Agriculture

UPSC Agriculture 2023 — Paper I

All 8 questions from UPSC Civil Services Mains Agriculture 2023 Paper I (400 marks total). Every stem reproduced in full, with directive-word analysis, marks, word limits, and answer-approach pointers.

8Questions
400Total marks
2023Year
Paper IPaper

Topics covered

Climate change, crop systems, forest products, weed control, soil structure (1)Agroecology, parasitic weeds, microbial consortia (1)Organic farming, agroforestry, remote sensing tools (1)Nitrogen losses, groundnut cultivation, GIS mapping (1)Soil conservation, irrigation efficiency, farm women empowerment, agricultural markets, irrigation projects (1)Dryland agriculture problems, poor quality water irrigation, NGO roles in extension (1)Agricultural marketing, FPOs, KVKs, watershed management (1)Agricultural price policy, MSP, extension evaluation, waterlogging (1)

A

Q1
50M 150w Compulsory discuss Climate change, crop systems, forest products, weed control, soil structure

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (a) Discuss the response of crop plants to rising temperature and carbon dioxide levels in relation to climate change, with suitable examples. (10 marks) (b) How can the cropping intensity and farm profitability be enhanced with the incorporation of different types of speciality corn in existing cropping systems? (10 marks) (c) What are non-wood forest products? How do they help local community development in terms of economy and employment? (10 marks) (d) Briefly write about cultural and chemical weed control methods of soybean and wheat. (10 marks) (e) Give an account of the genesis of soil structure and its significance to crop production. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक प्रश्न का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए : (a) जलवायु परिवर्तन के संबंध में बढ़ते तापक्रम और कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड के स्तर के प्रति फसल पौधों की प्रतिक्रिया का उचित उदाहरणों सहित वर्णन कीजिए। (10 अंक) (b) मौजूदा फसल प्रणालियों में विभिन्न प्रकारों की विशिष्ट मक्का के समावेश से फसल सघनता एवं प्रक्षेत्र की लाभप्रदता कैसे बढ़ाई जा सकती है? (10 अंक) (c) अकाष्ठीय वन उत्पाद क्या हैं? वे अर्थव्यवस्था और रोजगार के मामले में स्थानीय समुदाय के विकास में कैसे सहायक होते हैं? (10 अंक) (d) सोयाबीन और गेहूं में कर्षण एवं रासायनिक खरपतवार नियंत्रण विधियों के बारे में संक्षेप में लिखिए। (10 अंक) (e) मृदा संरचना की उत्पत्ति और फसल उत्पादन में मृदा संरचना के महत्व का विवरण दीजिए। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Practice or process > Data > Indian application. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (d) write short notes: define > 3-4 key features > one example > one-line significance | (e) account for: state the phenomenon > the causes in order of weight > conclusion Full marks: Precise, specific, and well-structured answers with named examples and data.

  • CO2 effect: higher photosynthesis in C3 crops, water-use efficiency
  • Little gain in C4 crops such as maize and sorghum
  • Temperature effect: shorter phenology, terminal heat stress in wheat, spikelet sterility in rice
  • Linkage to climate change and adaptation
  • Types: sweet corn, baby corn, popcorn, QPM
  • Short duration allowing 3-4 crops a year and higher intensity
  • Profit mechanisms: price premium, processing, fodder from stover
  • Fitting into systems: sequences such as baby corn-potato-greengram and intercropping
  • Definition: biological products other than timber from forests
  • Examples: bamboo, tendu leaves, lac, honey, gums, medicinal plants
  • Economic role: 20-40% of tribal household income
  • Employment role: lean-season work, women gatherers, processing
  • Soybean cultural methods: spacing, intercropping, hand weeding
  • Soybean chemical methods: pendimethalin pre-emergence, imazethapyr post-emergence
  • Wheat cultural methods: row spacing, zero tillage, rotation
  • Wheat chemical methods: sulfosulfuron or clodinafop, metsulfuron or 2,4-D
  • Genesis: flocculation then cementation and binding
  • Agents: wetting-drying, freezing-thawing, oxides, roots, microbes, glomalin
  • Structure types: granular, blocky, platy, prismatic
  • Significance: pores, aeration, water, infiltration, erosion resistance, yield
Q2
50M explain Agroecology, parasitic weeds, microbial consortia

