Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science

UPSC Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science 2025 — Paper I

All 8 questions from UPSC Civil Services Mains Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science 2025 Paper I (400 marks total). Every stem reproduced in full, with directive-word analysis, marks, word limits, and answer-approach pointers.

8Questions
400Total marks
2025Year
Paper IPaper

Topics covered

Animal physiology, nutrition and health (1)Animal nutrition, metabolism and physiology (1)Animal behaviour, rural planning and dairy nutrition (1)Endocrinology, digestion and animal nutrition (1)Animal breeding, genetics and management (1)Animal breeding and reproductive biotechnology (1)Dairy farming systems and population genetics (1)Dairy farm economics and animal breeding methods (1)

A

Q1
50M 150w Compulsory write short notes Animal physiology, nutrition and health

Write short notes on/Answer the following in about 150 words each : 10×5=50 (a) Nervous control of respiration in animals. 10 (b) National Livestock Health and Disease Control Programme. 10 (c) Factors affecting pre- and post-natal growth in animals. 10 (d) Write AIV method of silage preparation. 10 (e) Explain the concept of Essential Amino Acid Index (EAAI) and its significance in evaluating protein quality. 10

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक पर लगभग 150 शब्दों में संक्षिप्त टिप्पणियाँ/उत्तर लिखिए : 10×5=50 (a) पशुओं में श्वसन का तंत्रिकीय नियंत्रण । 10 (b) राष्ट्रीय पशुधन स्वास्थ्य एवं रोग नियंत्रण कार्यक्रम । 10 (c) पशुओं में जन्मपूर्व एवं जन्मोत्तर वृद्धि को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक । 10 (d) साइलेज बनाने की ए.आई.वी. विधि लिखिए । 10 (e) आवश्यक ऐमीनो एसिड इंडेक्स (ई.ए.ए.आई.) की अवधारणा एवं प्रोटीन की गुणवत्ता के मूल्यांकन में इसके महत्व को समझाइए । 10

Answer approach & key points

Framework: UPSC Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science Paper 1. (a) write short notes: define > 3-4 key features > one example > one-line significance | (b) write short notes: define > 3-4 key features > one example > one-line significance | (c) write short notes: define > 3-4 key features > one example > one-line significance | (d) write short notes: define > 3-4 key features > one example > one-line significance | (e) write short notes: define > 3-4 key features > one example > one-line significance Full marks: All parts address all 'must' points with specific examples and correct terminology.

  • Identify medullary centres (pre-Bötzinger pacemaker; DRG inspiration, VRG forced expiration)
  • Explain pontine centres (pneumotaxic and apneustic) modulating rate/depth
  • Describe chemoreceptor feedback (central medullary CSF pH/CO₂; peripheral carotid/aortic bodies O₂, CO₂, pH)
  • Mention Hering–Breuer reflex (stretch-receptor inhibition preventing over-inflation)
  • Name NLHDCP as the umbrella Central Sector Scheme
  • List components: ASCAD, NADCP (FMD + brucellosis), PPR, CSF, ESVHD/mobile veterinary units
  • Mention vaccination/surveillance and disease burden reduction
  • State funding pattern (NADCP/PPR/CSF 100% central; ASCAD 60:40 with 90:10 NE/Himalayan, 100% UT)
Q2
50M discuss Animal nutrition, metabolism and physiology

(a) Write about the methods to calculate energy requirements for the maintenance of animals. 15 (b) Discuss the effects of ionophores on rumen metabolism. 15 (c) Name the different constituents of blood and write about their functions. 10 (d) Discuss the role of hormones secreted by adrenal gland with special reference to the survival of animals. 10

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) पशुओं के निर्वाह (मैंटेनेंस) के लिए ऊर्जा की आवश्यकता की गणना करने की विधियों के बारे में लिखिए । 15 (b) रूमेन चयापचय पर आयनोफोर्स के प्रभावों की चर्चा कीजिए । 15 (c) रक्त के विभिन्न घटकों के नाम बताइए तथा उनके कार्यों के बारे में लिखिए । 10 (d) पशुओं के अस्तित्व के विशेष संदर्भ में अधिवृक्क ग्रंथि द्वारा स्रावित हार्मोनों की भूमिका पर चर्चा कीजिए । 10

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Define > Physiology or aetiology > Signs > Diagnosis and management. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (d) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Comprehensive, accurate, and well-structured answers with specific examples and mechanisms.

