Agriculture

UPSC Agriculture 2025 — Paper II

All 8 questions from UPSC Civil Services Mains Agriculture 2025 Paper II (400 marks total). Every stem reproduced in full, with directive-word analysis, marks, word limits, and answer-approach pointers.

8Questions
400Total marks
2025Year
Paper IIPaper

Topics covered

Cell cycle, heterosis, marker-assisted selection, grow-out test, plant mineral nutrients (1)Mutagenesis, double haploid, intellectual property rights (1)Plant propagation and cell biology (1)Plant physiology and seed industry (1)Plant nutrition, citrus decline, mango malformation, food security, food processing (1)Grape cultivation, food productivity trends, salinity stress in plants (1)Pea production technology, plant growth, food security (1)Plant growth regulators, micronutrient deficiency, potato diseases (1)

A

Q1
50M 150w Compulsory describe Cell cycle, heterosis, marker-assisted selection, grow-out test, plant mineral nutrients

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (a) Define cell cycle. Describe different types and phases of cell cycle. (10 marks) (b) Briefly discuss significant features of heterosis and explain the dominance and overdominance hypotheses of heterosis, giving their main features. (10 marks) (c) Define Marker-Assisted Selection and give suitable examples. Discuss the applications of marker-assisted selection in recurrent selection, gene pyramiding and QTL introgression. (10 marks) (d) Define 'Grow-out test'. Explain briefly the methods of roguing in seed fields. (10 marks) (e) Classify plant mineral nutrients based on biochemical functions. How do excess minerals in the soil limit the plant growth? (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक प्रश्न का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए : (a) कोशिका चक्र को परिभाषित कीजिए। कोशिका चक्र के विभिन्न प्रकारों और चरणों का वर्णन कीजिए। (10 अंक) (b) संकरओज (हेटेरोसिस) की महत्वपूर्ण विशेषताओं की संक्षेप में विवेचना कीजिए तथा संकरओज (हेटेरोसिस) की प्रभाविता (डोमिनेंस) और अति-प्रभाविता (ओवरडोमिनेंस) अवधारणाओं की प्रमुख विशेषताओं को देते हुए व्याख्या कीजिए। (10 अंक) (c) चिह्नक (मार्कर) सहायक चयन को परिभाषित कीजिए तथा उपयुक्त उदाहरण दीजिए। आवर्तक (रिकरेंट) चयन, जीन पिरामिडिंग तथा क्यू टी एल अंतर्क्रमण में चिह्नक (मार्कर) सहायक चयन के अनुप्रयोगों की विवेचना कीजिए। (10 अंक) (d) 'ग्रो-आउट परीक्षण' को परिभाषित कीजिए। बीज प्रक्षेत्रों में रोगिंग की विधियों को संक्षेप में समझाइए। (10 अंक) (e) जैव-रासायनिक कार्यों के आधार पर पादप खनिज पोषक तत्वों को वर्गीकृत कीजिए। मृदा में खनिज तत्वों की अधिकता पादप वृद्धि को कैसे सीमित करती है ? (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

(a) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (d) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (e) highlight: name the salient points > one line of substance each > close Full marks: Precise definitions, clear distinction between concepts, specific examples, and logical flow.

  • Define cell cycle (genetically controlled ordered sequence)
  • Distinguish mitotic (somatic; two identical diploid cells) vs meiotic (germ cells; four haploid gametes) cycles
  • Interphase G₁, S, G₂ and G₀; M phase with cytokinesis
  • Checkpoints G₁/S, G₂/M, spindle assembly; CDK regulation
  • Define heterosis (hybrid vigour) and list significant features
  • Dominance hypothesis (Bruce 1910; Davenport 1908; Keeble & Pellew; masking of deleterious recessives; repulsive linkage prevents full recovery)
  • Overdominance hypothesis (East 1908; Shull 1908; heterozygote superiority; cannot be fixed in a homozygous line)
  • Comparison of the two hypotheses
Q2
50M explain Mutagenesis, double haploid, intellectual property rights

