender equity. Explain. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  7. Q7 e-governance projects have a built-in bias towards technology and back-end integration than user-centric designs… 10 marks
  8. Q8 Civil Society Organizations are often perceived as being anti-State actors than non-State actors. Do you agree?… 10 marks
  9. Q9 India-Africa digital partnership is achieving mutual respect, co-development and long-term institutional partnerships… 10 marks
  10. Q10 "With the waning of globalization, post-Cold War world is becoming a site of sovereign nationalism." Elucidate. (Answer… 10 marks
  11. Q11 "Constitutional morality is the fulcrum which acts as an essential check upon the high functionaries and citizens… 15 marks
  12. Q12 Indian Constitution has conferred the amending power on the ordinary legislative institutions with a few procedural… 15 marks
  13. Q13 Discuss the evolution of collegium system in India. Critically examine the advantages and disadvantages of the system… 15 marks
  14. Q14 Examine the evolving pattern of Centre-State financial relations in the context of planned development in India. How… 15 marks
  15. Q15 What are environmental pressure groups? Discuss their role in raising awareness, influencing policies and advocating… 15 marks
  16. Q16 Inequality in the ownership pattern of resources is one of the major causes of poverty. Discuss in the context of… 15 marks
  17. Q17 "In contemporary development models, decision-making and problem-solving responsibilities are not located close to the… 15 marks
  18. Q18 The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights has to address the challenges faced by children in the digital… 15 marks
  19. Q19 "Energy security constitutes the dominant kingpin of India's foreign policy, and is linked with India's overarching… 15 marks
  20. Q20 "The reform process in the United Nations remains unresolved, because of the delicate imbalance of East and West and… 15 marks

GS Paper III

  1. Q1 Distinguish between the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) with… 10 marks
  2. Q2 What are the challenges before the Indian economy when the world is moving away from free trade and multilateralism to… 10 marks
  3. Q3 Explain the factors influencing the decision of the farmers on the selection of high value crops in India. (Answer in… 10 marks
  4. Q4 Elaborate the scope and significance of supply chain management of agricultural commodities in India. (Answer in 150… 10 marks
  5. Q5 The fusion energy programme in India has steadily evolved over the past few decades. Mention India's contributions to… 10 marks
  6. Q6 How can India achieve energy independence through clean technology by 2047 ? How can biotechnology can play a crucial… 10 marks
  7. Q7 What is Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) ? What is the potential role of CCUS in tackling climate change… 10 marks
  8. Q8 Seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifers is a major concern in India. What are the causes of seawater intrusion and… 10 marks
  9. Q9 Terrorism is a global scourge. How has it manifested in India ? Elaborate with contemporary examples. What are the… 10 marks
  10. Q10 The Government of India recently stated that Left Wing Extremism (LWE) will be eliminated by 2026. What do you… 10 marks
  11. Q11 Explain how the Fiscal Health Index (FHI) can be used as a tool for assessing the fiscal performance of states in… 15 marks
  12. Q12 Discuss the rationale of the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme. What are its achievements ? In what way can the… 15 marks
  13. Q13 Examine the factors responsible for depleting groundwater in India. What are the steps taken by the government to… 15 marks
  14. Q14 Examine the scope of the food processing industries in India. Elaborate the measures taken by the government in the… 15 marks
  15. Q15 How does nanotechnology offer significant advancements in the field of agriculture ? How can this technology help to… 15 marks
  16. Q16 India aims to become a semiconductor manufacturing hub. What are the challenges faced by the semiconductor industry in… 15 marks
  17. Q17 Mineral resources are fundamental to the country's economy and these are exploited by mining. Why is mining considered… 15 marks
  18. Q18 Write a review on India's climate commitments under the Paris Agreement (2015) and mention how these have been further… 15 marks
  19. Q19 What are the major challenges to internal security and peace process in the North-Eastern States ? Map the various… 15 marks
  20. Q20 Why is maritime security vital to protect India's sea trade ? Discuss maritime and coastal security challenges and the… 15 marks

GS Paper IV

  1. Q1 (a) In the present digital age, social media has revolutionised our way of communication and interaction. However, it… 20 marks
  2. Q2 (a) Carl von Clausewitz once said, "War is a diplomacy by other means." Critically analyse the above statement in the… 20 marks
  3. Q3 Given below are three quotations of great thinkers. What do each of these quotations convey to you in the present… 30 marks
  4. Q4 (a) "For any kind of social re-engineering by successfully implementing welfare schemes, a civil servant must use… 20 marks
  5. Q5 (a) "One who is devoted to one's duty attains highest perfection in life." Analyse this statement with reference to… 20 marks
  6. Q6 (a) It is said that for an ethical work culture, there must be code of ethics in place in every organisation. To ensure… 20 marks
  7. Q7 Vijay was Deputy Commissioner of remote district of Hilly Northern State of the country for the last two years. In the… 20 marks
  8. Q8 In line with the Directive Principles of State Policy enshrined in the Indian Constitution, the government has a… 20 marks
  9. Q9 Subash is Secretary, PWD in the State Government. He is a senior officer, known for his competence, integrity and… 20 marks
  10. Q10 Rajesh is a Group A officer with nine years of service. He is posted as Administrative Officer in an Oil Public Sector… 20 marks
  11. Q11 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Program, MGNREGA was earlier known as National Rural Employment… 20 marks
  12. Q12 Ashok is Divisional Commissioner of one of the border districts of the North East State. A few years back, Military has… 20 marks

