Agriculture

UPSC Agriculture 2024 — Paper I

All 8 questions from UPSC Civil Services Mains Agriculture 2024 Paper I (400 marks total). Every stem reproduced in full, with directive-word analysis, marks, word limits, and answer-approach pointers.

8Questions
400Total marks
2024Year
Paper IPaper

Topics covered

Agro-ecology, pulses, social forestry, weed control, nitrification (1)Environmental factors, chickpea cultivation, cropping patterns (1)Plant nutrient essentiality, forest products, soil fertility evaluation (1)Tillage systems, remote sensing, weed control in pulses and oilseeds (1)Watershed management, irrigation scheduling, price instability, agricultural extension, irrigation calculation (1)Dryland agriculture, irrigation development, extension education (1)National Extension System, farm management, Krishi Vigyan Kendra (1)Types of farming, water use efficiency, soil erosion and conservation (1)

A

Q1
50M 150w Compulsory discuss Agro-ecology, pulses, social forestry, weed control, nitrification

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (a) Briefly discuss the principles of agro-ecology. 10 marks (b) What are the factors responsible for low production and productivity of pulses in India? Discuss strategies adopted for enhancing the pulse production and productivity. 10 marks (c) Describe the objectives of social forestry. Write down the plant species suitable for social forestry. 10 marks (d) Discuss the cultural methods of weed control. 10 marks (e) What are the two steps of nitrification and enlist micro-organisms responsible for each? Write down the importance of nitrification. 10 marks

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक प्रश्न का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए : (a) कृषि पारिस्थितिकी के सिद्धांतों का संक्षेप में वर्णन कीजिए । 10 (b) भारत में कम दलहन उत्पादन एवं उत्पादकता के कौन से कारक जिम्मेदार हैं ? दलहन उत्पादन एवं उत्पादकता को बढ़ाने हेतु रणनीतियों का वर्णन कीजिए । 10 (c) सामाजिक वानिकी के उद्देश्यों का वर्णन कीजिए । सामाजिक वानिकी के लिए उपयुक्त पौधों की प्रजातियाँ लिखिए । 10 (d) खरपतवार नियंत्रण के कर्षण (कल्चरल) विधियों का वर्णन कीजिए । 10 (e) नाइट्रीकरण के दो चरण क्या हैं और प्रत्येक चरण के लिए जिम्मेदार सूक्ष्म-जीव कौन से हैं सूचीबद्ध करें । नाइट्रीकरण का महत्व लिखिए । 10

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Practice or process > Data > Indian application. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (d) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (e) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Comprehensive, specific, and well-structured answers with named examples and schemes

  • Define agro-ecology as a science and movement
  • Explain principles: biodiversity, nutrient cycling, pest regulation
  • Mention soil health and water management
  • Link to sustainable food systems
  • List factors: rainfed marginal lands, low seed replacement, poor inputs, abiotic stress, weak procurement
  • Mention specific pests and diseases (e.g., pod borer Helicoverpa, Fusarium wilt, yellow mosaic virus)
  • Discuss strategies: high-yielding short-duration resistant varieties, rice-fallow expansion, IPM, rhizobium inoculation
  • Mention government support (e.g., NFSM-Pulses, MSP/PM-AASHA procurement, NAFED buffer stock, PMFBY)
  • Define social forestry (tree planting on village commons, degraded, roadside/canal and farm lands by and for communities; NCA 1976)
  • List objectives: fuel, fodder, small timber, employment, environmental protection
  • Mention specific plant species (e.g., Acacia nilotica, Dalbergia sissoo, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Leucaena leucocephala, Prosopis cineraria)
  • Link to community participation and livelihood
  • Define cultural methods of weed control
  • List methods: tillage, mulching, crop rotation, intercropping
  • Explain how each method works
  • Mention benefits and limitations
  • Define nitrification (biological oxidation of ammonium to nitrate)
  • Explain step 1: ammonia oxidation (NH4+ to NO2-) by Nitrosomonas/Nitrosococcus/Nitrosospira
  • Explain step 2: nitrite oxidation (NO2- to NO3-) by Nitrobacter/Nitrococcus
  • Mention the importance of nitrification in the nitrogen cycle
Q2
50M discuss Environmental factors, chickpea cultivation, cropping patterns

