Botany

UPSC Botany 2023 — Paper I

All 8 questions from UPSC Civil Services Mains Botany 2023 Paper I (400 marks total). Every stem reproduced in full, with directive-word analysis, marks, word limits, and answer-approach pointers.

8Questions
400Total marks
2023Year
Paper IPaper

Topics covered

Prions, parasexuality, Cyanophyceae, Cycas, botanical nomenclature (1)Lichen, bacterial reproduction, progymnosperms (1)Microbial biopesticides, viroids, plant classification systems (1)Geological Time Scale, red rot of sugarcane, stele in pteridophytes (1)Economic botany, C3/C4 anatomy, trichomes, vegetable fibers, single cell isolation (1)Pollination, Magnoliaceae family, groundnut and soybean crops (1)Rubber tree, maize varieties, somaclonal variation (1)Micropropagation, Gnetum male gametophyte, protoplast isolation (1)

A

Q1
50M 150w Compulsory explain Prions, parasexuality, Cyanophyceae, Cycas, botanical nomenclature

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (a) What are prions? How do they differ from viruses? Mention few diseases caused by prions in animals and human beings. (10 marks) (b) What is parasexuality in fungi? Explain the mechanism of parasexual cycle. What are the applications of parasexuality? (10 marks) (c) State the distinguishing features of Cyanophyceae. Discuss the phylogeny and affinities of Cyanophyceae with other groups. (10 marks) (d) Discuss the distribution of different modern species of Cycas found in India. Enumerate the fern characters observed in Cycas. (10 marks) (e) State the principles of International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. How are Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) used in numerical taxonomy? (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक प्रश्न का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए : (a) प्रियोन्स क्या हैं? ये वाइरस से कैसे भिन्न हैं? पशुओं और मनुष्यों में प्रियोन्स द्वारा होने वाली कुछ बीमारियों का उल्लेख कीजिए। (10 अंक) (b) कवक में पैरासेक्सुअलिटी क्या है? पैरासेक्सुअल चक्र की प्रक्रिया की व्याख्या कीजिए। पैरासेक्सुअलिटी के अनुप्रयोग क्या हैं? (10 अंक) (c) साइनोफाइसी के विशिष्ट लक्षणों को बताइए। साइनोफाइसी की अन्य समूहों के साथ वंशावली और बंधुताओं पर चर्चा कीजिए। (10 अंक) (d) भारत में पाई जाने वाली साइकस की विभिन्न आधुनिक जातियों के वितरण पर चर्चा कीजिए। साइकस में प्रेक्षित फर्न वाले लक्षणों का परिगणन कीजिए। (10 अंक) (e) अंतर्राष्ट्रीय वानस्पतिक नामकरण संहिता के सिद्धांतों को बताइए। संख्यात्मक वर्गिकी में ऑपरेशनल टैक्सोनोमिक इकाइयाँ (ओ. टी. यू.) किस प्रकार प्रयोग में लाई जाती हैं? (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: UPSC Botany Paper 1. (a) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (d) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (e) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary Full marks: Precise definitions, correct terminology, clear distinctions, and specific examples.

  • Prion as infectious protein without nucleic acid; PrPc to PrPsc conversion
  • Differences from viruses: no genome, resistance, no immune response
  • Animal prion diseases: scrapie, BSE, CWD
  • Human prion diseases: CJD, kuru, GSS, FFI
  • Definition: recombination without meiosis or sexual organs
  • Stages: heterokaryosis, karyogamy, mitotic crossing over, haploidisation
  • Pontecorvo and Aspergillus nidulans
  • Applications: mapping, strain improvement, fungi without sexual stage
  • Prokaryotic structure and pigments
  • Reserve food, reproduction, heterocyst
  • Affinities with bacteria
  • Affinities with red algae and chloroplast origin; fossil record
  • Indian Cycas species with regions
  • Fern characters: circinate vernation, pinnate leaves, motile sperms
  • Archegonia and leaf-like megasporophylls
  • Cultivated species
  • Six principles of the Code
  • Type method and priority
  • OTU definition
  • Data matrix, similarity coefficients, UPGMA phenogram
Q2
50M describe Lichen, bacterial reproduction, progymnosperms

(a) What is lichen? With suitable diagrams, describe its types and structure. Write a note on the economic importance of lichens. (20 marks) (b) Describe the three modes of sexual reproduction in bacteria. (15 marks) (c) Characterise progymnosperms with examples. Mention their phylogenetic significance. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) लाइकेन क्या है? उपयुक्त चित्रों सहित, इसके प्रकार और संरचना का वर्णन कीजिए। लाइकेन के आर्थिक महत्व पर एक टिप्पणी लिखिए। (20 अंक) (b) जीवाणु (बैक्टीरिया) में लैंगिक प्रजनन के तीन तरीकों का वर्णन कीजिए। (15 अंक) (c) उदाहरणों सहित प्रोजिम्नोस्पर्म की विशेषताएँ बताइए। इनके जातिवृत्तीय महत्व का उल्लेख कीजिए। (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

(a) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) highlight: name the salient points > one line of substance each > close Full marks: Comprehensive, accurate, with labelled diagrams and specific examples.

