Agriculture

UPSC Agriculture 2023 — Paper II

All 8 questions from UPSC Civil Services Mains Agriculture 2023 Paper II (400 marks total). Every stem reproduced in full, with directive-word analysis, marks, word limits, and answer-approach pointers.

8Questions
400Total marks
2023Year
Paper IIPaper

Topics covered

Cell biology, genetics, seed production, soil water, rice origin (1)Cell membrane models, Mendelian genetics, inheritance theories (1)Plant breeding, disease resistance, graft incompatibility (1)Intellectual property rights, stomatal physiology, seed certification (1)Fruit processing, mentha cultivation, auxins, IPM, micronutrient deficiencies (1)Integrated disease management, guava cultivation, marigold cultivation (1)Photosynthetic pigments, photosynthesis cycles, carbohydrate metabolism (1)Food production trends, food security programmes, balanced diet (1)

A

Q1
50M 150w Compulsory enumerate Cell biology, genetics, seed production, soil water, rice origin

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each : 10×5=50 (a) Enumerate the functions of Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. 10 (b) Explain inbreeding depression and its effect in crops. Also explain the degrees of inbreeding depression. 10 (c) Briefly discuss the requirements for production of certified seeds. 10 (d) Give the classification of soil water. Briefly discuss soil moisture availability with respect to soil type. 10 (e) Write down about the origin and domestication of rice. 10

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए : 10×5=50 (a) अंतर्द्रव्यी जालिका तथा गॉल्जी उपकरण के कार्यों को बताइए । 10 (b) अंतःप्रजनन अवसादन तथा फसलों में इसके प्रभाव की व्याख्या कीजिए । अंतःप्रजनन अवसादन की डिग्रियों की व्याख्या भी कीजिए । 10 (c) प्रमाणित बीज उत्पादन हेतु आवश्यकताओं की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए । 10 (d) मृदा जल का वर्गीकरण दीजिए । मृदा प्रकार के संदर्भ में मृदा नमी की उपलब्धता पर संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए । 10 (e) धान की उत्पत्ति तथा इसके स्थानीकरण के बारे में लिखिए । 10

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Practice or process > Data > Indian application. (a) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (d) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (e) write short notes: define > 3-4 key features > one example > one-line significance Full marks: All parts answered with specific details, named schemes/varieties, and correct command word application.

  • Rough ER: protein synthesis, folding, quality control
  • Smooth ER: lipid and steroid synthesis, detoxification, calcium storage
  • Golgi: modification of glycoproteins and glycolipids, sorting and packaging
  • Golgi: lysosome formation, plant cell-wall polysaccharides and cell plate
  • Definition: loss of vigour on inbreeding; homozygosity exposes recessive deleterious alleles
  • Effects in crops: reduced height, yield, vigour, sterility, susceptibility
  • Degrees: high, moderate, low, none with correct crop examples
  • Significance: inbred lines and hybrids, heterosis
  • Source seed and class: foundation seed to certified seed, Seeds Act 1966
  • Field requirements: isolation distance, previous crop, field inspections, roguing
  • Seed standards: physical purity, germination, moisture, health
  • Certification: agency, tagging, validity
  • Physical classes: gravitational, capillary, hygroscopic
  • Biological classes: available, unavailable, superfluous
  • Constants: field capacity, permanent wilting point, available water
  • Availability by soil type: sand, loam, clay with values and management
  • Wild progenitors: O. rufipogon and O. nivara
  • Centres: Indo-Burma and Yangtze or Pearl River with archaeological evidence
  • Indica and japonica origins and genome debate
  • Domestication traits and African rice
Q2
50M explain Cell membrane models, Mendelian genetics, inheritance theories

(a) Enlist the molecular models of cell membrane and explain the models given by S.J. Singer and G. Nicholson (1972), Green and Capaldi (1974) and Racker (1976). 20 (b) Give an account of seven different pairs of contrasting characters whose inheritance was studied by Mendel in Garden Pea (Pisum sativum). Give the reasons for Mendel's success in the study. 20 (c) Explain various theories of inheritance. Write down the evidences suggesting the presence of cytoplasmic inheritance in the crosses' results. 10