(a) Write down the physical environmental factors affecting the crop production. Discuss the effects of changing rainfall pattern on crop production in India. 20 marks (b) Describe the improved cultivation practices of Chickpea under the following heads: 20 marks (i) Improved varieties (ii) Seed rate and row to row spacing (iii) Nutrient management (iv) Weed management (v) Insect-pest and disease management (c) Discuss about the cropping patterns of Middle Gangetic Plain and Western Plateau and hills. 10 marks

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) फसल उत्पादन को प्रभावित करने वाले भौतिक पर्यावरणीय कारकों को लिखिए । भारत में बदलते वर्षा के पैटर्न का फसल उत्पादन पर पड़ने वाले प्रभावों का वर्णन कीजिए । 20 (b) निम्नलिखित शीर्षकों के अंतर्गत, चने की उन्नत खेती पद्धतियों का वर्णन कीजिए : 20 (i) उन्नत किस्में (ii) बीज दर एवं कतार से कतार की दूरी (iii) पोषक तत्व प्रबंधन (iv) खरपतवार प्रबंधन (v) कीट एवं रोग प्रबंधन (c) मध्य गंगा के मैदान एवं पश्चिमी पठार व पहाड़ी के सस्यक्रम (क्रॉपिंग पैटर्न) के बारे में वर्णन कीजिए । 10

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Practice or process > Data > Indian application. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Precise data, named varieties, specific schemes, clear regional distinctions.

  • List 4-5 physical factors (temperature, light, rainfall/humidity, wind, soil, topography)
  • Define 'changing rainfall pattern' (delayed onset, erratic distribution, dry spells, intense events, unseasonal rain)
  • Link rainfall changes to crop effects (kharif sowing window, moisture stress, floods, rabi losses)
  • Give Indian examples of regions or years affected
  • Name specific improved varieties, desi and kabuli (e.g., JG-11, JG-16, KAK-2)
  • Give seed rate (kg/ha) and spacing (cm)
  • Specify nutrient doses (N, P₂O₅, K₂O, S) and rhizobium/PSB
  • Weed control (pendimethalin/fluchloralin, hand weeding) and key pests/diseases (pod borer, Fusarium wilt, Ascochyta blight)
  • Identify Middle Gangetic Plain (eastern UP, Bihar) systems: rice-wheat, rice-pulses, maize, sugarcane
  • Identify Western Plateau and Hills (Maharashtra, MP, Rajasthan parts) systems: sorghum, cotton, soybean, groundnut, pigeonpea, chickpea
  • Link patterns to soil/climate/irrigation differences (alluvial and irrigated vs black soil and rainfed)
  • Contrast cropping intensity and moisture-conservation needs
Q3
50M describe Plant nutrient essentiality, forest products, soil fertility evaluation

(a) What is the Arnon and Stout (1939) criteria for plant nutrient essentiality? Give account of forms of each essential plant nutrient element absorbed by plants. 20 marks (b) What do you mean by Forest products? Write about the value added products from forest. 20 marks (c) Give account of soil fertility evaluation techniques. Enlist the points to be considered along with soil test values for fertiliser dose recommendation. 10 marks

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) अर्नोन और स्टाउट (1939) द्वारा दिए गए पादप पोषक तत्वों की अनिवार्यता के मानदण्ड क्या हैं ? पौधों द्वारा अवशोषित प्रत्येक आवश्यक पोषक तत्वों के रूपों (फॉर्म) का विवरण दीजिए । 20 (b) वन उत्पादों से आप का क्या तात्पर्य है ? वनों से प्राप्त मूल्यवर्धित उत्पादों के बारे में लिखिए । 20 (c) मृदा उर्वरता मूल्यांकन तकनीकों का विवरण दीजिए । मृदा परीक्षण मूल्यों के साथ उर्वरक खुराक (मात्रा) की सिफारिश के लिए विचार किए जाने वाले बिन्दुओं को सूचीबद्ध करिए । 10

Answer approach & key points

(a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Comprehensive coverage of all parts with specific examples and accurate technical details.