2024 Mains

72 questions · 1000 marks

View all →
GS Paper I 20 Qs · 250 marksGS Paper II 20 Qs · 250 marksGS Paper III 20 Qs · 250 marksGS Paper IV 12 Qs · 250 marks
All 72 questions from 2024

GS Paper I

  1. Q1 Underline the changes in the field of society and economy from the Rig Vedic to the later Vedic period. (Answer in 150… 10 marks
  2. Q2 Estimate the contribution of Pallavas of Kanchi for the development of art and literature of South India. (Answer in… 10 marks
  3. Q3 What were the events that led to the Quit India Movement? Point out its results. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  4. Q4 What is sea surface temperature rise? How does it affect the formation of tropical cyclones? (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  5. Q5 Why do large cities tend to attract more migrants than smaller towns? Discuss in the light of conditions in developing… 10 marks
  6. Q6 What is the phenomenon of 'cloudbursts'? Explain. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  7. Q7 What is the concept of a 'demographic winter'? Is the world moving towards such a situation? Elaborate. (Answer in 150… 10 marks
  8. Q8 Distinguish between gender equality, gender equity and women's empowerment. Why is it important to take gender concerns… 10 marks
  9. Q9 Intercaste marriages between castes which have socio-economic parity have increased, to some extent, but this is less… 10 marks
  10. Q10 In dealing with socio-economic issues of development, what kind of collaboration between government, NGOs and private… 10 marks
  11. Q11 "Though the great Cholas are no more yet their name is still remembered with great pride because of their highest… 15 marks
  12. Q12 How far is it correct to say that the First World War was fought essentially for the preservation of balance of power?… 15 marks
  13. Q13 How far was the Industrial Revolution in England responsible for the decline of handicrafts and cottage industries in… 15 marks
  14. Q14 The groundwater potential of the gangetic valley is on a serious decline. How may it affect the food security of India?… 15 marks
  15. Q15 What are aurora australis and aurora borealis? How are these triggered? (Answer in 250 words) 15 marks
  16. Q16 What is a twister? Why are the majority of twisters observed in areas around the Gulf of Mexico? (Answer in 250 words) 15 marks
  17. Q17 What is regional disparity? How does it differ from diversity? How serious is the issue of regional disparity in India?… 15 marks
  18. Q18 Despite comprehensive policies for equity and social justice, underprivileged sections are not yet getting the full… 15 marks
  19. Q19 Globalization has increased urban migration by skilled, young, unmarried women from various classes. How has this trend… 15 marks
  20. Q20 Critically analyse the proposition that there is a high correlation between India's cultural diversities and… 15 marks

GS Paper II

  1. Q1 Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees with particular reference to "one nation –… 10 marks
  2. Q2 Explain and distinguish between Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals. Whether they entertain civil as well as criminal… 10 marks
  3. Q3 "The growth of cabinet system has practically resulted in the marginalisation of the parliamentary supremacy."… 10 marks
  4. Q4 "The duty of the Comptroller and Auditor General is not merely to ensure the legality of expenditure but also its… 10 marks
  5. Q5 Analyse the role of local bodies in providing good governance at local level and bring out the pros and cons merging… 10 marks
  6. Q6 Public charitable trusts have the potential to make India's development more inclusive as they relate to certain vital… 10 marks
  7. Q7 Poverty and malnutrition create a vicious cycle, adversely affecting human capital formation. What steps can be taken… 10 marks
  8. Q8 The Doctrine of Democratic Governance makes it necessary that the public perception of the integrity and commitment of… 10 marks
  9. Q9 'The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China's supply chain and as a strategic ally to… 10 marks
  10. Q10 Critically analyse India's evolving diplomatic, economic and strategic relations with the Central Asian Republics… 10 marks
  11. Q11 What are the aims and objects of recently passed and enforced, The Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act… 15 marks
  12. Q12 Right to privacy is intrinsic to life and personal liberty and is inherently protected under Article 21 of the… 15 marks
  13. Q13 What changes has the Union Government recently introduced in the domain of Centre-State relations ? Suggest measures to… 15 marks
  14. Q14 Explain the reasons for the growth of public interest litigation in India. As a result of it, has the Indian Supreme… 15 marks
  15. Q15 Discuss India as a secular state and compare with the secular principles of the US constitution. (Answer in 250 words) 15 marks
  16. Q16 The Citizens' charter has been a landmark initiative in ensuring citizen-centric administration. But it is yet to reach… 15 marks
  17. Q17 In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse… 15 marks
  18. Q18 e-governance is not just about the routine application of digital technology in service delivery process. It is as much… 15 marks
  19. Q19 'Terrorism has become a significant threat to global peace and security.' Evaluate the effectiveness of the United… 15 marks
  20. Q20 Discuss the geopolitical and geostrategic importance of Maldives for India with a focus on global trade and energy… 15 marks

