(a) What do you mean by mutation? What is the significance of induced mutation in plant breeding? 20 (b) Describe in brief the…

(a) Mutation and Induced Mutation

Mutation is a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. These changes can be spontaneous, arising from natural replication errors or environmental factors, or induced, resulting from deliberate exposure to physical (radiation) or chemical (mutagens like EMS) agents. Mutations are classified into gene mutations (point mutations), chromosomal mutations (deletions, duplications, inversions), and genomic mutations (changes in chromosome number).

The significance of induced mutation in plant breeding lies in its ability to create novel genetic variability in a short timeframe, bypassing the lengthy process of hybridization. It allows breeders to generate new alleles for desirable traits such as disease resistance, drought tolerance, and improved quality without introducing undesirable linked genes (linkage drag). A landmark achievement in this domain is the development of 'Sharbati Sonora' wheat, which exhibits high lysine content, and 'Golden Promise' barley, known for its high yield and quality. In India, the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) at Trombay has been pivotal in mutation breeding. Their Gamma Gardens have facilitated the development of the 'Trombay Groundnut' (TG) series, which offers resistance to leaf spot and high oil content. It is crucial to distinguish that while BARC contributed to radiation-induced rice mutants, the rice varieties 'Jagannath' and 'Padma' were developed by the Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI), Cuttack, not by BARC: Jagannath as an X-ray-induced semi-dwarf mutant of T-141 and Padma through conventional hybridization. This distinction highlights the collaborative nature of Indian agricultural research, where nuclear technology complements institutional breeding programs to enhance food security.

(b) Applications of Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering has revolutionized crop protection by introducing specific genes for insect and herbicide resistance. For insect resistance, the most prominent technology is the Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) system. Bt genes, such as Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab, encode Cry proteins that are toxic to specific insect larvae. The mode of action involves the ingestion of these proteins by the insect, which then bind to specific receptors in the midgut epithelium, creating pores that lead to cell lysis and insect death. In India, Bt cotton hybrids like MECH-162 Bt and RCH-2 Bt have been widely adopted, significantly reducing the use of chemical pesticides for bollworm control. The introduction of Bt brinjal, however, faced regulatory and public controversy, leading to a moratorium, illustrating the complex socio-political landscape of transgenic crops.

For herbicide resistance, genetic engineering enables crops to survive the application of specific herbicides, facilitating weed management. A key example is the EPSPS gene, which confers resistance to glyphosate (the active ingredient in Roundup). This allows for the development of 'Roundup Ready' crops, such as soybean and maize, where weeds can be sprayed with glyphosate without harming the crop. Other mechanisms include resistance to ALS inhibitors. In India, the regulatory stance on Herbicide-Tolerant (HT) crops remains cautious, with the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) evaluating each case for biosafety and economic viability. While Bt cotton is approved, other GM crops like Bt brinjal and GM mustard (DMH-11) are subject to ongoing debate and regulatory scrutiny, balancing agricultural productivity with ecological and consumer concerns.

(c) Protection of Traditional Knowledge (TK)

The protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) for Traditional Knowledge is essential to prevent biopiracy, where indigenous knowledge is exploited by commercial entities without consent or benefit-sharing. Historical cases, such as the patenting of turmeric and neem by foreign entities, highlight the vulnerability of TK to misappropriation. Protecting TK ensures the preservation of indigenous knowledge systems and promotes equitable benefit-sharing, as mandated by international frameworks like the Nagoya Protocol.

Sui generis protection refers to a distinct legal framework designed specifically for TK, differing from standard IPR regimes like patents or copyrights, which are often ill-suited for communal, evolving, and non-disclosed knowledge. In India, the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPV&FR) Act, 2001, provides sui generis protection by recognizing farmers' rights to save, use, exchange, and sell farm-produced seeds, while also protecting new plant varieties. Additionally, the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) documents indigenous knowledge in multiple languages, serving as prior art to prevent erroneous patent grants, and the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 (amended 2023) requires prior approval and benefit-sharing for access to biological resources and associated knowledge. This approach ensures that TK is respected, preserved, and utilized in a manner that benefits the communities who have stewarded it for generations.