Passage

Directions for the following 5 (five) items : Read the following two passages and answer the items that follow each passage. Your answers to these items should be based on the passages only. Passage - 1 In recent times, India has grown fast not only compared to its own past but also in comparison with other nations. But there cannot be any room for complacency because it is possible for the Indian economy to develop even faster and also to spread the benefits of this growth more widely than has been done thus far. Before going into details of the kinds of micro-structural changes that we need to conceptualize and then proceed to implement, it is worthwhile elaborating on the idea of inclusive growth that constitutes the defining concept behind this Government's various economic policies and decisions. A nation interested in inclusive growth views the same growth differently depending on whether the gains of the growth are heaped primarily on a small segment or shared widely by the population. The latter is cause for celebration but not the former. In other words, growth must not be treated as an end in itself but as an instrument for spreading prosperity to all. India's own past experience and the experience of other nations suggests that growth is necessary for eradicating poverty but it is not a sufficient condition. In other words, policies for promoting growth need to be complemented with policies to ensure that more and more people join in the growth process and, further, that there are mechanisms in place to redistribute some of the gains to those who are unable to partake in the market process and, hence, get left behind. A simple way of giving this idea of inclusive growth a sharper form is to measure a nation's progress in terms of the progress of its poorest segment, for instance the bottom 20 per cent of the population. One could measure the per capita income of the bottom quintile of the population and also calculate the growth rate of income; and evaluate our economic success in terms of these measures that pertain to the poorest segment. This approach is attractive because it does not ignore growth like some of the older heterodox criteria did. It simply looks at the growth of income of the poorest sections of the population. It also ensures that those who are outside of the bottom quintile do not get ignored. If that were done, then those people would in all likelihood drop down into the bottom quintile and so would automatically become a direct target of our policies. Hence the criterion being suggested here is a statistical summing up of the idea of inclusive growth, which, in turn, leads to two corollaries : to wish that India must strive to achieve high growth and that we must work to ensure that the weakest segments benefit from the growth.

The author's central focus is on

(a) applauding India's economic growth not only against its own past performance, but against other nations.
(b) emphasizing the need for economic growth which is the sole determinant of a country's prosperity.
(c) emphasizing inclusive growth where gains of growth are shared widely by the population. ✓ UPSC's answer
(d) emphasizing high growth.

Why the answer is (c)

• The passage begins by noting India's fast growth but immediately says there is no room for complacency because growth can be faster and its benefits spread more widely.

• It defines inclusive growth as growth whose gains are shared widely by the population, not heaped primarily on a small segment.

• It states that growth is necessary for eradicating poverty but not sufficient, so growth policies must be complemented by policies that include more people and redistribute gains.

• It proposes measuring progress by the income growth of the bottom 20 per cent, which combines high growth with benefit to the weakest segments.

• Therefore, the author's central focus is inclusive growth where gains of growth are shared widely by the population, which is option (c).

Why the other options are wrong

(a) applauding India's economic growth not only against its own past performance, but against…: Option (a) is not central because the passage uses India's growth only as a starting point and then shifts to inclusive growth and wider sharing of benefits.
(b) emphasizing the need for economic growth which is the sole determinant of a country's…: Option (b) is wrong because the passage explicitly says growth is necessary but not sufficient, not the sole determinant of a country's prosperity.
(d) emphasizing high growth.: Option (d) is incomplete because high growth is only one corollary, while the central focus is ensuring the weakest segments benefit from growth.

Asked in the CSAT Paper II of the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination 2014, held on 24 August 2014. Question and answer key: Union Public Service Commission. Explanation: UPSC Answer Check.