(a) Explain mutagenesis with its classification. Discuss briefly the mechanisms of action of alkylating agents and azide mutagens in crop improvement. (20 marks) (b) Give an account on double haploid and its applications in plant breeding. Also discuss the production methods of haploid. (20 marks) (c) What do you mean by Intellectual Property? Discuss the protection of Intellectual Property Rights in reference to patent, plant breeders' rights and copyright. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) उत्परिवर्तजन (म्यूटाजेनेसिस) को इसके वर्गीकरण के साथ समझाइए। फसल सुधार में एल्काइलेटिंग एजेंटों तथा एजाइड म्यूटाजेंस की क्रिया प्रणाली का संक्षेप में वर्णन कीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) दोहरे अगुणित (डबल हैप्लॉइड) और पादप प्रजनन में इसके अनुप्रयोगों का विवरण दीजिए। अगुणित की उत्पादन विधियों की भी विवेचना कीजिए। (20 अंक) (c) बौद्धिक सम्पदा से आप क्या समझते हैं ? पेटेंट, पादप प्रजनकों के अधिकारों तथा कॉपीराइट के संदर्भ में बौद्धिक सम्पदा अधिकारों के संरक्षण की विवेचना कीजिए। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Practice or process > Data > Indian application. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) account for: state the phenomenon > the causes in order of weight > conclusion | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Precise mechanisms, specific chemical names, clear distinction between IP types, Indian examples.

  • Define mutagenesis; classify physical/chemical/biological mutagens
  • Alkylating agents: EMS forms O⁶-ethylguanine → GC→AT transitions; MMS (SN2) methylates N⁷-guanine/N³-adenine → depurination
  • Sodium azide via L-azidoalanine causing point mutations (transitions)
  • Link to crop improvement (rice EMS; barley/sorghum azide programs)
  • Define double haploids (fully homozygous lines from haploids) and their significance
  • Production: anther/microspore culture; wide hybridization (Bulbosum technique); chromosome elimination (maize inducer); ovary/ovule culture
  • Applications: instant homozygosity, recessive selection, hybrid inbred development, reverse breeding
  • Indian examples (NRRI Cuttack; IIWBR Karnal)
Q3
50M explain Plant propagation and cell biology

(a) Why do fruit plants need to be propagated vegetatively ? Explain the advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual propagation. (20 marks) (b) Define genetic purity. How can the maintenance of genetic purity of varieties be done outside their normal cultivation area ? (20 marks) (c) Explain the functions of plant cell wall in growth, development, maintenance and reproduction of plants. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) फल के पौधों का वानस्पतिक (कायिक) रूप से प्रवर्धन करना क्यों आवश्यक है ? अलैंगिक तथा लैंगिक प्रवर्धनों के लाभों व हानियों की व्याख्या कीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) आनुवंशिक शुद्धता को परिभाषित कीजिए। प्रजातियों की आनुवंशिक शुद्धता को उनके सामान्य कृषि क्षेत्र के बाहर कैसे बनाए रखा जा सकता है ? (20 अंक) (c) पौधों की वृद्धि, विकास, रखरखाव तथा प्रजनन में पादप कोशिका भित्ति के कार्यों की व्याख्या कीजिए। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

(a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Comprehensive, accurate, with specific examples and clear structure.

  • Reasons for vegetative propagation (heterozygosity; juvenility; clonal uniformity for market traits)
  • Asexual advantages (genetic identity, uniformity, rapid elite multiplication); disadvantages (vulnerability to pests, virus/viroid transmission)
  • Sexual advantages (diversity, heterosis, resistance breeding); disadvantages (segregation, long juvenility)
  • Indian context (National Horticulture Mission clean planting material; NRCB meristem tip culture)
  • Define genetic purity (trueness to type; DUS link; Seeds Act 1966/PPV&FR 2001)
  • Isolation and seed villages
  • Off-season/winter nurseries in other agro-climates (e.g., Wellington, Lahaul-Spiti for wheat; hill seed potato) with isolation and roguing
  • Tissue-culture virus-free stock; protected cultivation pollinator control; NBPGR germplasm role
Q4
50M explain Plant physiology and seed industry