(a) What do you understand by agroecology? How does agroecology help in crop distribution and sustainable food production? (20 marks) (b) Classify the parasitic weeds on the basis of their parasitism. Explain the preventive measures and integrated management practices for Orobanche. (20 marks) (c) Describe the concept of microbial consortia and its role in crop residue management. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) कृषि पारिस्थितिकी से आप क्या समझते हैं? फसल विभाजन और टिकाऊ खाद्य उत्पादन में कृषि पारिस्थितिकी किस प्रकार सहायक है? (20 अंक) (b) परजीवी खरपतवारों को उनकी परजीविता के आधार पर वर्गीकृत कीजिए। ओरोबैंकी के निवारक उपायों तथा समन्वित प्रबंधन प्रक्रियाओं की व्याख्या कीजिए। (20 अंक) (c) सूक्ष्मजीवी संघटक (माइक्रोबियल कंसोर्टिया) की अवधारणा और फसल अवशेष प्रबंधन में इसकी भूमिका का वर्णन कीजिए। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Practice or process > Data > Indian application. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance Full marks: Precise definitions, specific examples, and clear linkages to Indian context.

  • Definition of agroecology: ecological principles applied to farming systems
  • Crop distribution: matching crops to agro-climatic zones, intercropping, agroforestry, rotations
  • Sustainable production: N fixation, soil organic matter, natural pest regulation, input reduction
  • Indian expressions: natural farming, National Mission on Natural Farming, organic Sikkim
  • Classification: holoparasites versus hemiparasites, with correct examples
  • Examples by attachment: Cuscuta and Loranthus as stem parasites; Orobanche and Striga as root parasites
  • Preventive measures: clean seed, implement hygiene, quarantine, prevent seed set
  • Integrated management: solarisation, rotation and trap crops, hand pulling, low-dose glyphosate on mustard, pendimethalin, Fusarium biocontrol, tolerant varieties
  • Definition: compatible mixed microbial strains working together
  • Residue targets: cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin
  • Organisms and enzymes: Trichoderma, Aspergillus, cellulase, xylanase, ligninolytic enzymes
  • Outcome: in-situ decomposition in 20-25 days, prevents burning, returns nutrients; Pusa Decomposer
Q3
50M discuss Organic farming, agroforestry, remote sensing tools

(a) Give the specific features of organic farming and natural farming. Briefly discuss the preparations and role of biodynamics and cow-pat pit in organic crop production. (20 marks) (b) Classify the agroforestry systems and explain in detail the importance of social forestry in Indian context. (20 marks) (c) Write about the various tools used in proximal and remote sensing. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) जैविक खेती तथा प्राकृतिक खेती की विशिष्ट विशेषताएं बताइए। जैविक फसल उत्पादन में बायोडाइनैमिक्स और काऊ-पैट पिट बनाने तथा उनकी भूमिका का संक्षेप में विवरण दीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) कृषि वानिकी प्रणालियों को वर्गीकृत कीजिए और भारतीय संदर्भ में सामाजिक वानिकी के महत्व की विस्तार से व्याख्या कीजिए। (20 अंक) (c) समीपस्थ एवं सुदूर संवेदन में प्रयुक्त होने वाले विभिन्न उपकरणों के बारे में लिखिए। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Practice or process > Data > Indian application. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Comprehensive coverage of all sub-parts with specific examples, schemes, and tools.

  • Organic farming features: certification under NPOP, permitted off-farm organic inputs, traceability
  • Natural farming features: ZBNF/Palekar, no purchased inputs, Beejamrit, Jeevamrit, mulching, whapasa
  • Biodynamic preparations: BD 500, 501 and 502-507 with their roles
  • Cow-pat pit: materials, method, timeline and role in soil microbes and fertility
  • Classification: agrisilviculture, silvopastoral, agrosilvopastoral, with examples
  • Functional and socio-economic classification
  • Social forestry defined: farm, community and extension forestry after 1976
  • Importance: fuel and fodder, employment, wasteland restoration, JFM and policy support
  • Proximal tools: SPAD, NDVI sensors, spectroradiometer, soil sensors
  • Remote tools: optical and multispectral satellites such as Landsat, Sentinel-2, Resourcesat
  • Active sensors: SAR, LiDAR, and UAVs
  • Applications: crop acreage, yield estimation, soil mapping, drought, with GIS and GPS
Q4
50M discuss Nitrogen losses, groundnut cultivation, GIS mapping