  • State Arnon & Stout (1939) three criteria for essentiality
  • List all 17 essential plant nutrient elements
  • Give the ionic/molecular form absorbed for each element (e.g., NO3-, NH4+, H2PO4-, HPO4(2-), MoO4(2-))
  • Define forest products (major/timber and non-timber)
  • List major forest products (timber, roundwood, fuelwood, pulpwood)
  • List major non-timber products (resins, gums, tannins, medicinal plants, essential oils)
  • Explain value addition with examples (plywood/veneer, pulp and paper, rosin/turpentine, herbal extracts)
  • List soil fertility evaluation techniques (soil testing, plant/tissue analysis, biological tests, deficiency symptoms, field trials)
  • Explain the process of soil testing (sampling, extraction methods, ratings)
  • List points to consider for fertilizer dose recommendation (crop, target yield, soil rating, NUE, moisture, previous crop, economics)
  • Mention the relationship between soil test values and fertilizer dose (critical limits, STCR targeted-yield equations)
Q4
50M explain Tillage systems, remote sensing, weed control in pulses and oilseeds

(a) Explain the term conventional and conservation tillage. Give account of their comparative effects on soil properties and green house gas emissions. 20 marks (b) Discuss the Remote sensing system used for ecosystem analysis. Briefly discuss the use of Remote sensing for drought monitoring. 20 marks (c) Describe in detail about the weed control measures in Black Gram and Sesame. 10 marks

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) पारंपरिक एवं संरक्षित जुताई शब्द की व्याख्या करिए । मिट्टी के गुणों और ग्रीन हाउस गैस उत्सर्जन पर उनके तुलनात्मक प्रभावों का विवरण दीजिए । 20 (b) पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र विश्लेषण के लिए उपयोग की जाने वाली रिमोट सेंसिंग प्रणाली का वर्णन करिए । सूखे की निगरानी के लिए रिमोट सेंसिंग के उपयोग पर संक्षेप में वर्णन करिए । 20 (c) उड़द एवं तिल में खरपतवार नियंत्रण के उपायों का विस्तार से वर्णन करिए । 10

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Practice or process > Data > Indian application. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance Full marks: Precise definitions, specific indices/satellites, named herbicides, clear comparative analysis

  • Define conventional tillage (inversion, pulverisation, residue burial)
  • Define conservation tillage (reduced/no-till with at least 30% residue cover)
  • Compare effects on soil properties (aggregates, plough pan, infiltration, moisture, organic C, biology)
  • Compare effects on greenhouse gas emissions (CO₂ incl. fuel, N₂O, CH₄) with nuance
  • Explain remote sensing systems (satellites, sensors, platforms)
  • Describe application in ecosystem analysis (NDVI, land cover)
  • Explain remote sensing for drought monitoring (VCI, SPI)
  • Mention specific satellites or indices used
  • List cultural weed control measures for Black Gram
  • List cultural weed control measures for Sesame
  • Mention chemical weed control (herbicides) for both
  • Specify timing of weed control operations

B

Q5
50M 150w Compulsory explain Watershed management, irrigation scheduling, price instability, agricultural extension, irrigation calculation

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (a) Write down the principles involved in Integrated Watershed Management. Briefly discuss the relevance of Integrated Watershed Management under climate change scenario. 10 marks (b) Explain the term irrigation scheduling. Elaborate the criteria IW/CPE ratio of irrigation scheduling along with its merits and demerits. 10 marks (c) Briefly discuss the price instability and its types. Write down the measurements for price instability. 10 marks (d) Give the account of new tools and methods used in agricultural extension. 10 marks (e) It is proposed to give four (4) irrigations to six (6) hectare area of wheat crop. Depth of each irrigation is 60 mm, which will be given with a pump of discharge @ 5 litre/second. Find out the duration (in days) of pump operation to discharge the required quantity of water. 10 marks

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक प्रश्न का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए : (a) एकीकृत जलसंभर (वाटरशेड) प्रबंधन में शामिल सिद्धांतों को लिखिए । जलवायु परिवर्तन परिदृश्य के तहत एकीकृत जलसंभर प्रबंधन की प्रासंगिकता का संक्षेप में वर्णन कीजिए । 10 (b) सिंचाई निर्धारण (इरिगेशन शेड्यूलिंग) शब्द की व्याख्या कीजिए । सिंचाई निर्धारण के आई.डब्लू./सी.पी.ई. (IW/CPE) अनुपात मानदण्ड का उसके गुणों एवं अवगुणों सहित विस्तृत वर्णन करिए । 10 (c) मूल्य अस्थिरता और उसके प्रकारों का संक्षेप में वर्णन कीजिए । मूल्य अस्थिरता के मापदण्ड लिखिए । 10 (d) कृषि प्रसार में नये उपकरण एवं विधियों का विवरण दीजिए । 10 (e) छ: (6) हेक्टेयर प्रक्षेत्र में गेहूं की फसल में चार (4) सिंचाई देने का प्रस्ताव है । प्रत्येक सिंचाई की गहराई 60 मि.मी. है, जिसकी पूर्ति 5 लीटर दिश्चार्ज/सेकंड के पंप से की जायेगी । पानी की आवश्यक मात्रा निकालने के लिये पंप संचालन की अवधि (दिनों में) ज्ञात कीजिए । 10