(a) What do you understand by water transport in xylem ? Explain the Cohesion-Tension theory. (20 marks) (b) How is the detailed record of relationship between the selected plants and their progenies maintained in the pedigree selection method ? Discuss the procedure for pedigree selection method, with the help of a simplified schematic diagram. (20 marks) (c) Describe the Indian Seeds Act, 1966. Also discuss the essential activities required for the success of seed industry in India. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) जाइलम में जलाभिगमन (वाटर ट्रांसपोर्ट) से आप क्या समझते हैं ? संसर्जन-तनाव (कोहेशन-टेंशन) सिद्धांत की व्याख्या कीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) वंशावली चयन विधि में चयनित पौधों तथा उनकी संततियों के बीच संबंधों का विस्तृत ब्यौरा (रिकॉर्ड) कैसे बनाया रखा जाता है ? एक साधारण व्यवस्था आरेख की सहायता से वंशावली चयन विधि की प्रक्रिया की विवेचना कीजिए। (20 अंक) (c) भारतीय बीज अधिनियम, 1966 का वर्णन कीजिए। भारत में बीज उद्योग की सफलता के लिए आवश्यक गतिविधियों की भी चर्चा कीजिए। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Practice or process > Data > Indian application. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance Full marks: Comprehensive coverage of all parts with accurate technical details, clear diagrams, and specific examples.

  • Define xylem water transport (transpiration-driven ascent)
  • Cohesion-Tension theory (Dixon & Joly): cohesion, adhesion, tension
  • Transpiration pull and continuous water column
  • Evidence: pressure bomb; cavitation when tension exceeds cohesive strength; narrow conduits mitigate
  • Pedigree selection definition and progeny testing
  • Record maintenance (plant-to-row and head-to-row identifiers; genetic history traceable)
  • Procedure F1→F2 selection→F3 progeny rows→…→F6/F7 uniform lines
  • Schematic diagram showing the selection flow

B

Q5
50M 150w Compulsory elucidate Plant nutrition, citrus decline, mango malformation, food security, food processing

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each : 10×5=50 (a) How do plants absorb nitrogen from the environment ? Describe the mechanism of nitrate assimilation and synthesis of amino acids in plants. 10 (b) Explain the strategies to manage citrus decline in India. 10 (c) What do you understand by mango malformation ? Elucidate symptoms, causal organism and control measures of floral mango malformation. 10 (d) What do you understand by food-based dietary approaches ? Explain briefly how they will help to eliminate hunger. 10 (e) What are the major constraints of food grain processing in India ? 10

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक प्रश्न का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए : 10×5=50 (a) वातावरण से पौधे नाइट्रोजन (नत्रजन) को कैसे अवशोषित करते हैं ? पौधों में नाइट्रेट समावेश (एसिमिलेशन) तथा एमीनो एसिड के संश्लेषण की क्रियाविधि का वर्णन कीजिए। 10 (b) भारत में नींबू वर्गीय फसलों में हास (सिट्रस डिक्लाइन) के प्रबंधन की रणनीतियों की व्याख्या कीजिए। 10 (c) आम के गुच्छा रोग से आप क्या समझते हैं ? आम में पुष्पीय गुच्छा रोग के लक्षणों, कारक जीव तथा नियंत्रण उपायों पर प्रकाश डालिए। 10 (d) खाद्य-आधारित आहार पद्धतियों से आप क्या समझते हैं ? भुख (हंगर) को मिटाने में यह कैसे सहायता करेंगी, संक्षेप में व्याख्या कीजिए। 10 (e) भारत में खाद्यान्न प्रसंस्करण की मुख्य बाधाएं क्या हैं ? 10

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Practice or process > Data > Indian application. (a) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (d) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (e) highlight: name the salient points > one line of substance each > close Full marks: Precise mechanisms, specific Indian examples, and clear structure.