GS Paper III

  1. Q1 Examine the pattern and trend of public expenditure on social services in the post-reforms period in India. To what… 10 marks
  2. Q2 What are the causes of persistent high food inflation in India? Comment on the effectiveness of the monetary policy of… 10 marks
  3. Q3 What were the factors responsible for the successful implementation of land reforms in some parts of the country?… 10 marks
  4. Q4 Explain the role of millets for ensuring health and nutritional security in India. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  5. Q5 What is the present world scenario of intellectual property rights with respect to life materials? Although, India is… 10 marks
  6. Q6 What is the technology being employed for electronic toll collection on highways? What are its advantages and… 10 marks
  7. Q7 Industrial pollution of river water is a significant environmental issue in India. Discuss the various mitigation… 10 marks
  8. Q8 What role do environmental NGOs and activists play in influencing Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) outcomes for… 10 marks
  9. Q9 Explain how narco-terrorism has emerged as a serious threat across the country. Suggest suitable measures to counter… 10 marks
  10. Q10 Describe the context and salient features of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  11. Q11 Discuss the merits and demerits of the four 'Labour Codes' in the context of labour market reforms in India. What has… 15 marks
  12. Q12 What is the need for expanding the regional air connectivity in India? In this context, discuss the government's UDAN… 15 marks
  13. Q13 What are the major challenges faced by Indian irrigation system in recent times? State the measures taken by the… 15 marks
  14. Q14 Elucidate the importance of buffer stocks for stabilizing agricultural prices in India. What are the challenges… 15 marks
  15. Q15 The world is facing an acute shortage of clean and safe freshwater. What are the alternative technologies which can… 15 marks
  16. Q16 What are asteroids? How real is the threat of them causing extinction of life? What strategies have been developed to… 15 marks
  17. Q17 What is disaster resilience? How is it determined? Describe various elements of a resilience framework. Also mention… 15 marks
  18. Q18 Flooding in urban areas is an emerging climate-induced disaster. Discuss the causes of this disaster. Mention the… 15 marks
  19. Q19 India has a long and troubled border with China and Pakistan fraught with contentious issues. Examine the conflicting… 15 marks
  20. Q20 Social media and encrypting messaging services pose a serious security challenge. What measures have been adopted at… 15 marks

GS Paper IV

  1. Q1 (a) The application of Artificial Intelligence as a dependable source of input for administrative rational… 20 marks
  2. Q2 (a) "It is not enough to talk about peace, one must believe in it; and it is not enough to believe in it, one must act… 20 marks
  3. Q3 Given below are three quotations of great thinkers. What do each of these quotations convey to you in the present… 30 marks
  4. Q4 (a) "The concept of Just and Unjust is contextual. What was just a year back, may turn out to be unjust in today's… 20 marks
  5. Q5 (a) "The 'Code of Conduct' and 'Code of Ethics' are the sources of guidance in public administration. There is code of… 20 marks
  6. Q6 (a) "In Indian culture and value system, an equal opportunity has been provided irrespective of gender identity. The… 20 marks
  7. Q7 There is a technological company named ABC Incorporated which is the second largest worldwide, situated in the Third… 20 marks
  8. Q8 Raman is a senior IPS officer and has recently been posted as D.G. of a state. Among the various issues and… 20 marks
  9. Q9 With multipronged strategy of the Central and State Governments specially in the last few years, the naxalite problem… 20 marks
  10. Q10 Sneha is a Senior Manager working for a big reputed hospital chain in a mid-sized city. She has been made in-charge of… 20 marks
  11. Q11 With the summer heat being exceptionally severe this year, the district has been facing severe water shortage. The… 20 marks
  12. Q12 Dr. Srinivasan is a senior scientist working for a reputed biotechnology company known for its cutting-edge research in… 20 marks

2023 Mains

72 questions · 1000 marks

View all →
GS Paper I 20 Qs · 250 marksGS Paper II 20 Qs · 250 marksGS Paper III 20 Qs · 250 marksGS Paper IV 12 Qs · 250 marks
All 72 questions from 2023

GS Paper I

  1. Q1 Explain the role of geographical factors towards the development of Ancient India. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  2. Q2 What was the difference between Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore in their approach towards education and… 10 marks
  3. Q3 Bring out the socio-economic effects of the introduction of railways in different countries of the world. (Answer in… 10 marks
  4. Q4 Discuss the consequences of climate change on the food security in tropical countries. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  5. Q5 Why is the world today confronted with a crisis of availability of and access to freshwater resources? (Answer in 150… 10 marks
  6. Q6 How are the fjords formed? Why do they constitute some of the most picturesque areas of the world? (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  7. Q7 Why is the South-West Monsoon called 'Purvaiya' (easterly) in Bhojpur Region? How has this directional seasonal wind… 10 marks
  8. Q8 Do you think marriage as a sacrament is loosing its value in Modern India? (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  9. Q9 Explain why suicide among young women is increasing in Indian society. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  10. Q10 Child cuddling is now being replaced by mobile phones. Discuss its impact on the socialization of children. (Answer in… 10 marks
  11. Q11 What are the main features of Vedic society and religion? Do you think some of the features are still prevailing in… 15 marks
  12. Q12 What were the major technological changes introduced during the Sultanate period? How did those technological changes… 15 marks
  13. Q13 How did the colonial rule affect the tribals in India and what was the tribal response to the colonial oppression?… 15 marks
  14. Q14 Comment on the resource potentials of the long coastline of India and highlight the status of natural hazard… 15 marks
  15. Q15 Identify and discuss the factors responsible for diversity of natural vegetation in India. Assess the significance of… 15 marks
  16. Q16 Why did human development fail to keep pace with economic development in India? (Answer in 250 words) 15 marks
  17. Q17 From being net food importer in 1960s, India has emerged as a net food exporter to the world. Provide reasons. (Answer… 15 marks
  18. Q18 Does urbanization lead to more segregation and/or marginalization of the poor in Indian metropolises? (Answer in 250… 15 marks
  19. Q19 Why is caste identity in India both fluid and static? (Answer in 250 words) 15 marks
  20. Q20 Discuss the impact of post-liberal economy on ethnic identity and communalism. (Answer in 250 words) 15 marks