  • Factorial approach (fasting metabolism at W⁰·⁷⁵ + activity allowance)
  • Respiration calorimetry (oxygen consumption/carbon dioxide; Brouwer equation)
  • Comparative slaughter technique (body-composition change at maintenance feeding)
  • ICAR/NRC standards (NEₘ coefficients ~77 kcal/kg W⁰·⁷⁵ for beef; tropical heat-stress adjustment)
  • Mention mechanism of action (ion transport)
  • Mention shift in volatile fatty acids (VFA) profile
  • Mention reduction in methane production
  • Mention effect on microbial population (gram-positive vs gram-negative)
Q3
50M describe Animal behaviour, rural planning and dairy nutrition

(a) Narrate the "Participatory Rural Appraisal" techniques used for rural planning. 10 (b) Define ethology. Describe in detail about the various types of behaviours in animals. 20 (c) Discuss the limiting nutrients and strategic feeding of high milk-yielding cows. 20

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) ग्रामीण नियोजन में उपयोग की जाने वाली "सहभागी ग्रामीण मूल्यांकन" तकनीकों का वर्णन कीजिए। 10 (b) स्वाभाविकी (इथोलोजी) को परिभाषित कीजिए। जानवरों में विभिन्न प्रकार के व्यवहारों के बारे में विस्तार से वर्णन कीजिए। 20 (c) अधिक दूध देने वाली गायों के लिए सीमित पोषक तत्वों और रणनीतिक आहार पर चर्चा कीजिए। 20

Answer approach & key points

(a) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Comprehensive, specific, and well-structured answers with clear examples and correct terminology.

  • Define PRA (community-led analysis for bottom-up planning)
  • Describe at least three tools (participatory mapping; transect walks; seasonal calendars)
  • Describe Venn diagrams and wealth ranking for institutions and targeting
  • Link tools to livestock planning outcomes (feed resources, disease patterns, lean-season storage)
  • Define ethology (study of behaviour in natural environments; adaptive/evolutionary focus)
  • Categorise behaviours (ingestive, eliminative, sexual, maternal, social, agonistic, thermoregulatory)
  • Provide examples for each category
  • Distinguish innate vs learned behaviour; note stereotypies as welfare indicators
Q4
50M explain Endocrinology, digestion and animal nutrition

(a) Explain in detail about the classification of hormonal receptors and their functions. 10 (b) Discuss in detail the microbial digestion of carbohydrates in ruminants. 10 (c) Describe different factors which influence the voluntary feed intake in poultry. 10 (d) Write short notes on the following : 5×4=20 (i) Effect of amino acid imbalance in swine ration. (ii) Circulation and functions of cerebrospinal fluid. (iii) Reno-renal reflex and how it controls renal functions. (iv) General functions of minerals in animals.

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) हार्मोनल रिसेप्टर्स के वर्गीकरण एवं उनके कार्यों के बारे में विस्तार से व्याख्या कीजिए। 10 (b) जुगाली करने वाले पशुओं में कार्बोहाइड्रेट के सूक्ष्मजीवी पाचन पर विस्तार से चर्चा कीजिए। 10 (c) मुर्गियों में स्वैच्छिक आहार सेवन को प्रभावित करने वाले विभिन्न कारकों का वर्णन कीजिए। 10 (d) निम्नलिखित पर संक्षिप्ट टिप्पणियाँ लिखिए : 5×4=20 (i) सुअरों के आहार (राशन) में एमीनो अम्ल असंतुलन का प्रभाव। (ii) प्रमस्तिष्कमेरु द्रव का परिसंचरण एवं कार्य। (iii) रीनो-रिनल रिफ्लेक्स (गुर्दे संबंधी प्रतिवर्त) और यह गुर्दे के कार्यों को कैसे नियंत्रित करता है। (iv) पशुओं में खनिजों के सामान्य कार्य।

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Animal Husbandry Veterinary Science, Paper 1. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (d(i)) write short notes: define > 3-4 key features > one example > one-line significance | (d(ii)) write short notes: define > 3-4 key features > one example > one-line significance | (d(iii)) write short notes: define > 3-4 key features > one example > one-line significance | (d(iv)) write short notes: define > 3-4 key features > one example > one-line significance Full marks: Comprehensive, accurate, and well-structured answers with specific examples and correct terminology.