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) कोशिका झिल्ली के आणविक मॉडल को सूचीबद्ध कीजिए । एस.जे. सिंगर तथा जी. निकोल्सन (1972), ग्रीन तथा कैपाल्डी (1974) एवं रैकर (1976) के मॉडलों की व्याख्या कीजिए । 20 (b) विपरीत लक्षणों वाले सात विभिन्न जोड़ों का विवरण दीजिए जिनकी वंशागति का अध्ययन गार्डन मटर (पाइसम सेटाइवम) में मेंडल द्वारा किया गया था । इस अध्ययन में मेंडल की सफलता के कारण दीजिए । 20 (c) वंशागति के विभिन्न सिद्धांतों की व्याख्या कीजिए । क्रॉसों के परिणामों में कोशिकाद्रव्यी वंशागति की उपस्थिति का संकेत देने वाले प्रमाणों को लिखिए । 10

Answer approach & key points

(a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) account for: state the phenomenon > the causes in order of weight > conclusion | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Precise models, all 7 pairs, clear cytoplasmic evidence

  • Chronological list: Overton, Gorter and Grendel, Danielli and Davson, Robertson, subunit models
  • Fluid mosaic model: fluid bilayer, integral and peripheral proteins, lateral diffusion, asymmetry
  • Green and Capaldi 1974 model: globular proteins in lipid matrix
  • Racker 1976: functional protein-lipid complexes from reconstitution experiments
  • All seven pairs with dominant and recessive forms correctly stated
  • Pea as self-pollinating, true-breeding, easily crossed
  • Method: one or two traits at a time, large numbers, records, statistics
  • Independent assortment of the chosen traits and discrete traits
  • Theories: preformation, pangenesis, blending, acquired characters, germplasm, particulate, chromosome theory
  • Cytoplasmic inheritance evidence: Correns in Mirabilis, reciprocal crosses differ
  • Organelle examples: Chlamydomonas, yeast petite, Neurospora poky
  • Applied example: cytoplasmic male sterility in maize, sorghum, pearl millet
Q3
50M describe Plant breeding, disease resistance, graft incompatibility

(a) Describe the history of plant breeding in India. Write the objectives of plant breeding and methods for creation of variability for crop improvement. 20 (b) Describe Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) and source of disease resistance with suitable examples. Write the advantages of breeding for disease resistance in plants. 20 (c) What do you understand by graft incompatibility ? Describe the symptoms and causes of graft incompatibility in plants with suitable examples. 10

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) भारत में पादप प्रजनन के इतिहास का वर्णन कीजिए । पादप प्रजनन के उद्देश्य तथा फसल सुधार के लिए परिवर्तनशीलता की व्युत्पत्ति की विधियाँ लिखिए । 20 (b) सर्वांगी उपार्जित रोधिता (एस.ए.आर.) तथा रोग रोधिता के स्रोत का उपयुक्त उदाहरणों सहित वर्णन कीजिए । पौधों में रोग रोधिता के लिए प्रजनन के लाभ लिखिए । 20 (c) आप कलम असंगतता से क्या समझते हैं ? पौधों में कलम असंगतता के लक्षणों तथा कारणों का उपयुक्त उदाहरणों के साथ वर्णन कीजिए । 10

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Practice or process > Data > Indian application. (a) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance Full marks: Precise, specific, and well-structured with named examples and Indian context.

  • History milestones: Pusa 1905, Howard, Coimbatore canes 1912, ICAR 1929, AICRPs, hybrids, Green Revolution varieties, NBPGR, Bt cotton
  • Objectives: yield, stress resistance, quality, adaptation, mechanisation
  • Variability methods: introduction, hybridisation, mutation, polyploidy, somaclonal variation, rDNA
  • Indian examples of each method
  • SAR definition: induced whole-plant resistance after local infection; Ross 1961 TMV tobacco
  • Mechanism: salicylic acid, NPR1, PR proteins, mobile signal
  • Sources: cultivars, wild relatives such as O. longistaminata Xa21, mutants, transgenes
  • Advantages: cost, environment, durability, yield stability
  • Definition: failure of scion and stock to unite and grow properly
  • Symptoms: poor union, yellowing, defoliation, overgrowth, brittle union, death
  • Causes: taxonomic distance, cambial mismatch, biochemical toxins, viruses and phytoplasmas
  • Examples: pear on quince, sweet orange on sour orange with CTV
Q4
50M discuss Intellectual property rights, stomatal physiology, seed certification