GS Paper II

  1. Q1 "Constitutionally guaranteed judicial independence is a prerequisite of democracy." Comment. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  2. Q2 Who are entitled to receive free legal aid? Assess the role of the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) in… 10 marks
  3. Q3 "The states in India seem reluctant to empower urban local bodies both functionally as well as financially." Comment… 10 marks
  4. Q4 Compare and contrast the British and Indian approaches to Parliamentary sovereignty. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  5. Q5 Discuss the role of Presiding Officers of state legislatures in maintaining order and impartiality in conducting… 10 marks
  6. Q6 The crucial aspect of development process has been the inadequate attention paid to Human Resource Development in… 10 marks
  7. Q7 Discuss the role of the Competition Commission of India in containing the abuse of dominant position by the… 10 marks
  8. Q8 e-governance, as a critical tool of governance, has ushered in effectiveness, transparency and accountability in… 10 marks
  9. Q9 'Virus of Conflict is affecting the functioning of the SCO' In the light of the above statement point out the role of… 10 marks
  10. Q10 Indian diaspora has scaled new heights in the West. Describe its economic and political benefits for India. (Answer in… 10 marks
  11. Q11 "The Constitution of India is a living instrument with capabilities of enormous dynamism. It is a constitution made for… 15 marks
  12. Q12 Explain the constitutional perspectives of Gender Justice with the help of relevant Constitutional Provisions and case… 15 marks
  13. Q13 Account for the legal and political factors responsible for the reduced frequency of using Article 356 by the Union… 15 marks
  14. Q14 Discuss the contribution of civil society groups for women's effective and meaningful participation and representation… 15 marks
  15. Q15 Explain the significance of the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act. To what extent does it reflect the accommodative… 15 marks
  16. Q16 Explain the structure of the Parliamentary Committee system. How far have the financial committees helped in the… 15 marks
  17. Q17 "Development and welfare schemes for the vulnerable, by its nature, are discriminatory in approach." Do you agree? Give… 15 marks
  18. Q18 Skill development programmes have succeeded in increasing human resources supply to various sectors. In the context of… 15 marks
  19. Q19 'The expansion and strengthening of NATO and a stronger US-Europe strategic partnership works well for India.' What is… 15 marks
  20. Q20 'Sea is an important Component of the Cosmos' Discuss in the light of the above statement the role of the IMO… 15 marks

GS Paper III

  1. Q1 Faster economic growth requires increased share of the manufacturing sector in GDP, particularly of MSMEs. Comment on… 10 marks
  2. Q2 What is the status of digitalization in the Indian economy? Examine the problems faced in this regard and suggest… 10 marks
  3. Q3 How does e-Technology help farmers in production and marketing of agricultural produce? Explain it. (Answer in 150… 10 marks
  4. Q4 State the objectives and measures of land reforms in India. Discuss how land ceiling policy on landholding can be… 10 marks
  5. Q5 Introduce the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI). How does AI help clinical diagnosis? Do you perceive any threat… 10 marks
  6. Q6 Discuss several ways in which microorganisms can help in meeting the current fuel shortage. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  7. Q7 Dam failures are always catastrophic, especially on the downstream side, resulting in a colossal loss of life and… 10 marks
  8. Q8 What is oil pollution? What are its impacts on the marine ecosystem? In what way is oil pollution particularly harmful… 10 marks
  9. Q9 Winning of 'Hearts and Minds' in terrorism-affected areas is an essential step in restoring the trust of the… 10 marks
  10. Q10 The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) by our adversaries across the borders to ferry arms/ammunitions, drugs… 10 marks
  11. Q11 Most of the unemployment in India is structural in nature. Examine the methodology adopted to compute unemployment in… 15 marks
  12. Q12 Distinguish between 'care economy' and 'monetized economy'. How can care economy be brought into monetized economy… 15 marks
  13. Q13 Explain the changes in cropping pattern in India in the context of changes in consumption pattern and marketing… 15 marks
  14. Q14 What are the direct and indirect subsidies provided to farm sector in India? Discuss the issues raised by the World… 15 marks
  15. Q15 The adoption of electric vehicles is rapidly growing worldwide. How do electric vehicles contribute to reducing carbon… 15 marks
  16. Q16 What is the main task of India's third moon mission which could not be achieved in its earlier mission? List the… 15 marks
  17. Q17 Comment on the National Wetland Conservation Programme initiated by the Government of India and name a few India's… 15 marks
  18. Q18 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has predicted a global sea level rise of about one metre by AD… 15 marks
  19. Q19 What are the internal security challenges being faced by India? Give out the role of Central Intelligence and… 15 marks
  20. Q20 Give out the major sources of terror funding in India and the efforts being made to curtail these sources. In the light… 15 marks