  • Classify into GPCRs, RTKs, Ion channels, Nuclear receptors
  • Explain signal transduction mechanism for each class
  • Link receptor type to specific hormonal function
  • Mention intracellular vs cell surface localization
  • Describe rumen microbial population (bacteria, protozoa, fungi)
  • Explain cellulose/hemicellulose fermentation (Fibrobacter succinogenes) and starch digestion
  • Detail VFA production (acetate, propionate, butyrate) and their fates
  • Note that VFAs supply ~70–80% of energy; efficiency depends on diet, rumen pH and passage rate

B

Q5
50M 150w Compulsory write short notes Animal breeding, genetics and management

Write short notes on/Answer the following in about 150 words each : 10×5=50 (a) Recurrent selection and Reciprocal recurrent selection. 10 (b) Which are the processes preventing random assortment of genes to gametes ? Describe them. 10 (c) Discuss the feeding strategies for animals in drought situations. 10 (d) Management of rabbits as meat animals. 10 (e) Factors affecting semen quality in vivo and in vitro. 10

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक पर लगभग 150 शब्दों में संक्षिप्त टिप्पणियाँ/उत्तर लिखिए : 10×5=50 (a) प्रत्यावर्ती (पुनरावृत्ति) चयन और पारस्परिक प्रत्यावर्ती (पुनरावृत्ति) चयन । 10 (b) जीनों से युग्मकों तक के यादृच्छिक अपव्यूहन (वर्गीकरण) को रोकने वाली प्रक्रियाएँ कौन-सी हैं ? उनका वर्णन कीजिए । 10 (c) सूखे की स्थिति में पशुओं के लिए आहार संबंधी रणनीतियों पर चर्चा कीजिए । 10 (d) मांस पशुओं के रूप में खरगोशों का प्रबंधन । 10 (e) वीर्य की गुणवत्ता को इन विवो और इन विट्रो प्रभावित करने वाले कारक । 10

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Animal Husbandry Veterinary Science, Paper 1. (a) write short notes: define > 3-4 key features > one example > one-line significance | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (d) write short notes: define > 3-4 key features > one example > one-line significance | (e) write short notes: define > 3-4 key features > one example > one-line significance Full marks: Precise definitions, correct mechanisms, specific examples, clear distinction between concepts.

  • Recurrent selection: repeated selection and intermating within one population; allele-frequency gain
  • RRS: simultaneous improvement of two populations; selection on crossbred progeny performance with the other population
  • RRS exploits GCA and SCA (heterosis potential) using each population as tester
  • Contrast: within-population gain (RS) vs hybrid-line development (RRS; poultry, maize)
  • Linkage (physical proximity; blocks inherited together; recombination frequency)
  • Chromosomal structural aberrations (inversions, translocations)
  • Inversions suppress recombination producing unbalanced/non-viable gametes
  • Note: epistasis affects phenotype ratios but not physical segregation
Q6
50M describe Animal breeding and reproductive biotechnology

(a) Describe different types of heritability based on genetic variance components. 10 (b) Explain in detail about the different methods of semen collection in livestock and poultry. 20 (c) Describe the different methods to estimate heritability in animals. 20

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) आनुवंशिक भिन्नता घटकों के आधार पर विभिन्न प्रकार की आनुवंशिकता (वंशागतित्व) का वर्णन कीजिए । 10 (b) पशुधन एवं पोल्ट्री में वीर्य संग्रहण की विभिन्न विधियों के बारे में विस्तार से व्याख्या कीजिए । 20 (c) पशुओं में आनुवंशिकता (वंशागतित्व) का अनुमान लगाने के विभिन्न तरीकों का वर्णन कीजिए । 20

Answer approach & key points

(a) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance Full marks: Precise definitions, correct species-specific methods, and clear statistical logic.