(a) Discuss different forms of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) in India. 20 (b) Give an account of stomate anatomy and cytology. Write down the effect of light, water deficit, CO₂ concentration and temperature on stomatal movement along with the underlying mechanism. 20 (c) Describe the role of State Seed Certification Agencies. 10

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) भारत में बौद्धिक संपदा अधिकार (आई.पी.आर.) के विभिन्न प्रकारों की चर्चा कीजिए । 20 (b) स्तंभ शरीर तथा कोशिकी का एक विवरण दीजिए । प्रकाश, जल न्यूनता, कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड सान्द्रता तथा तापमान का स्तंभ-गति पर प्रभाव आधारभूत क्रियाविधि सहित लिखिए । 20 (c) राज्य बीज प्रमाणीकरण संस्थाओं की भूमिका का वर्णन कीजिए । 10

Answer approach & key points

(a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance Full marks: Comprehensive coverage of all sub-parts with specific Indian legal references and detailed biological mechanisms.

  • Patents Act 1970 and 2005 amendment, Section 3(d), Section 3(j), compulsory licensing
  • PPV&FR Act 2001: breeder's and farmers' rights, terms of 15 and 18 years
  • GI Act 1999, Trade Marks Act 1999, Copyright Act 1957
  • Designs Act 2000, SICLD Act 2000, trade secrets, Biological Diversity Act 2002
  • Anatomy: guard cells, kidney versus dumbbell shape, subsidiary cells
  • Cytology: chloroplasts, unevenly thickened wall, radial microfibrils, few plasmodesmata
  • Mechanism of opening: H+-ATPase, K+ uptake, malate, turgor
  • Factor effects: blue and red light, ABA under water deficit, CO2, temperature
  • Legal basis: Seeds Act 1966, Section 8, Central Seed Certification Board
  • Registration of growers, field inspection, roguing supervision
  • Seed testing and grow-out tests for purity
  • Issue of tags and certificates: white foundation, blue certified

B

Q5
50M 150w Compulsory describe Fruit processing, mentha cultivation, auxins, IPM, micronutrient deficiencies

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each : 10×5=50 (a) Write down the constraints of fruit processing industry in India. 10 (b) Describe mentha cultivation with reference to varieties, soil and climate, nutrient management and processing. 10 (c) Enlist the role of auxins in agriculture, with suitable examples. 10 (d) Briefly discuss Integrated Pest Management in cotton. 10 (e) Briefly discuss the micronutrient deficiencies observed in children and women in India along with the diseases associated with them. 10

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए : 10×5=50 (a) भारत में फल प्रसंस्करण उद्योग में आने वाली बाधाओं को लिखिए । 10 (b) किस्मों, मृदा एवं जलवायु, पोषक तत्व प्रबंधन तथा प्रसंस्करण के संदर्भ में पिपरमिंट (मेंथा) की खेती का वर्णन कीजिए । 10 (c) कृषि में ऑक्सिनों की भूमिका को उपयुक्त उदाहरणों सहित सूचीबद्ध कीजिए । 10 (d) कपास में एकीकृत पीड़क प्रबंधन की संक्षेप में चर्चा कीजिए । 10 (e) भारत में बच्चों तथा महिलाओं में सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्वों की कमी तथा उनसे संबंधित बीमारियों की संक्षेप में चर्चा कीजिए । 10

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Practice or process > Data > Indian application. (a) write short notes: define > 3-4 key features > one example > one-line significance | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (d) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (e) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Comprehensive, specific, and well-structured answers with named examples and data.