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Practice or process > Data > Indian application. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (d) account for: state the phenomenon > the causes in order of weight > conclusion | (e) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation Full marks: All parts: complete, specific, with Indian context and named examples

  • Principles: holistic, participatory, sustainable, multi-sectoral
  • Climate change: increased variability, extreme events
  • IWM relevance: resilience, adaptation, water security
  • Balanced close on IWM's role in climate adaptation
  • Definition: timing and depth of irrigation
  • IW/CPE ratio: depth of irrigation water to cumulative pan evaporation
  • Merits: simple, field-friendly, uses measurable pan data
  • Demerits: ignores soil hydraulic properties and stage-wise crop sensitivity; needs local calibration
  • Definition: fluctuation of agricultural prices around their trend
  • Types: seasonal, cyclical, trend/secular, irregular/random
  • Measurements: coefficient of variation, Cuddy-Della Valle index, Coppock's index
  • Impact on farmers and market stability
  • Digital tools: mobile apps, SMS, video
  • Remote sensing and GIS for extension
  • Participatory methods: FGDs, field days
  • ICT integration in extension services
  • Given: 4 irrigations × 6 ha; depth 60 mm each; pump discharge 5 L/s
  • Volume per irrigation = 6 ha × 0.06 m = 3,600 m³; total for 4 irrigations = 14,400 m³
  • Time = 14,400 m³ ÷ 0.005 m³/s = 2,880,000 seconds
  • Convert to days: 2,880,000 ÷ 86,400 = 33.33 days
Q6
50M discuss Dryland agriculture, irrigation development, extension education

(a) Briefly discuss the crop management practices for stabilising yield in dryland areas. Enlist the crops with their characteristics suitable for dryland agriculture. 20 marks (b) Discuss the changes in irrigated area through different sources of irrigation in India since independence. Classify the irrigation projects based on cultivable command area, purpose served and financial return. 20 marks (c) Describe the five steps of effective extension education process as per Leagans (1967). 10 marks

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) शुष्क भूमि क्षेत्रों में उपज को स्थिर करने के लिए फसल प्रबंधन क्रियाओं का संक्षेप में वर्णन करिए । शुष्क भूमि कृषि हेतु उपयुक्त फसलों उनकी विशेषताओं के साथ सूचीबद्ध करिए । 20 (b) भारत में स्वतंत्रता के बाद से सिंचाई के विभिन्न स्रोतों से सिंचित क्षेत्र में हुए परिवर्तनों का वर्णन करिए । सिंचाई परियोजनाओं को खेती योग्य कमांड क्षेत्र, उद्देश्य पूर्ति और वित्तीय रिटर्न के आधार पर वर्गीकृत करिए । 20 (c) लीगंस (1967) के अनुसार प्रभावी प्रसार शिक्षा प्रक्रिया के पांच चरणों का वर्णन करिए । 10

Answer approach & key points

(a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance Full marks: Comprehensive coverage of all sub-parts with specific examples, data, and correct classifications.

  • Practices for moisture conservation (mulching, contour/compartment bunding, tillage, anti-transpirants)
  • Practices that stabilise yield under drought (contingency crop plans, short-duration/drought-tolerant varieties, intercropping, farm-pond life-saving irrigation)
  • List of crops (e.g., pearl millet, sorghum, pigeonpea, horsegram, castor, groundnut)
  • Characteristics of listed crops (deep roots, short duration, C4, osmotic adjustment, low water need)
  • Trend of irrigated area by source since 1950-51 (canals, tanks, wells, tube wells) with approximate shares
  • Classification by Cultivable Command Area (major >10,000 ha, medium 2,000-10,000 ha, minor <2,000 ha)
  • Classification by purpose (single-purpose vs multipurpose)
  • Classification by financial return (productive vs protective)
  • Step 1: Analysis of the situation (facts, resources, farmers' problems)
  • Step 2: Deciding the objectives (changes in knowledge, skills, attitudes)
  • Step 3: Teaching (what to teach; methods and aids)
  • Step 4: Evaluating the teaching (how far objectives were reached)
  • Step 5: Reconsideration (review and start a revised cycle)
Q7
50M discuss National Extension System, farm management, Krishi Vigyan Kendra