GS Paper IV

  1. Q1 (a) What do you understand by 'moral integrity' and 'professional efficiency' in the context of corporate governance in… 20 marks
  2. Q2 (a) "Corruption is the manifestation of the failure of core values in the society." In your opinion, what measures can… 20 marks
  3. Q3 Given below are three quotations of great thinkers. What do each of these quotations convey to you in the present… 30 marks
  4. Q4 (a) "What really matters for success, character, happiness and lifelong achievements is a definite set of emotional… 20 marks
  5. Q5 (a) Is conscience a more reliable guide when compared to laws, rules and regulations in the context of ethical… 20 marks
  6. Q6 (a) What were the major teachings of Guru Nanak? Explain their relevance in the contemporary world. (Answer in 150… 20 marks
  7. Q7 You are working as an executive in a nationalised bank for several years. One day one of your close colleagues tells… 20 marks
  8. Q8 A landslide occurred in the middle of the night on 20th July, 2023 in a remote mountain hamlet, approximately 60… 20 marks
  9. Q9 At 9 pm on Saturday evening, Rashika, a Joint Secretary, was still engrossed in her work in her office. Her husband… 20 marks
  10. Q10 Vinod is an honest and sincere IAS officer. Recently, he has taken over as Managing Director of the State Road… 20 marks
  11. Q11 You have just been appointed as Additional Director General of Central Public Works Department. The Chief Architect of… 20 marks
  12. Q12 You hold a responsible position in a ministry in the government. One day in the morning you received a call from the… 20 marks

2022 Mains

72 questions · 1000 marks

View all →
GS Paper I 20 Qs · 250 marksGS Paper II 20 Qs · 250 marksGS Paper III 20 Qs · 250 marksGS Paper IV 12 Qs · 250 marks
All 72 questions from 2022

GS Paper I

  1. Q1 How will you explain that medieval Indian temple sculptures represent the social life of those days ? (Answer in 150… 10 marks
  2. Q2 Why did the armies of the British East India Company – mostly comprising of Indian soldiers – win consistently against… 10 marks
  3. Q3 Why was there a sudden spurt in famines in colonial India since the mid-eighteenth century ? Give reasons. (Answer in… 10 marks
  4. Q4 Describe the characteristics and types of primary rocks. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  5. Q5 Discuss the meaning of colour-coded weather warnings for cyclone prone areas given by India Meteorological Department… 10 marks
  6. Q6 Discuss the natural resource potentials of 'Deccan Trap'. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  7. Q7 Examine the potential of wind energy in India and explain the reasons for their limited spatial spread. (Answer in 150… 10 marks
  8. Q8 Explore and evaluate the impact of 'Work From Home' on family relationships. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  9. Q9 How is the growth of Tier 2 cities related to the rise of a new middle class with an emphasis on the culture of… 10 marks
  10. Q10 Given the diversities among tribal communities in India, in which specific contexts should they be considered as a… 10 marks
  11. Q11 The political and administrative reorganization of states and territories has been a continuous ongoing process since… 15 marks
  12. Q12 Discuss the main contributions of Gupta period and Chola period to Indian heritage and culture. (Answer in 250 words) 15 marks
  13. Q13 Discuss the significance of the lion and bull figures in Indian mythology, art and architecture. (Answer in 250 words) 15 marks
  14. Q14 What are the forces that influence ocean currents ? Describe their role in fishing industry of the world. (Answer in… 15 marks
  15. Q15 Describing the distribution of rubber producing countries, indicate the major environmental issues faced by them… 15 marks
  16. Q16 Mention the significance of straits and isthmus in international trade. (Answer in 250 words) 15 marks
  17. Q17 Troposphere is a very significant atmospheric layer that determines weather processes. How ? (Answer in 250 words) 15 marks
  18. Q18 Analyse the salience of 'sect' in Indian society vis-a-vis caste, region and religion. (Answer in 250 words) 15 marks
  19. Q19 Are tolerance, assimilation and pluralism the key elements in the making of an Indian form of secularism ? Justify your… 15 marks
  20. Q20 Elucidate the relationship between globalization and new technology in a world of scarce resources, with special… 15 marks

GS Paper II

  1. Q1 "The most significant achievement of modern law in India is the constitutionalization of environmental problems by the… 10 marks
  2. Q2 "Right of movement and residence throughout the territory of India are freely available to the Indian citizens, but… 10 marks
  3. Q3 To what extent, in your opinion, has the decentralisation of power in India changed the governance landscape at the… 10 marks
  4. Q4 Discuss the role of the Vice-President of India as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  5. Q5 Discuss the role of the National Commission for Backward Classes in the wake of its transformation from a statutory… 10 marks
  6. Q6 The Gati-Shakti Yojana needs meticulous coordination between the government and the private sector to achieve the goal… 10 marks
  7. Q7 The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 remains only a legal document without intense sensitisation of… 10 marks
  8. Q8 Reforming the government delivery system through the Direct Benefit Transfer Scheme is a progressive step, but it has… 10 marks
  9. Q9 'India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.' Discuss India's role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the… 10 marks
  10. Q10 Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organisation like the SAARC ? What are the similarities and dissimilarities… 10 marks
  11. Q11 Discuss the procedures to decide the disputes arising out of the election of a Member of the Parliament or State… 15 marks
  12. Q12 Discuss the essential conditions for exercise of the legislative powers by the Governor. Discuss the legality of… 15 marks
  13. Q13 "While the national political parties in India favour centralisation, the regional parties are in favour of State… 15 marks
  14. Q14 Critically examine the procedures through which the Presidents of India and France are elected. (Answer in 250 words) 15 marks
  15. Q15 Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct… 15 marks
  16. Q16 Besides the welfare schemes, India needs deft management of inflation and unemployment to serve the poor and the… 15 marks
  17. Q17 Do you agree with the view that increasing dependence on donor agencies for development reduces the importance of… 15 marks
  18. Q18 The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 remains inadequate in promoting incentive-based system… 15 marks
  19. Q19 How will I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India's position in global politics ? (Answer in 250… 15 marks
  20. Q20 'Clean energy is the order of the day.' Describe briefly India's changing policy towards climate change in various… 15 marks