  • Definition: fungus-algal or cyanobacterial symbiosis
  • Types: crustose, foliose, fruticose with examples
  • Structure of heteromerous thallus layers; homoiomerous variant
  • Economic importance: indicators, litmus, perfumery, food, medicine
  • Conjugation with F+, F-, Hfr and F' details
  • Transformation with Griffith and Avery experiments
  • Transduction: generalised and specialised
  • One-way partial transfer; no meiosis
  • Period and group definition
  • Woody growth with bifacial cambium and pitted tracheids
  • Spore reproduction and homospory or heterospory
  • Examples and phylogenetic link to seed plants
Q3
50M evaluate Microbial biopesticides, viroids, plant classification systems

(a) Define microbial biopesticides. What are their types? With suitable examples, evaluate the potential of microbial biopesticides in pest and disease control in crop plants. (20 marks) (b) Explain the general features of viroids. How do they differ from viruses? Name two diseases caused by virions. (15 marks) (c) Distinguish between the natural and phylogenetic systems of plant classification. Mention their merits and demerits. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) सूक्ष्मजीवी जैव कीटनाशक को परिभाषित कीजिए। ये कितने प्रकार के हैं? उपयुक्त उदाहरणों सहित, फसल के पौधों के कीट एवं रोग नियंत्रण में, सूक्ष्मजीवी जैव कीटनाशकों की क्षमता का मूल्यांकन कीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) वायरोइड के सामान्य लक्षणों की व्याख्या कीजिए। ये वाइरस से किस प्रकार भिन्न हैं? वायरियन से होने वाली दो बीमारियों के नाम बताइए। (15 अंक) (c) पौधों के वर्गीकरण की प्राकृतिक और जातिवृत्तीय प्रणाली में अंतर बताइए। इनके गुण और दोषों का उल्लेख कीजिए। (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: UPSC Botany Paper 1. (a) evaluate: criteria > evidence > balanced judgment | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) compare: paired headings or table > key differences > significance > conclusion Full marks: Comprehensive, accurate, and well-structured with specific examples and recent applications.

  • Definition: living microbes or their products used against pests, pathogens, weeds
  • Types with examples: bacterial (Bt), fungal (Beauveria, Trichoderma), viral (NPV), nematodes
  • Potential: host specificity, no residues, resistance management, IPM use
  • Limitations: slow action, UV sensitivity, shelf life
  • Features: small circular ssRNA, 246-401 nt, no capsid, no protein coding
  • Replication by host enzymes, rolling circle
  • Difference from viruses: size, capsid, coding
  • Two diseases: PSTVd and cadang-cadang of coconut
  • Natural system: basis is overall morphological resemblance; Bentham and Hooker
  • Phylogenetic system: basis is evolutionary descent; Engler-Prantl, Cronquist, APG
  • Merits and demerits of each
  • Clear point-by-point distinction
Q4
50M describe Geological Time Scale, red rot of sugarcane, stele in pteridophytes

(a) Diagrammatically present the Geological Time Scale up to 'Epoch'. Write a note on the different types of fossils found in nature. (20 marks) (b) Describe the symptoms, causal organism, disease cycle and control measures of red rot of sugarcane. (15 marks) (c) What is stele? Give an illustrated account of various types of steles observed in pteridophytes. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) अरेख द्वारा भूवैज्ञानिक समय पैमाने को 'युग' (ईपॉक) तक प्रस्तुत कीजिए। प्रकृति में पाए जाने वाले विभिन्न जीवाश्मों पर एक टिप्पणी लिखिए। (20 अंक) (b) गन्ने में रेड रॉट के लक्षण, कारक जीव, बीमारी चक्र और नियंत्रण के उपायों का वर्णन कीजिए। (15 अंक) (c) रंभ क्या है? टेरिडोफाइट में पाए जाने वाले विभिन्न प्रकार के रंभों का एक सचित्र विवरण प्रस्तुत कीजिए। (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

(a) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance Full marks: Comprehensive, accurate, and well-illustrated answers with specific examples and clear explanations.