(a) Discuss the primary pathways of gaseous nitrogen losses from soil and the factors affecting nitrogen losses. (20 marks) (b) Discuss the following in relation to groundnut: (i) Role of macro- and micro-nutrients (ii) Pegging (iii) Critical growth stages for irrigation (iv) Weed management (v) Region-specific cropping systems (20 marks) (c) Give a brief note on GIS-based soil mapping and yield mapping. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) मृदा से गैसों के रूप में नाइट्रोजन हानियों के प्राथमिक तरीकों और नाइट्रोजन हानियों को प्रभावित करने वाले कारकों का वर्णन कीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) मूंगफली के संबंध में निम्नलिखित का वर्णन कीजिए : (i) स्थूल-एवं सूक्ष्म-पोषक तत्वों की भूमिका (ii) पैगिंग (iii) सिंचाई की क्रांतिक वृद्धि अवस्थाएं (iv) खरपतवार प्रबंधन (v) क्षेत्र-विशिष्ट फसल प्रणालियां (20 अंक) (c) जी० आई० एस०-आधारित मृदा मानचित्रण एवं उपज मानचित्रण पर एक संक्षिप्त टिप्पणी दीजिए। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Practice or process > Data > Indian application. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) write short notes: define > 3-4 key features > one example > one-line significance Full marks: Comprehensive coverage of all sub-parts with specific examples, data, and Indian context

  • Ammonia volatilisation: mechanism, urea hydrolysis, pH and temperature
  • Denitrification: microbial reduction of nitrate to N2O and N2 under low oxygen
  • Nitrification-linked N2O and chemodenitrification
  • Factors: pH, temperature, moisture and aeration, organic carbon, fertiliser source and placement, crop cover
  • Nutrient roles: starter N, P, K, S, Ca as gypsum, with B, Zn, Fe, Mo
  • Pegging: gynophore growth into the soil, loose soil, calcium, pops
  • Critical irrigation stages: flowering, pegging, pod development
  • Weed management: critical period, pendimethalin, imazethapyr, hand weeding; cropping systems by region
  • GIS defined; soil mapping from GPS samples, imagery, DEM
  • Interpolation: kriging, IDW, digital soil mapping
  • Yield mapping: yield monitor with GPS, NDVI estimation, spatial variability
  • Application: management zones, variable-rate input, efficiency

B

Q5
50M 150w Compulsory discuss Soil conservation, irrigation efficiency, farm women empowerment, agricultural markets, irrigation projects

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (a) Discuss the ways and means of minimising erosion for conserving soil. (10 marks) (b) What are the major aims of irrigation? Discuss the different types of irrigation efficiencies which are used in adjudging the most efficient irrigation method. (10 marks) (c) Discuss on the various issues related to farm women empowerment. How do self-help groups play major role in empowering farm women? (10 marks) (d) Explain the important types of agricultural markets in India. (10 marks) (e) Discuss the efforts of the Government of India for extension, renovation and modernization of irrigation projects. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक प्रश्न का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए : (a) मृदा संरक्षण के लिए भूक्षरण कम करने के तरीकों और साधनों का वर्णन कीजिए। (10 अंक) (b) सिंचाई के प्रमुख उद्देश्य क्या हैं? सबसे कुशल सिंचाई विधि का निर्णय लेने के लिए प्रयोग में आने वाली विभिन्न प्रकार की सिंचाई क्षमताओं की व्याख्या कीजिए। (10 अंक) (c) खेतीहर महिलाओं के सशक्तिकरण से सम्बन्धित विभिन्न मुद्दों का वर्णन कीजिए। खेतीहर महिलाओं के सशक्तिकरण में स्वयं-सहायता समूहों द्वारा किस प्रकार मुख्य भूमिका निभाई जाती है? (10 अंक) (d) भारत में महत्त्वपूर्ण प्रकार के कृषि बाजारों की व्याख्या कीजिए। (10 अंक) (e) सिंचाई परियोजनाओं के विस्तार, जीर्णोद्धार और आधुनिकीकरण के लिए भारत सरकार के प्रयासों का वर्णन कीजिए। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Practice or process > Data > Indian application. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (d) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (e) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Comprehensive, specific, and well-structured answers with named schemes and data.