  • Nitrate reduction to nitrite via nitrate reductase
  • Nitrite reduction to ammonium via nitrite reductase
  • Ammonium assimilation via GS-GOGAT pathway
  • Formation of glutamine and glutamate
  • Identify multi-factorial nature of citrus decline (root decay, dieback, productivity collapse)
  • Integrated nutrient management: soil-leaf analysis, balanced NPK, micronutrient sprays (Zn 0.5%, Fe 0.4%, Cu, Mn)
  • Tolerant rootstocks (Rangpur lime, Cleopatra mandarin) and certified virus- and greening-free budwood; psyllid control against greening (HLB)
  • Phytophthora root rot/gummosis control (Metalaxyl-Mancozeb, Fosetyl-Al, Trichoderma) and water/soil management (drip, drainage, mulching)
Q6
50M elucidate Grape cultivation, food productivity trends, salinity stress in plants

(a) Write the cultivation practices of grapes in respect of soil and climatic requirements, improved varieties, training and pruning, fruit thinning and plant protection. 20 (b) What are the trends of food productivity in India ? Give your opinion for sustainable food production system which can address food and nutritional security of India. 20 (c) How does salinity affect the growth and photosynthesis in plants ? Elucidate the avoidance mechanisms of salt stress by plants. 10

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) मृदा एवं जलवायु आवश्यकताएं, उन्नत प्रजातियां, सधाई (ट्रेनिंग) एवं काट-छांट, फल बिरलीकरण तथा पादप सुरक्षा के संबंध में अंगूर की खेती की विधियों को लिखिए। 20 (b) भारत में खाद्य उत्पादकता की प्रवृत्तियां क्या हैं ? भारत में खाद्य एवं पोषण सुरक्षा को ध्यान में रखते हुए टिकाऊ खाद्य उत्पादन पद्धति हेतु अपना विचार व्यक्त कीजिए। 20 (c) लवणता पौधों में वृद्धि एवं प्रकाश-संश्लेषण को कैसे प्रभावित करती है ? पौधों द्वारा लवण प्रतिबल से बचने की क्रियाविधियों पर प्रकाश डालिए। 10

Answer approach & key points

(a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) comment: context > arguments both sides > judgment > close | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Comprehensive, specific, and well-structured answers with named examples and data.

  • Soil and climate (well-drained sandy loam–loam, pH 6.5–7.5; 15–25 °C; 700–900 mm; rain at ripening harmful)
  • Improved varieties (Thompson Seedless, Sonaka, Manik Chaman; Bangalore Blue, Gulabi, Anab-e-Shahi)
  • Training systems (Bower/Pandal, Kniffin, Telephone) and double pruning (April back pruning 1–2 buds; October forward pruning 4–10 buds)
  • Fruit thinning with GA3 (10–40 ppm); IPM (Cryptolaemus on mealybugs) and disease control (downy/powdery mildew, anthracnose)
  • Productivity trends (cereals <1 t/ha 1960s → >3 t/ha; plateau in rice–wheat belt; regional disparities)
  • Conservation agriculture and precision farming (zero tillage, DSR, residue retention, drip-fertigation)
  • Agro-ecological diversification and nutri-cereal promotion (Shree Anna; IYM 2023)
  • Biofortification (e.g., zinc-rich wheat WB 02; iron-rich Dhanashakti pearl millet) with POSHAN Abhiyaan/NFSA convergence
Q7
50M discuss Pea production technology, plant growth, food security