GS Paper III

  1. Q1 Why is Public Private Partnership (PPP) required in infrastructural projects? Examine the role of PPP model in the… 10 marks
  2. Q2 Is inclusive growth possible under market economy? State the significance of financial inclusion in achieving economic… 10 marks
  3. Q3 What are the major challenges of Public Distribution System (PDS) in India? How can it be made effective and… 10 marks
  4. Q4 Elaborate the scope and significance of the food processing industry in India. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  5. Q5 The increase in life expectancy in the country has led to newer health challenges in the community. What are those… 10 marks
  6. Q6 Each year a large amount of plant material, cellulose, is deposited on the surface of Planet Earth. What are the… 10 marks
  7. Q7 Discuss in detail the photochemical smog emphasizing its formation, effects and mitigation. Explain the 1999 Gothenburg… 10 marks
  8. Q8 Explain the mechanism and occurrence of cloudburst in the context of the Indian subcontinent. Discuss two recent… 10 marks
  9. Q9 Discuss the types of organised crimes. Describe the linkages between terrorists and organised crime that exist at the… 10 marks
  10. Q10 What are the maritime security challenges in India? Discuss the organisational, technical and procedural initiatives… 10 marks
  11. Q11 "Economic growth in the recent past has been led by increase in labour productivity." Explain this statement. Suggest… 15 marks
  12. Q12 Do you think India will meet 50 percent of its energy needs from renewable energy by 2030? Justify your answer. How… 15 marks
  13. Q13 What are the main bottlenecks in upstream and downstream process of marketing of agricultural products in India?… 15 marks
  14. Q14 What is Integrated Farming System? How is it helpful to small and marginal farmers in India? (Answer in 250 words) 15 marks
  15. Q15 Launched on 25th December, 2021, James Webb Space Telescope has been much in the news since then. What are its unique… 15 marks
  16. Q16 What is the basic principle behind vaccine development? How do vaccines work? What approaches were adopted by the… 15 marks
  17. Q17 Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the… 15 marks
  18. Q18 Explain the causes and effects of coastal erosion in India. What are the available coastal management techniques for… 15 marks
  19. Q19 What are the different elements of cyber security? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent… 15 marks
  20. Q20 Naxalism is a social, economic and developmental issue manifesting as a violent internal security threat. In this… 15 marks

GS Paper IV

  1. Q1 (a) Wisdom lies in knowing what to reckon with and what to overlook. An officer being engrossed with the periphery… 20 marks
  2. Q2 (a) The Rules and Regulations provided to all the civil servants are same, yet there is difference in the performance… 20 marks
  3. Q3 What does each of the following quotations mean to you? (a) "Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have the… 30 marks
  4. Q4 (a) What do you understand by the term 'good governance'? How far recent initiatives in terms of e-Governance steps… 20 marks
  5. Q5 (a) Russia and Ukraine war has been going on for the last seven months. Different countries have taken independent… 20 marks
  6. Q6 (a) Whistle-blower, who reports corruption and illegal activities, wrongdoing and misconduct to the concerned… 20 marks
  7. Q7 Prabhat was working as Vice President (Marketing) at Sterling Electric Ltd., a reputed multinational company. But… 20 marks
  8. Q8 Ramesh is State Civil Services Officer who got the opportunity of getting posted to the capital of a border State after… 20 marks
  9. Q9 The Supreme Court has banned mining in the Aravalli Hills to stop degradation of the forest cover and to maintain… 20 marks
  10. Q10 You have done MBA from a reputed institution three years back but could not get campus placement due to COVID-19… 20 marks
  11. Q11 Rakesh was working as Joint Commissioner in Transport Department of a city. As a part of his job profile, among others… 20 marks
  12. Q12 You are appointed as an officer heading the section in Environment Pollution Control Board to ensure compliance and its… 20 marks

2021 Mains

72 questions · 1000 marks

View all →
GS Paper I 20 Qs · 250 marksGS Paper II 20 Qs · 250 marksGS Paper III 20 Qs · 250 marksGS Paper IV 12 Qs · 250 marks
All 72 questions from 2021

