Which one of the following is not a feature of Indian federalism ?
- (a) There is an independent judiciary in India.
- (b) Powers have been clearly divided between the Centre and the States.
- (c) The federating units have been given unequal representation in the Rajya Sabha.
- (d) It is the result of an agreement among the federating units. ✓ UPSC's answer
Why the answer is (d)
• The question asks which is NOT a feature of Indian federalism.
• Indian federation is not the result of an agreement among pre-existing sovereign units (unlike the USA); the States were created by the Constitution and Parliament can alter their boundaries (Article 3) — so option (d) is not a feature.
• An independent judiciary (a) and a clear division of powers via the Seventh Schedule (b) are federal features; unequal representation of States in Rajya Sabha (c), based on population, is indeed a feature of the Indian model, distinguishing it from the US Senate.
• Hence option (d).
Why the other options are wrong
- (a) There is an independent judiciary in India.
- Independent judiciary is a feature of Indian federalism.
- (b) Powers have been clearly divided between the Centre and the States.
- Division of powers is a feature of Indian federalism.
- (c) The federating units have been given unequal representation in the Rajya Sabha.
- Unequal Rajya Sabha representation is indeed a feature of the Indian model.
Asked in the GS Paper I of the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination 2017, held on 18 June 2017. Question and answer key: Union Public Service Commission. Explanation: UPSC Answer Check.