  • Seasonal and fragmented raw material supply
  • Lack of processing-grade varieties
  • Post-harvest losses and weak cold chain
  • Linkage, cost, technology and export-standard constraints
  • Varieties of arvensis, piperita, spicata with Indian cultivar names
  • Soil: well-drained sandy loam, pH 6-7.5; climate: humid subtropical, 100-150 cm rain
  • Nutrient management: N, P, K doses, FYM, irrigation
  • Harvest and steam distillation; menthol from oil
  • Rooting of cuttings with IBA or NAA
  • Fruit set and parthenocarpy; fruit drop prevention and thinning
  • Weed control with 2,4-D
  • Other uses: flowering induction, sprout suppression, tissue culture
  • Cultural methods and trap crops
  • Monitoring: pheromone and sticky traps, scouting
  • Biological control: Trichogramma, Chrysoperla, NPV, neem
  • Host resistance and selective chemical use at economic threshold
  • Iron: anaemia with NFHS-5 prevalence
  • Iodine: goitre and cretinism; vitamin A: night blindness
  • Zinc, folate and B12, vitamin D with diseases
  • Programmes: Anemia Mukt Bharat, iodised salt, vitamin A, fortification
Q6
50M describe Integrated disease management, guava cultivation, marigold cultivation

(a) Describe the principles, components and strategies for Integrated Disease Management in crops. Write down its application in management of rice blast and bacterial blight of pomegranate. 20 (b) Discuss the package of Guava cultivation with reference to soil and climate, propagation, varieties, disease management and bahar treatment. 20 (c) Briefly discuss round-the-year marigold cultivation with reference to varieties, sowing and transplanting, disease management and value-addition. 10

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) फसलों में एकीकृत रोग प्रबंधन के सिद्धांत, अवयवों तथा रणनीतियों का वर्णन कीजिए । धान का प्रघंस/झोंका (ब्लास्ट) रोग तथा अनार का जीवाणु झुलसा/अंगमारी (ब्लाइट) के प्रबंधन में इसके अनुप्रयोग के बारे में लिखिए । 20 (b) मृदा एवं जलवायु, प्रवर्धन, किस्मों, रोग प्रबंधन तथा बहार उपचार के संदर्भ में अमरूद की खेती के पैकेज की विवेचना कीजिए । 20 (c) वर्षभर गेंदे की खेती की किस्में, बुवाई तथा रोपण, रोग प्रबंधन एवं मूल्य-संवर्धन के संदर्भ में संक्षेप में चर्चा कीजिए । 10

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Practice or process > Data > Indian application. (a) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Comprehensive, specific, and well-structured answers with named varieties, specific chemicals, and clear application of concepts.

  • Principles: exclusion, monitoring, threshold, compatible tactics, environment safety
  • Components: cultural, resistance, biological, physical, chemical as last resort
  • Rice blast IDM: resistant varieties, seed treatment, nitrogen splits, tricyclazole or isoprothiolane
  • Pomegranate bacterial blight IDM: clean planting material, sanitation and Bordeaux paste, streptocycline with copper sprays
  • Soil and climate: drainage, pH range, rainfall and temperature
  • Propagation: air layering, stooling, inarching, budding, grafting
  • Varieties: Allahabad Safeda, Lucknow-49, Lalit, Shweta, Arka Amulya
  • Bahar treatment: Ambe, Mrig, Hasta with timing and method; wilt and anthracnose management
  • Varieties of African and French marigold
  • Three-season nursery sowing and transplanting dates
  • Diseases: damping-off, Alternaria, bud rot, powdery mildew with management
  • Value addition: loose flowers, garlands, lutein, essential oil, dyes
Q7
50M enumerate Photosynthetic pigments, photosynthesis cycles, carbohydrate metabolism

(a) Enlist various photosynthetic pigments. Give a detailed account of chlorophyll synthesis along with the enzymes involved in the process. Also mention the role of carotenoids in photosynthesis. 20 (b) List the reactions of Calvin Cycle and Hatch-Slack Cycle for CO₂ fixation in plants along with enzymes involved. 20 (c) Briefly discuss the pathways of carbohydrate metabolism in plants. 10

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) विभिन्न प्रकाश-संश्लेषी वर्णकों को सूचीबद्ध कीजिए । पर्णहरित संश्लेषण का विस्तृत विवरण इस प्रक्रिया में शामिल प्रकिण्वों (एन्जाइम्स) सहित दीजिए । प्रकाश-संश्लेषण में कैरोटिनॉइडों की भूमिका का भी उल्लेख कीजिए । 20 (b) पौधों में कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड स्थिरीकरण में कैल्विन चक्र तथा हैच-स्लैक चक्र की अभिक्रियाओं में शामिल प्रकिण्वों (एन्जाइम्स) सहित सूचीबद्ध कीजिए । 20 (c) पौधों में कार्बोहाइड्रेट उपापचय के मार्गों की संक्षेप में चर्चा कीजिए । 10

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Practice or process > Data > Indian application. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Comprehensive and accurate, with all required enzymes and reactions clearly listed.