  • Erosion and USLE framing
  • Agronomic measures: contour farming, strip cropping, mulching, conservation tillage
  • Mechanical measures: bunds, terraces, trenches, gully plugging, check dams
  • Vegetative measures: vetiver, shelterbelts, agroforestry, watershed approach
  • Aims: assured supply, drought insurance, stable yield, multiple cropping
  • Conveyance and application efficiency with formulas
  • Storage and distribution efficiency
  • Water use efficiency and comparison of methods
  • Issues: land titles about 14%, wages, credit, extension, drudgery
  • SHG role in savings, credit and bank linkage
  • Collective farming, MKSP training, custom-hiring centres
  • Leadership and voice in household and panchayat
  • Primary, secondary and terminal markets by function
  • Regulated APMC markets
  • e-NAM 2016 and digital links
  • Cooperative and direct markets, contract farming and exchanges
  • PMKSY with Har Khet Ko Pani and AIBP
  • CADWM and on-farm development
  • Participatory Irrigation Management and WUAs
  • Per Drop More Crop, RRR of water bodies, DRIP
Q6
50M elaborate Dryland agriculture problems, poor quality water irrigation, NGO roles in extension

(a) Elaborate on the various problems encountered in agricultural production at dryland areas of Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh and Deccan Plateau of Andhra Pradesh. Also explain the probable solutions to minimise the problems. (20 marks) (b) Discuss the management practices for improving the crop yield potential in regions where poor quality water is available for irrigation. (20 marks) (c) Explain the roles of various Non-Governmental Organizations in agriculture extension and socio-economic upliftment of landless agricultural labourers. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) उत्तर प्रदेश के बुन्देलखण्ड क्षेत्र और आन्ध्र प्रदेश के दक्कन के पठार के शुष्क क्षेत्रों में कृषि उत्पादन में आने वाली विभिन्न समस्याओं के बारे में विस्तार से बताइए। समस्याओं को कम करने के लिए संभावित समाधानों की भी व्याख्या कीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) उन क्षेत्रों में फसल उपज क्षमता सुधारने के लिए प्रबन्धन पद्धतियों का वर्णन कीजिए, जहाँ सिंचाई के लिए खराब गुणवत्ता वाला पानी उपलब्ध है। (20 अंक) (c) कृषि विस्तार एवं भूमिहीन खेतीहर मजदूरों के सामाजिक-आर्थिक उत्थान में विभिन्न गैर-सरकारी संगठनों की भूमिकाओं की व्याख्या कीजिए। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Practice or process > Data > Indian application. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Comprehensive regional analysis with specific data, named schemes, and balanced solutions; clear distinction between regions and water types; detailed NGO roles with specific examples.

  • Bundelkhand problems: erratic rainfall, shallow red and black soils, erosion, scarce irrigation, stray cattle
  • Deccan Plateau (Rayalaseema) problems: low rainfall, red Alfisols with crusting, groundnut monoculture, groundwater depletion
  • Solutions: in-situ moisture conservation, watershed development, farm ponds, contingency crop plans
  • Crop and institutional measures: drought-tolerant crops, intercropping, protective irrigation, insurance
  • Water classes: saline, sodic (SAR, RSC), saline-sodic, with thresholds
  • Amendments: gypsum by RSC or ESP, organic manures, green manure
  • Irrigation management: leaching fraction, blending or cyclic use, stage-wise use of good water
  • Agronomy: tolerant crops and varieties, higher seed rate, ridge sowing, mulching, tree planting
  • Extension role: PRADAN, BAIF, Deccan Development Society
  • Support to landless labourers: SHGs, SEWA, Ekta Parishad, bonded labour rehabilitation
  • Skills, awareness of wages and MGNREGA, scheme linkage
  • Convergence with ATMA and KVKs
Q7
50M discuss Agricultural marketing, FPOs, KVKs, watershed management