  • Hierarchy: eon, era, period, epoch with ages
  • Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic periods correctly named
  • Cenozoic epochs listed
  • Fossil types: petrifaction, compression, impression, mould-cast, amber/coal ball, trace
  • Causal organism: Colletotrichum falcatum; Glomerella tucumanensis
  • Symptoms: midrib lesions, internal red tissue with white patches, crown drying
  • Disease cycle: setts and debris, conidia spread, entry, ratoon spread
  • Control: healthy setts, treatment, resistant varieties, rotation
  • Definition of stele and its components
  • Protostele types with examples
  • Siphonostele types with examples including solenostele and dictyostele
  • Evolutionary sequence (Jeffrey)

B

Q5
50M 150w Compulsory enumerate Economic botany, C3/C4 anatomy, trichomes, vegetable fibers, single cell isolation

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (a) Alphonse de Candolle classified plants of economic importance into various classes. List these classes and state two examples from each. (10 marks) (b) What are the anatomical differences of the bundle sheath and mesophyll cells between C₃ and C₄ plants? (10 marks) (c) Give an account of different types of trichomes found in modern angiosperms. Write a brief note on the systematic value of trichomes. (10 marks) (d) Discuss the classification of vegetable fibers (excluding wood fibers) according to their botanical origin and give examples. (10 marks) (e) How is the isolation of single cells done from intact plant organs and how is the viability of single cells assessed? (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक प्रश्न का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए : (a) अल्फोंज डे कंडोल ने आर्थिक महत्व के पौधों को विभिन्न वर्गों में विभाजित किया। इन वर्गों की सूची बनाइए और प्रत्येक वर्ग में से दो उदाहरण दीजिए। (10 अंक) (b) C₃ और C₄ पौधों की पुलाच्छद और पर्णमध्योतक कोशिकाओं में शारीरिक विभिन्नताएँ क्या हैं? (10 अंक) (c) आधुनिक आवृतबीजी पौधों में पाए जाने वाले विभिन्न त्वचारोमों का एक विवरण दीजिए। त्वचारोमों के वर्गीकरणी महत्व पर एक संक्षिप्त टिप्पणी लिखिए। (10 अंक) (d) वनस्पति तंतुओं (लकड़ी के तंतुओं को छोड़कर) के वर्गीकरण पर, उनकी वानस्पतिक उत्पत्ति के आधार पर चर्चा कीजिए और उदाहरण दीजिए। (10 अंक) (e) अक्षुण्ण पौधे के अंगों में से एकल कोशिका अलगाव कैसे किया जाता है और एकल कोशिकाओं की जीवनक्षमता का आकलन कैसे होता है? (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: UPSC Botany Paper 1. (a) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (b) compare: paired headings or table > key differences > significance > conclusion | (c) account for: state the phenomenon > the causes in order of weight > conclusion | (d) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (e) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Precise, labelled diagrams, exact binomials, clear stepwise processes, and strong links to crops or biotech.

  • Basis: region of origin and age of cultivation
  • Six classes: three Old World, three New World
  • Two correct examples per class
  • Origine des plantes cultivées
  • C3 bundle sheath: small, few or no chloroplasts
  • C4 Kranz anatomy: large sheath cells with many chloroplasts
  • Mesophyll arrangement: palisade/spongy versus radial around sheath
  • Chloroplast type and site of Calvin cycle versus PEP carboxylase fixation
  • Glandular and non-glandular types
  • Named forms: stellate, peltate, stinging, capitate, unicellular
  • Examples with genera
  • Systematic value: identification of genera and species
  • Seed fibres: cotton, kapok
  • Bast fibres: jute, flax, hemp, ramie
  • Leaf fibres: sisal, pineapple, abaca
  • Fruit fibres: coir, with correct plant names
  • Mechanical isolation method
  • Enzymatic method with macerozyme/pectinase; cellulase yields protoplasts
  • Viability tests: Evans blue, FDA, TTC
  • Plating efficiency
Q6
50M explain Pollination, Magnoliaceae family, groundnut and soybean crops

(a) What are the different means of pollination in plants? Which natural devices ensure cross-pollination? (20 marks) (b) Using diagrams, explain the characteristic features of the family Magnoliaceae. Why is this family considered primitive? (15 marks) (c) Discuss the growth conditions of groundnut and soybean crops. Compare their oil compositions. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) पौधों में परागण के कौन-से विभिन्न साधन हैं? कौन-से प्राकृतिक उपकरण पर-परागण को सुनिश्चित करते हैं? (20 अंक) (b) मैग्नोलिएसी कुल के विशिष्ट लक्षणों की आरेख सहित व्याख्या कीजिए। यह कुल प्राचीन क्यों माना जाता है? (15 अंक) (c) मूंगफली और सोयाबीन फसलों के विकास की परिस्थितियों पर चर्चा कीजिए। उनकी तेल संरचना की तुलना कीजिए। (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: UPSC Botany Paper 1. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) compare: paired headings or table > key differences > significance > conclusion Full marks: Comprehensive, accurate, with labelled diagrams and specific examples.

