Paper II — Q6
(a)(i) Discuss about emerging zoonotic diseases, their prevalence and effects on animal and human population. (10 marks) (a)(ii)…
(a)(i) Discuss about emerging zoonotic diseases, their prevalence and effects on animal and human population. (10 marks) (a)(ii) Discuss the methods of disease transmission and disease control measures. (10 marks) (b) List out different defects encountered in condensed and evaporated milk, their causes and preventive measures. (15 marks) (c) What are the purpose and procedure of ante-mortem inspection of animals? Write about categorization of animals based on ante-mortem inspection. (15 marks)
हिंदी में प्रश्न पढ़ें
(a)(i) उभरते जूनोटिक रोगों, उनकी व्यापकता और पशु तथा मानव जनसंख्या पर पड़ने वाले प्रभाव के विषय में चर्चा कीजिए । (10 अंक) (a)(ii) रोग संचरण के तरीकों और रोग नियंत्रण उपायों पर चर्चा कीजिए । (10 अंक) (b) संचनित और वाष्पित दुध में पाए जाने वाले विभिन्न दोषों, उनके कारणों और निवारक उपायों को सूचीबद्ध कीजिए । (15 अंक) (c) पशुओं के मृत्युपूर्व निरीक्षण के उद्देश्य और प्रक्रिया क्या है ? मृत्युपूर्व निरीक्षण के आधार पर पशुओं के वर्गीकरण के बारे में लिखिए । (15 अंक)
Directive word: Discuss
This question asks you to discuss. The directive word signals the depth of analysis expected, the structure of your answer, and the weight of evidence you must bring.
See our UPSC directive words guide for a full breakdown of how to respond to each command word.
How this answer will be evaluated
Approach
The directive 'discuss' requires a comprehensive, analytical treatment across all three sub-parts. Allocate approximately 20% of time/words to (a)(i) emerging zoonotic diseases (10 marks), 20% to (a)(ii) transmission and control (10 marks), 30% to (b) milk defects in condensed/evaporated milk (15 marks), and 30% to (c) ante-mortem inspection (15 marks). Structure with brief introductions for each sub-part, systematic body coverage of all components, and integrated conclusions highlighting One Health linkages between zoonotic disease control and food safety.
Key points expected
- (a)(i) Emerging zoonoses: Definition, drivers (deforestation, climate change, wildlife trade), specific examples (Nipah, COVID-19, Avian Influenza H5N1, CCHF), prevalence patterns in India (Kyasanur Forest Disease in Karnataka, Nipah in Kerala), economic and public health impacts
- (a)(ii) Transmission methods: Direct contact, vector-borne, food-borne, airborne, fomite; vertical vs horizontal; Control measures: Biosecurity, vaccination, quarantine, culling with compensation, surveillance (NADRS), international frameworks (WOAH, WHO One Health)
- (b) Condensed/evaporated milk defects: Age gelation, fat separation, Maillard browning, bacterial contamination (thermophilic sporeformers), tin contamination; Causes: pre-heating conditions, storage temperature, metal corrosion, inadequate sterilization; Prevention: optimized forewarming, aseptic packaging, lacquered cans, cold storage
- (c) Ante-mortem inspection: Purpose (disease detection, food safety, humane slaughter), procedure (resting, identification, clinical examination, temperature recording); Categorization: Fit for slaughter, unfit/suspect (condemned), emergency slaughter, detained for further examination (as per FSSAI and Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Rules)
- Integration: Link zoonotic disease surveillance with ante-mortem protocols; connect milk processing safety to overall veterinary public health framework
Evaluation rubric
| Dimension | Weight | Max marks | Excellent | Average | Poor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demand-directive understanding | 20% | 10 | Demonstrates nuanced understanding of 'discuss' by presenting balanced arguments for (a)(i) on drivers of emergence, for (a)(ii) comparing transmission routes with contextual control strategies, for (b) systematically analyzing defect mechanisms, and for (c) integrating welfare and public health purposes; avoids mere listing or description | Addresses all sub-parts but treats 'discuss' superficially—mostly descriptive with limited analysis; some conflation between transmission methods and control measures; milk defects listed without clear cause-effect chains; ante-mortem purpose stated without procedural depth | Misinterprets directive as 'list' or 'define'; omits analytical components; fails to distinguish between sub-parts (a)(i) and (a)(ii); provides generic veterinary content not tailored to condensed/evaporated milk or specific ante-mortem protocols |
| Content depth & accuracy | 20% | 10 | Precise scientific terminology: cites specific pathogens (Hendra, MERS-CoV), exact temperature parameters for milk processing (85-90°C forewarming), accurate FSSAI/Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act provisions; distinguishes between sweetened condensed and evaporated milk processing; correctly categorizes ante-mortem dispositions | Generally accurate but imprecise: 'high temperature' instead of specific values; generic 'bacteria' without naming thermophilic sporeformers; conflates condensed and evaporated milk defects; ante-mortem categories mentioned but with regulatory inaccuracies | Scientific errors: confuses zoonotic with non-zoonotic diseases; attributes defects to wrong processing stages; fundamental misunderstanding of ante-mortem vs post-mortem inspection; outdated or incorrect regulatory references |
| Structure & flow | 20% | 10 | Clear tripartite structure with visible sub-headings; logical progression within each part—(a)(i) from definition to drivers to impacts, (a)(ii) from transmission to control, (b) defect-cause-prevention triad, (c) purpose-procedure-categorization; smooth transitions between sub-parts maintaining thematic coherence on veterinary public health | All sub-parts present but uneven organization; some mixing of (a)(i) and (a)(ii) content; milk defects listed without systematic cause-prevention pairing; ante-mortem procedure and categorization intermingled; adequate but not optimal signposting | Disorganized or fragmented; missing sub-part labels; random arrangement of points; no logical flow between zoonoses, milk technology, and meat inspection; appears as disconnected notes rather than integrated answer |
| Examples / case-law / data | 20% | 10 | Rich Indian specificity: Nipah virus outbreaks in Kerala (2018, 2019, 2023), Kyasanur Forest Disease in Karnataka/Western Ghats, COVID-19 origin context; milk industry data (NDDB, Amul processing standards); specific FSSAI Regulation 2011 and Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Slaughter House) Rules, 2001; mentions NADRS, ICAR-IVRI surveillance | Some Indian examples but limited: mentions 'bird flu' without H5N1 specificity; generic 'milk cooperatives' without naming; general reference to FSSAI without specific regulations; ante-mortem without citing specific rules; international examples (Ebola) without Indian context | No Indian examples; relies entirely on foreign cases (West Nile in USA, BSE in UK); no regulatory references; no data on disease prevalence or milk production; completely generic content applicable to any country |
| Conclusion & analytical edge | 20% | 10 | Synthesizes across sub-parts: emphasizes One Health integration connecting zoonotic surveillance, safe milk processing, and meat inspection as unified veterinary public health mandate; proposes forward-looking recommendations (strengthening AB-RCs under NADCP, blockchain traceability for milk, AI-enabled ante-mortem screening); critical perspective on gaps in India's zoonotic preparedness | Separate brief conclusions for each sub-part without cross-linking; standard recommendations (more research, better surveillance); no critical evaluation of existing systems; fails to elevate to policy or strategic vision | No conclusion or abrupt ending; mere summary of points already made; no recommendations; misses opportunity to demonstrate holistic understanding of veterinary science's role in food security and public health |
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