(a) Write the main functions of Directorate of Marketing and Inspection. Discuss the roles of AGMARK and e-NAM in agricultural marketing. (20 marks) (b) How do Farmers Producers Organizations (FPOs) help in empowering the farmers through addressing their needs? Describe the role of Krishi Vigyan Kendras in climate resilient agriculture, citing suitable examples. (20 marks) (c) Discuss the role of integrated watershed management in rainfed agriculture. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) विपणन एवं निरीक्षण निदेशालय के मुख्य कार्यों को लिखिए। कृषि विपणन में एगमार्क और ई-नाम की भूमिकाओं पर चर्चा कीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) कृषक उत्पादक संगठन (एफ० पी० ओ०) किसानों के सशक्तिकरण में उनकी आवश्यकताओं को ध्यान में रखते हुए कैसे सहायता करते हैं? जलवायु अनुकूल कृषि में कृषि विज्ञान केन्द्रों की भूमिका का वर्णन उपयुक्त उदाहरण देते हुए कीजिए। (20 अंक) (c) वर्षाधारित कृषि में समन्वित जलसम्भर (वाटरशेड) प्रबन्धन की भूमिका का वर्णन कीजिए। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Practice or process > Data > Indian application. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Comprehensive, specific, and well-structured answers with named schemes, examples, and clear linkages.

  • DMI functions: Grading and Marking Act 1937, standards, market information (AGMARKNET), infrastructure schemes, model laws
  • AGMARK as quality certification: grades, consumer trust, exports
  • e-NAM 2016: online trading, price discovery, payment to farmers, SFAC lead
  • Constraints and reforms: assaying, interstate trade, e-NWR, Platform of Platforms
  • FPO definition and scale benefits: inputs, machinery, value addition, market linkage, credit
  • 10,000 FPO scheme 2020 and implementing agencies
  • KVK as ICAR district centres: OFT, FLD, training
  • Climate resilience: NICRA, climate-resilient villages, tolerant varieties, zero tillage, agro-advisories
  • Rainfed context: about half of net sown area, about 40% of output
  • Ridge-to-valley treatments: bunds, terraces, check dams, ponds, percolation tanks
  • Benefits: moisture conservation, erosion control, recharge, protective irrigation, intensification
  • Examples and programme: Ralegan Siddhi, Hivre Bazar, PMKSY watershed component
Q8
50M discuss Agricultural price policy, MSP, extension evaluation, waterlogging

(a) What is the need for agricultural price policy? Write its objectives. Discuss the criteria for deciding minimum support price (MSP) for each crop. (20 marks) (b) Why are the evaluation of extension programmes needed? Explain the various types of evaluation and also discuss the steps involved in the evaluation process. (20 marks) (c) Discuss the causes of waterlogging and its effects on crop production. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) कृषि मूल्य नीति की क्या आवश्यकता है? इसके उद्देश्यों को लिखिए। प्रत्येक फसल के लिए न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य (एम० एस० पी०) निर्धारण करने के मानदण्डों का वर्णन कीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) विस्तार कार्यक्रमों के मूल्यांकन की आवश्यकता क्यों है? मूल्यांकन के विभिन्न प्रकारों की व्याख्या कीजिए और मूल्यांकन प्रक्रिया में शामिल चरणों का भी वर्णन कीजिए। (20 अंक) (c) जलभराव के कारणों और फसल उत्पादन पर इसके प्रभावों का वर्णन कीजिए। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Practice or process > Data > Indian application. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Precise definitions, named committees (CACP), and clear distinction between C1/C2 costs and evaluation types.

  • Need: price volatility, inelastic demand, cobweb cycles, distress sales, food security
  • Objectives: remunerative floor, technology incentive, price and income stability, consumer interest, resource allocation
  • CACP and CCEA roles; criteria list: cost of production, input prices, price parity, demand and supply, inter-crop parity, market and international prices, effect on cost of living
  • Cost benchmark: 1.5 times A2+FL since Budget 2018-19 versus Swaminathan C2+50%
  • Need: accountability, improvement, decision to continue or stop, feedback
  • Types: formative, concurrent or process, summative; input, output, outcome, impact
  • Other types: internal, external, participatory; ex-ante, mid-term, ex-post
  • Steps: objectives, indicators and design, tools, data collection, analysis, report and feedback
  • Causes: canal seepage, over-irrigation, poor drainage, impeded layers, rainfall
  • Indian contexts: Punjab, Haryana, Indira Gandhi Canal
  • Effects: hypoxia, ethylene, denitrification, toxic Fe and Mn, poor stand
  • Secondary salinisation and remedies such as drainage and bio-drainage

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