Discuss the aim and goals of Kunming-Montreal global biodiversity framework. Mention India's commitments and initiatives to…

Discuss the aim and goals of Kunming-Montreal global biodiversity framework. Mention India's commitments and initiatives to achieve the goals and targets of this framework giving suitable examples. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks

हिंदी में प्रश्न पढ़ें

कुनमिंग-मॉन्ट्रियल वैश्विक जैव-विविधता फ्रेमवर्क के उद्देश्य एवं लक्ष्यों की चर्चा कीजिए। उपयुक्त उदाहरण देते हुए इस फ्रेमवर्क के लक्ष्यों और उद्देश्यों को प्राप्त करने के लिए भारत की प्रतिबद्धताओं और पहलों का उल्लेख कीजिए। (उत्तर 150 शब्दों में दीजिए)

The question as printed in the 2026 General Studies paper

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Model answer

Drafted with AI by UPSC Answer Check against this question's marking rubric, to the 150-word length. UPSC does not publish answers for Mains — this is one way to score well, not an official key. How we build rubrics and answers.

The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF), adopted at CBD COP15 in December 2022, aims to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030 and achieve 'living in harmony with nature' by 2050. Its four 2050 goals are: (A) protect ecosystem integrity and prevent extinctions; (B) use biodiversity sustainably and value nature's contributions to people; (C) share benefits from genetic resources fairly; and (D) secure finance, capacity and technology for implementation. Its 23 targets for 2030 include '30×30' (Target 3: conserve at least 30% of land and sea) and mobilising USD 200 billion a year.

India's updated National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (COP16, 2024) sets 23 national targets mirroring the GBF. Examples: protected areas, tiger reserves and Project Cheetah (Targets 3–4); restoring 26 million ha of degraded land by 2030 and the Green India Mission (Target 2); Ramsar sites rising from 26 (2014) to 98 (February 2026); the Biological Diversity (Amendment) Act, 2023 and People's Biodiversity Registers for benefit-sharing (Target 13); and Mission LiFE for sustainable consumption (Target 16). Financing and monitoring remain the key gaps.

How this answer will be evaluated

Framework: GS3 Environment: Threat, Causes, Impact, Mitigation

What earns full marks: Precise KMBF targets linked to specific Indian schemes (e.g., NEEA, NBSAP).

Evaluation rubric

Each sub-part is marked on its own, against the marks and word limit printed on the paper.

The answer Discuss the aim, goals and key targets of the Kunming-Montreal GBF, and mention India's commitments and initiatives towards them with suitable examples. 10 marks · 150 words

discuss— intro → 3-4 dimensions → example → balanced close
Must cover
- State the GBF aim (halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030; 2050 vision) and its four 2050 goals
- Mention India's commitment via its updated NBSAP (2024) aligned with GBF targets
- Name Indian initiatives (e.g., Project Tiger/Cheetah, Ramsar site expansion, land restoration, BD Amendment Act 2023)
- Link initiatives to specific framework targets
Loses marks
- Generic environmental measures without KMBF link
- Vague mention of 'India's efforts' without examples
- Ignoring the 'suitable examples' requirement
Earns more
- Mention 30x30 target (30% by 2030)
- Mention the finance target (USD 200 billion a year by 2030)
- Mention specific target numbers (e.g., Target 2, 3 or 13)
- Reference Mission LiFE or People's Biodiversity Registers
Extra mark
- Mention India's protected-area/OECM coverage relative to the 30x30 target
- Mention specific target number (e.g., Target 12)

What "Discuss" is asking you to do

Lay the issue out from more than one side — how it arose, what is claimed for it, what is held against it, and where it now stands. UPSC attaches discuss to broad topics with several live dimensions, so coverage of the dimensions earns more than the strength of your opinion.

Structure that answers it

Set the issue up → the case as it is made → the case against → the dimension both sides leave out → where the balance now lies

Where marks are lost

Listing facts with no thread between them, or arguing one side throughout and calling it a discussion.

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