  • Define narrow-sense heritability (h²) as additive variance ratio
  • Define broad-sense heritability (H²) as total genetic variance ratio
  • Mention dominance and epistatic variance components
  • State the formula for phenotypic variance (VP = VG + VE)
  • Artificial vagina method (temperature 40–42 °C; pressure; lubrication; teaser/phantom)
  • Electroejaculation (rectal probe; 0–15 V; untamed/injured males)
  • Rectal massage method (ampullae/vesicular glands)
  • Poultry: abdominal massage (Burrows–Quinn) and cloacal interception with teaser/dummy females
Q7
50M illustrate Dairy farming systems and population genetics

(a) Write in detail about "Dairying under mixed farming". What are its advantages over "Dairying under specialized farming" in the Indian context ? 15+5=20 (b) Illustrate the systematic process involved in changing gene and genotype frequencies of a population. 15 (c) Throw light on socio-economic concepts of chicken egg production in India. 15

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) "मिश्रित खेती के अंतर्गत डेयरी" के बारे में विस्तार से लिखिए। भारतीय संदर्भ में "विशिष्ट खेती के अंतर्गत डेयरी" की तुलना में इसके क्या लाभ हैं ? 15+5=20 (b) किसी जनसंख्या की जीन एवं जीनप्ररूप (जीनोटाइप) आवृत्तियों को बदलने में सम्मिलित क्रमबद्ध प्रक्रिया को चित्रित कीजिए। 15 (c) भारत में मुर्गी के अंडे के उत्पादन की सामाजिक-आर्थिक अवधारणाओं पर प्रकाश डालिए। 15

Answer approach & key points

(a(i)) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (a(ii)) compare: paired headings or table > key differences > significance > conclusion | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) highlight: name the salient points > one line of substance each > close Full marks: Comprehensive, well-structured, uses specific examples and data, clear distinction between parts.

  • Define mixed-farming dairying (crop + livestock integration)
  • Integration of crop residues (straw, husks) as roughage; manure recycling to crops
  • Contrast with specialised dairying (capital-intensive, purchased balanced rations)
  • Seasonal feed/fodder management through on-farm by-products
  • Economic diversification and risk distribution (crops + milk)
  • Lower feed costs via on-farm production; reduced fertiliser dependence
  • Suitability for small/marginal holdings; year-round employment; feed-shortage resilience
Q8
50M classify Dairy farm economics and animal breeding methods

(a) Classify the investment, receipts and expenditure in a commercial dairy farm. 20 (b) Mention the signs of estrus in cattle and buffaloes. What is the time of insemination for better conception in these animals and why is it so ? 5+10=15 (c) Give an account of individual selection, family selection and within-family selection. 15

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) एक वाणिज्यिक डेयरी फार्म में निवेश, प्राप्तियाँ एवं व्यय को वर्गीकृत कीजिए। 20 (b) गायों तथा भैंसों में मदचक्र के लक्षण बताइए। इन पशुओं में बेहतर गर्भधारण के लिए गर्भाधान का समय क्या है और ऐसा क्यों होता है ? 5+10=15 (c) व्यक्तिगत चयन, पारिवारिक चयन और अंतःपारिवारिक (विदिन-फैमिली) चयन का विवरण दीजिए। 15

Answer approach & key points

(a) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (b) highlight: name the salient points > one line of substance each > close | (c) account for: state the phenomenon > the causes in order of weight > conclusion Full marks: Comprehensive, accurate, and well-structured answers with specific examples and correct terminology.

  • Fixed capital (land, buildings, equipment, milch herd) vs working capital (feed, labour, medicines)
  • Receipts: milk and value-added products (80–85%); manure/vermicompost/biogas; surplus stock; salvage from culling
  • Expenditure: feed/fodder 60–70%; labour 15–20%; healthcare/AI 3–5%; depreciation (~5% buildings, ~10% machinery), insurance, interest
  • Viability indicators (cost per litre, net income per cow, BCR above 1, break-even)
  • Cattle estrus signs (standing heat, bellowing, vulvar hyperaemia/oedema, stringy mucus, milk drop)
  • Buffalo estrus signs (subdued/silent; frequent micturition, scanty mucus, night bellowing)
  • AM–PM rule in cattle (12–18 h post-onset); buffalo 18–24 h post-onset
  • Rationale: ovulation 24–32 h after onset; oocyte viability 6–12 h; sperm capacitation 6–8 h; viable sperm ~24–30 h

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