GS Paper I

  1. Q1 Evaluate the nature of the Bhakti literature and its contribution to Indian culture. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  2. Q2 Trace the rise and growth of socio-religious reform movements with special reference to Young Bengal and Brahmo Samaj… 10 marks
  3. Q3 Assess the main administrative issues and socio-cultural problems in the integration process of Indian Princely States… 10 marks
  4. Q4 Differentiate the causes of landslides in the Himalayan region and Western Ghats. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  5. Q5 Despite India being one of the countries of the Gondwanaland, its mining industry contributes much less to its Gross… 10 marks
  6. Q6 What are the environmental implications of the reclamation of water bodies into urban land use ? Explain with examples… 10 marks
  7. Q7 Mention the global occurrence of volcanic eruptions in 2021 and their impact on regional environment. (Answer in 150… 10 marks
  8. Q8 Why is India considered as a subcontinent ? Elaborate your answer. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  9. Q9 Examine the uniqueness of tribal knowledge system when compared with mainstream knowledge and cultural systems. (Answer… 10 marks
  10. Q10 Examine the role of 'Gig Economy' in the process of empowerment of women in India. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  11. Q11 To what extent did the role of the Moderates prepare a base for the wider freedom movement ? Comment. (Answer in 250… 15 marks
  12. Q12 Bring out the constructive programmes of Mahatma Gandhi during Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience… 15 marks
  13. Q13 "There arose a serious challenge to the Democratic State System between the two World Wars." Evaluate the statement… 15 marks
  14. Q14 Briefly mention the alignment of major mountain ranges of the world and explain their impact on local weather… 15 marks
  15. Q15 How do the melting of the Arctic ice and glaciers of the Antarctic differently affect the weather patterns and human… 15 marks
  16. Q16 Discuss the multi-dimensional implications of uneven distribution of mineral oil in the world. (Answer in 250 words) 15 marks
  17. Q17 What are the main socio-economic implications arising out of the development of IT industries in major cities of India… 15 marks
  18. Q18 Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail… 15 marks
  19. Q19 What is Cryptocurrency ? How does it affect global society ? Has it been affecting Indian society also ? (Answer in 250… 15 marks
  20. Q20 How does Indian society maintain continuity in traditional social values ? Enumerate the changes taking place in it… 15 marks

GS Paper II

  1. Q1 'Constitutional Morality' is rooted in the Constitution itself and is founded on its essential facets. Explain the… 10 marks
  2. Q2 Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and… 10 marks
  3. Q3 How have the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission of India enabled the States to improve their fiscal… 10 marks
  4. Q4 To what extent, in your view, the Parliament is able to ensure accountability of the executive in India? (Answer in 150… 10 marks
  5. Q5 "Pressure groups play a vital role in influencing public policy making in India." Explain how the business associations… 10 marks
  6. Q6 "Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for… 10 marks
  7. Q7 'Earn while you learn' scheme needs to be strengthened to make vocational education and skill training meaningful."… 10 marks
  8. Q8 Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty and malnutrition be broken through microfinancing of women SHGs?… 10 marks
  9. Q9 "If the last few decades were of Asia's growth story, the next few are expected to be of Africa's." In the light of… 10 marks
  10. Q10 "The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of a China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile… 10 marks
  11. Q11 The jurisdiction of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) regarding lodging an FIR and conducting probe within a… 15 marks
  12. Q12 Though the Human Rights Commissions have contributed immensely to the protection of human rights in India, yet they… 15 marks
  13. Q13 Analyze the distinguishing features of the notion of Right to Equality in the Constitutions of the USA and India… 15 marks
  14. Q14 Explain the constitutional provisions under which Legislative Councils are established. Review the working and current… 15 marks
  15. Q15 Do Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committees keep the administration on its toes and inspire reverence for… 15 marks
  16. Q16 Has digital illiteracy, particularly in rural areas, coupled with lack of Information and Communication Technology… 15 marks
  17. Q17 "Though women in post-Independent India have excelled in various fields, the social attitude towards women and feminist… 15 marks
  18. Q18 Can Civil Society and Non-Governmental Organizations present an alternative model of public service delivery to benefit… 15 marks
  19. Q19 Critically examine the aims and objectives of SCO. What importance does it hold for India? (Answer in 250 words) 15 marks
  20. Q20 The newly tri-nation partnership AUKUS is aimed at countering China's ambitions in the Indo-Pacific region. Is it going… 15 marks

GS Paper III

  1. Q1 Explain the difference between computing methodology of India's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) before the year 2015 and… 10 marks
  2. Q2 Distinguish between Capital Budget and Revenue Budget. Explain the components of both these Budgets. (Answer in 150… 10 marks
  3. Q3 How did land reforms in some parts of the country help to improve the socio-economic conditions of marginal and small… 10 marks
  4. Q4 How and to what extent would micro-irrigation help in solving India's water crisis? (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks
  5. Q5 How is S-400 air defence system technically superior to any other system presently available in the world? (Answer in… 10 marks
  6. Q6 Explain the purpose of the Green Grid Initiative launched at World Leaders Summit of the COP26 UN Climate Change… 10 marks
  7. Q7 Describe the key points of the revised Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs) recently released by the World Health… 10 marks
  8. Q8 Discuss about the vulnerability of India to earthquake related hazards. Give examples including the salient features of… 10 marks
  9. Q9 Discuss how emerging technologies and globalisation contribute to money laundering. Elaborate measures to tackle the… 10 marks
  10. Q10 Keeping in view India's internal security, analyse the impact of cross-border cyber attacks. Also discuss defensive… 10 marks
  11. Q11 Do you agree that the Indian economy has recently experienced V-shaped recovery? Give reasons in support of your… 15 marks
  12. Q12 "Investment in infrastructure is essential for more rapid and inclusive economic growth." Discuss in the light of… 15 marks
  13. Q13 What are the salient features of the National Food Security Act, 2013? How has the Food Security Bill helped in… 15 marks
  14. Q14 What are the present challenges before crop diversification? How do emerging technologies provide an opportunity for… 15 marks
  15. Q15 What are the research and developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will these achievements help to… 15 marks
  16. Q16 The Nobel Prize in Physics of 2014 was jointly awarded to Akasaki, Amano and Nakamura for the invention of Blue LEDs in… 15 marks
  17. Q17 Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework… 15 marks
  18. Q18 Describe the various causes and the effects of landslides. Mention the important components of the National Landslide… 15 marks
  19. Q19 Analyse the multidimensional challenges posed by external state and non-state actors, to the internal security of… 15 marks
  20. Q20 Analyse the complexity and intensity of terrorism, its causes, linkages and obnoxious nexus. Also suggest measures… 15 marks