(a) Discuss the production technologies of peas in relation to varieties, climate requirement, sowing time, seed rate and plant protection. (20 marks) (b) Differentiate plant growth and development. Explain the different phases of growth in plants and also discuss the various methods of growth measurement and growth analysis. (20 marks) (c) Elaborate the major constraints of food and nutritional security in India. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) किस्मों, जलवायु आवश्यकता, बुवाई का समय, बीज दर तथा पादप सुरक्षा के संबंध में मटर की उत्पादन तकनीकों की चर्चा कीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) पादप वृद्धि एवं विकास में अंतर बताइए। पौधों में वृद्धि के विभिन्न चरणों की व्याख्या कीजिए तथा वृद्धि मापने तथा वृद्धि विश्लेषण की विभिन्न विधियों की भी चर्चा कीजिए। (20 अंक) (c) भारत में खाद्य एवं पोषण सुरक्षा की मुख्य बाधाओं की विस्तार से व्याख्या कीजिए। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Practice or process > Data > Indian application. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Comprehensive coverage of all sub-parts with specific data, named varieties/schemes, and clear differentiation/analysis.

  • Named pea varieties (tall: Bonneville, Lincoln; dwarf: Arkel, Pant Uphar, VL-3)
  • Climate (cool-season 10–25 °C; frost-sensitive at flowering)
  • Sowing time (rabi Oct–Nov in plains; March–April in hills) and seed rate (100–120 kg/ha for early dwarf types; 75–80 kg/ha for mid/late tall types)
  • Plant protection (aphids, pea stem fly, pod borer; powdery mildew, rust, wilt; resistant varieties and IPM)
  • Differentiate growth (irreversible quantitative) vs development (qualitative differentiation/maturation)
  • Sigmoid growth phases (lag, log/exponential, deceleration, stationary)
  • Measurement methods (auxanometer; fresh/dry weight; leaf area by planimeter/imaging)
  • Growth analysis: RGR (g g⁻¹ day⁻¹), NAR (g m⁻² day⁻¹), CGR (g m⁻² day⁻¹)
Q8
50M discuss Plant growth regulators, micronutrient deficiency, potato diseases

(a) What do you mean by new generation plant growth regulators? Enlist the different new generation plant growth regulators and also discuss their role in mitigating abiotic stresses. (20 marks) (b) Elaborate the micronutrient deficiency in human beings. Comment on various strategies in combating protein-energy malnutrition with special reference to women and children. (20 marks) (c) Give an account on mycoplasmal diseases and physiological disorders of Potato. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) नई पीढ़ी वाले पादप वृद्धि नियामकों से आप क्या समझते हैं? विभिन्न नई पीढ़ी वाले पादप वृद्धि नियामकों को सूचीबद्ध कीजिए तथा अजैविक प्रतिबलों के शमन में इनकी भूमिका की भी विवेचना कीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) मनुष्यों में सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्वों की कमी की विस्तार से व्याख्या कीजिए। महिलाओं तथा बच्चों के विशेष संदर्भ में प्रोटीन-ऊर्जा कुपोषण से निपटने की विभिन्न रणनीतियों पर टिप्पणी कीजिए। (20 अंक) (c) आलू के माइकोप्लाज्मा से होने वाले रोगों तथा दैहिक (शारीरिक) विकारों का विवरण दीजिए। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Practice or process > Data > Indian application. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) comment: context > arguments both sides > judgment > close | (c) account for: state the phenomenon > the causes in order of weight > conclusion Full marks: Comprehensive, specific, and well-structured answers with clear distinctions and relevant examples.

  • Define new-generation PGRs as low-molecular-weight signalling molecules distinct from classical PGRs
  • Enlist brassinosteroids, jasmonates, salicylic acid, strigolactones, peptide hormones (with precursors)
  • Mitigation mechanisms: BRs (stomatal/antioxidant), SA (heat-shock proteins/membrane stability)
  • Jasmonates (ion homeostasis/root architecture) and strigolactones (P/N deficiency; mycorrhizal symbiosis)
  • Micronutrient deficiencies with NFHS-5 anemia data (57.0% women; 67.1% children 6–59 months); zinc, iodine, vitamin A
  • PEM linkage and consequences
  • Programmes: ICDS; Mid-Day Meal/PM POSHAN (2021); POSHAN Abhiyaan
  • Biofortification (iron-rich pearl millet, zinc-rich wheat) and women/child-targeted supplementary nutrition

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