(a) Discuss the chronological developments of National Extension System of India after independence. 20 marks (b) Briefly discuss the decisions involved in Farm management. Write down the principles applied in Farm management. 20 marks (c) Justify the statement that Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) is playing vital role in solving location specific problems and transfer of technologies in agriculture. 10 marks

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) स्वतंत्रता के बाद भारत की राष्ट्रीय प्रसार प्रणाली के कालानुक्रमिक विकास का वर्णन करिए । 20 (b) फार्म प्रबंधन में शामिल निर्णयों का संक्षेप में वर्णन करिए । फार्म प्रबंधन में लागू सिद्धांतों को लिखिए । 20 (c) इस कथन की पुष्टि कीजिए कि कृषि विज्ञान केंद्र (के.वि.के.) स्थानीय समस्याओं को सुलझाने और तकनीकियों के हस्तांतरण में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा रहे हैं । 10

Answer approach & key points

(a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) justify: claim > 3-4 reasons > evidence > conclusion Full marks: Comprehensive, specific, and well-structured answers with clear examples and accurate details.

  • 1950s: Community Development Programme (1952) and National Extension Service (1953) — multi-purpose village-level workers
  • 1960s: IADP (1960) and IAAP — production-oriented, technical base of the Green Revolution
  • 1970s–80s: Training and Visit (T&V) system (1974, World Bank-assisted) and National Agricultural Extension Project; first KVK 1974 (Mehta Committee 1973)
  • 1990s–2000s: ATMA (1998) — decentralised, participatory, multi-agency extension
  • 2010s onwards: ICT-led pluralistic extension — Kisan Call Centres, mKisan, agri-tech platforms
  • Decisions at three levels: strategic (what to produce), tactical (how to produce), operational (day-to-day)
  • Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns — rational zone of input use
  • Principle of Substitution (factor-factor, product-product) and Equi-Marginal Returns
  • Opportunity cost, cost-benefit analysis and the minimum-loss principle
  • KVKs as 'last mile' extension centers
  • Solving location-specific problems (e.g., soil, climate)
  • Technology transfer: Demonstration, training, advisory
  • Linking KVKs to local farmers and research
Q8
50M explain Types of farming, water use efficiency, soil erosion and conservation

(a) Explain different types of farming. Discuss the factors affecting types of farming. 20 marks (b) Explain the term water use efficiency in relation to crop production. Discuss the role of pressurised irrigation methods to achieve the objectives of more crop per drop programme. 20 marks (c) Briefly discuss the factors affecting soil erosion. Write down the agronomic measures for soil conservation. 10 marks

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) खेती के विभिन्न प्रकारों की व्याख्या कीजिए । खेती के प्रकारों को प्रभावित करने वाले कारकों का वर्णन करिए । 20 (b) फसल उत्पादन के परिप्रेक्ष्य में जल उपयोग दक्षता की व्याख्या करिए । प्रति बूंद अधिक फसल के योजना के लक्ष्य को प्राप्त करने के लिए दबावयुक्त सिंचाई विधियों की भूमिका का वर्णन करिए । 20 (c) मृदा अपरदन को प्रभावित करने वाले कारकों का संक्षेप में वर्णन करिए । मृदा संरक्षण के लिए सस्यीय विधियाँ लिखिए । 10

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Practice or process > Data > Indian application. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Precise definitions, specific examples, and clear linkages between factors and outcomes.

  • Define types: subsistence/commercial, intensive/extensive, specialised, diversified, mixed, ranching
  • Distinguish between dryland/rainfed and irrigated farming
  • Link climate, soil, topography and market to farming type
  • Mention land tenure, holding size, capital, labour and institutions as factors
  • Define WUE as crop yield per unit water consumed
  • Explain drip and sprinkler irrigation mechanisms
  • Link pressurized systems to reduced evaporation/leaching
  • Discuss precision application of water and nutrients
  • Identify factors: climate (rainfall erosivity, wind), soil erodibility, slope length/steepness, vegetative cover
  • Include human factors (deforestation, overgrazing, faulty cultivation)
  • Agronomic measures: contour farming, strip cropping
  • Agronomic measures: cover crops, mulching, conservation tillage, crop rotation

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