GS Paper IV

  1. Q1 (a) Identify five ethical traits on which one can plot the performance of a civil servant. Justify their inclusion in… 20 marks
  2. Q2 (a) Impact of digital technology as reliable source of input for rational decision making is a debatable issue… 20 marks
  3. Q3 What does each of the following quotations mean to you? (a) "Every work has got to pass through hundreds of… 30 marks
  4. Q4 (a) Attitude is an important component that goes as input in the development of human being. How to build a suitable… 20 marks
  5. Q5 (a) "Refugees should not be turned back to the country where they would face persecution or human right violation."… 20 marks
  6. Q6 (a) An independent and empowered social audit mechanism is an absolute must in every sphere of public service… 20 marks
  7. Q7 Sunil is a young civil servant and has a reputation for his competence, integrity, dedication and relentness pursuit of… 20 marks
  8. Q8 You are Vice Principal of a degree college in one of the middle-class towns. Principal has recently retired and… 20 marks
  9. Q9 An elevated corridor is being constructed to reduce traffic congestion in the capital of a particular state. You have… 20 marks
  10. Q10 The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has quickly spread to various countries. As on May 8th, 2020, in India… 20 marks
  11. Q11 A reputed food product company based in India developed a food product for the international market and started… 20 marks
  12. Q12 Pawan is working as an officer in the State Government for the last ten years. As a part of routine transfer, he was… 20 marks

How General Studies answers are marked

The shape the examiner expects, what earns the marks and the traps that lose them: the same card our rubrics for this subject are written from.

GS Paper I

Answer skeleton

  1. Frame in one line
  2. 3-4 labelled blocks
  3. Example, map or timeline
  4. One-line close

What earns the marks

  • History: ask why and how, never what
  • Read events as British objective, Indian response, synthesis
  • Movements: causes, social base, methods, limits, legacy
  • Culture: treat the work as its era's manifesto
  • Geography: explain the mechanism, then location follows
  • Society: continuity, data, intersectionality, then solution
  • Link physical geography to human outcome

What earns the extra mark

  • 30-second sketch map
  • One robust statistic
  • Era-defining keyword

Traps that cost marks

  • Narrating chronology
  • Emotive words on social issues
  • Where without why

GS Paper II

Answer skeleton · Framework: P-I-P-R

  1. Principle
  2. Institution or Article
  3. Problem with example
  4. Realistic reform

What earns the marks

  • Judgment-heavy paper, not fact-heavy
  • Institutions: mandate, composition, powers, challenges, reforms
  • Local bodies: intent, three Fs, impact, bottleneck
  • Test every argument against constitutional morality
  • Cite the Article, then the landmark judgment
  • Governance is how law is delivered, not written

What earns the extra mark

  • 2nd ARC or Law Commission recommendation
  • Supreme Court judgment

Traps that cost marks

  • Reciting Articles
  • Activist tone
  • Ending without reform

GS Paper III

Answer skeleton

  1. Situation
  2. Analysis
  3. Measures: legal, institutional, developmental
  4. Assessment

What earns the marks

  • Agriculture: map seed to shell, locate the bottleneck
  • Environment: threat, causes, impact, mitigation
  • Security: classify threat, vulnerability, response; stay calm
  • Technology: why it matters, use, benefit, risk, policy
  • Economy: carry live data, draw the simple diagram
  • Solutions must be implementable, not aspirational

What earns the extra mark

  • One current scheme with a number
  • Simple flowchart

Traps that cost marks

  • MSP-only farm solutions
  • Dramatic security writing
  • Newspaper summary

GS Paper IV — Ethics

Answer skeleton

  1. Define or frame
  2. Dimensions
  3. Constraints and trade-off
  4. Close on public trust

What earns the marks

  • Clarity first, then balance, then actionability
  • Dimensions: ethical, administrative, social, legal, institutional trust
  • Name the wall: budget, political pressure, outdated law
  • Resolve as higher right over lesser right
  • Cases: crux, stakeholders, dilemmas, options, course of action
  • Include silent stakeholders and the easy-but-wrong option
  • Action in three horizons: immediate, short-term, long-term

What earns the extra mark

  • Value-wise example bank
  • One short accurate quote

Traps that cost marks

  • Preaching instead of reasoning
  • Dumping fifteen values
  • Conclusion repeating intro
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