  • Pigment list: chlorophylls, carotenoids, phycobilins
  • Chlorophyll synthesis from glutamate to ALA, porphobilinogen, uroporphyrinogen III, protoporphyrin IX
  • Mg-chelatase, cyclase, POR, chlorophyll synthase, chlorophyllide a oxygenase
  • Carotenoid roles: accessory light harvesting, photoprotection, xanthophyll cycle
  • Calvin cycle: carboxylation by RuBisCO, reduction by PGA kinase and GAPDH, regeneration enzymes
  • Stoichiometry: 3 CO2 to one triose phosphate with 9 ATP and 6 NADPH
  • C4 cycle: PEP carboxylase in mesophyll, malate or aspartate formation
  • Bundle-sheath decarboxylation by NADP-ME, NAD-ME or PEPCK and PPDK regeneration
  • Synthesis of sucrose and starch with enzymes
  • Breakdown of starch and sucrose
  • Respiratory pathways: glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative pentose phosphate pathway
  • Fermentation and the glyoxylate cycle in oilseeds
Q8
50M describe Food production trends, food security programmes, balanced diet

(a) How has food production, including horticultural crops, changed in India during the last one decade ? Write down its impact on food and nutritional security. 20 (b) Write down the various programmes run by State and Central Governments for ensuring food security in our country. Briefly discuss the strategies for sustainable agricultural production. 20 (c) Classify foods on the basis of their functions. Write down a balanced diet for a sedentary man and woman in India. 10

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) पिछले एक दशक में भारत में खाद्य उत्पादन, औद्यानिकी (बागवानी) फसलों सहित, कैसे बदला है ? खाद्य एवं पोषण सुरक्षा पर इसके प्रभाव को लिखिए । 20 (b) हमारे देश में खाद्य सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित करने के लिए राज्य एवं केन्द्र सरकार द्वारा चलाए जा रहे विभिन्न कार्यक्रमों को लिखिए । संधारणीय कृषि उत्पादन के लिए रणनीतियों की संक्षेप में चर्चा कीजिए । 20 (c) खाद्यों को उनके कार्यों के आधार पर वर्गीकृत कीजिए । भारत में निश्क्रिय पुरुष एवं महिला के लिए संतुलित आहार लिखिए । 10

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Practice or process > Data > Indian application. (a) trace: start point > the stages in sequence > end point > what changed | (b) highlight: name the salient points > one line of substance each > close | (c) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance Full marks: Comprehensive, data-driven, specific schemes and strategies, clear functional classification.

  • Foodgrain trend from about 265 Mt (2013-14) to about 330 Mt
  • Horticulture, milk and fish growth, with horticulture exceeding foodgrains
  • Impact: availability, exports, buffer stock, diversification dividend
  • Nutrition gap: NFHS-5 stunting, wasting, anaemia; causes beyond production
  • NFSA 2013, TPDS, AAY, PMGKAY with correct dates and coverage
  • Nutrition programmes: PM POSHAN, Saksham Anganwadi and POSHAN 2.0, POSHAN Abhiyaan
  • State schemes: Tamil Nadu, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Karnataka
  • Sustainable strategies: soil health, micro-irrigation, diversification, natural farming, climate-resilient varieties, post-harvest loss reduction
  • Functional classes: energy-giving, body-building, protective foods with examples
  • ICMR-NIN energy requirement: about 2,110 kcal for man and 1,660 kcal for woman
  • Food-group quantities: cereals and millets, pulses, milk, vegetables, fruit, nuts, fats
  • Principles of the 2024 Dietary Guidelines for Indians

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