Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention…

(a) Major outcomes of COP26 (Glasgow, 2021):

• Glasgow Climate Pact: Aimed to keep the 1.5°C goal alive and was the first UNFCCC decision to name coal, calling for a "phase-down" of unabated coal power (softened from "phase-out" after an India-backed amendment) and a phase-out of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, while reaffirming CBDR-RC.
• Paris Rulebook: Article 6 rules for carbon markets were finalised, avoiding double counting, and the Enhanced Transparency Framework was operationalised.
• Pledges outside the formal decision: The Glasgow Leaders' Declaration on Forests and Land Use (halt and reverse forest loss by 2030) and the Global Methane Pledge (30% cut by 2030).
• Finance: Deep regret that the $100 billion a year promised by 2020 was not met, with a call to at least double adaptation finance by 2025.

(b) India's commitments: India announced the five-point "Panchamrit":

1. Non-fossil energy capacity of 500 GW by 2030.
2. Meeting 50% of energy requirements from renewables by 2030 (restated in the 2022 updated NDC as 50% of installed power capacity from non-fossil sources, reached in 2025).
3. Cutting projected emissions by one billion tonnes from then until 2030.
4. Reducing the emissions intensity of GDP by 45% by 2030 from 2005 levels.
5. Net-zero emissions by 2070.