  • Abiotic means: wind, water with examples
  • Biotic means: insects, birds, bats with correct examples
  • Devices: unisexuality, dichogamy, herkogamy, heterostyly
  • Self-incompatibility: sporophytic versus gametophytic
  • Woody habit, stipular ring scar, tepals
  • Numerous free spiral stamens and carpels on elongated receptacle
  • Fruit etaerio of follicles
  • Primitive reasons: undifferentiated perianth, apocarpy, laminar stamens, beetle pollination
  • Groundnut: temperature, rainfall, sandy loam, geocarpy
  • Soybean: temperature, rainfall, loam, photoperiod
  • Nitrogen fixation by both
  • Oil comparison: oleic/linoleic in groundnut versus linoleic/linolenic in soybean with oil and protein %
Q7
50M describe Rubber tree, maize varieties, somaclonal variation

(a) Describe the botanical features, ecology and propagation of rubber tree. How is rubber obtained and processed from rubber tree? (20 marks) (b) Classify and discuss maize varieties on the basis of endosperm and floral or glume characteristics. (15 marks) (c) What causes somaclonal variations? How can somaclones be identified and isolated? (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) रबड़ के पेड़ की वानस्पतिक विशेषताएं, पारिस्थितिकी और प्रवर्धन का वर्णन कीजिए। रबड़ के पेड़ से रबड़ कैसे प्राप्त और संसाधित किया जाता है? (20 अंक) (b) भ्रूणपोष और पुष्पी या तुष विशेषताओं के आधार पर मक्का की किस्मों को वर्गीकृत कीजिए और उस पर चर्चा कीजिए। (15 अंक) (c) सोमाक्लोनल भिन्नता के क्या कारण हैं? कैसे सोमाक्लोनों की पहचान की जा सकती है और अलग किया जा सकता है? (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: UPSC Botany Paper 1. (a) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Comprehensive, accurate, with diagrams and specific examples

  • Botany: Hevea brasiliensis, Euphorbiaceae, trifoliate leaves, laticifers
  • Ecology: warm humid climate, rainfall, deep well-drained soil, Indian regions
  • Propagation: budding of clones on seedling rootstock
  • Tapping, coagulation, sheet/crepe/concentrated latex processing
  • Endosperm types: flint, dent, flour, sweet
  • Waxy, popcorn, opaque-2 types
  • Glume type: pod corn with tunicate gene
  • Correct variety names and traits
  • Causes: pre-existing variation, culture-induced mutation, methylation, transposons, ploidy change
  • Identification: morphological, cytological, biochemical, molecular
  • Isolation by in vitro selection with stress agents
  • Progeny testing for stability
Q8
50M discuss Micropropagation, Gnetum male gametophyte, protoplast isolation

(a) What factors affect in vitro stages of micropropagation? Discuss the applications and limitations of micropropagation. (20 marks) (b) Give an account of male gametophyte development in Gnetum. State the angiosperm characters shared by Gnetum. (15 marks) (c) Discuss the factors affecting the yield and viability of protoplasts isolated from leaves. How are isolated protoplasts purified? (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) कौन-से कारक पारे सूक्ष्मप्रवर्धन के चरणों को प्रभावित करते हैं? सूक्ष्मप्रवर्धन के अनुप्रयोगों और सीमाओं पर चर्चा कीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) नीटम के नर युग्मकोद्भिद के विकास का एक विवरण दीजिए। नीटम के द्वारा साझा किए गए आवृतबीजी गुणों का उल्लेख कीजिए। (15 अंक) (c) पत्तियों से विलगित प्रोटोप्लास्ट के उत्पाद और जीवनक्षमता को प्रभावित करने वाले कारकों पर चर्चा कीजिए। विलगित प्रोटोप्लास्टों को कैसे शोधित करते हैं? (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: UPSC Botany Paper 1. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Comprehensive, specific, and well-structured answers with diagrams and examples.

  • Factors: explant, medium, growth regulators, culture conditions, sterility, hardening
  • Cytokinin/auxin ratio for shoots and roots
  • Applications: clonal multiplication, virus-free plants, germplasm conservation
  • Limitations: cost, contamination, somaclonal variation, recalcitrance
  • Microspore to pollen grain: prothallial cell, generative cell, tube nucleus
  • Two non-motile male gametes from the generative cell
  • Angiosperm characters: vessels, reticulate venation, no archegonia
  • Flower-like strobili and absence of resin canals
  • Source leaf age and health
  • Enzymes: cellulase, macerozyme, pH
  • Osmoticum and incubation conditions
  • Purification: sieving, centrifugation, sucrose flotation, viability test

Practice Botany 2023 Paper I answer writing

Pick any question above, write your answer, and get a detailed AI evaluation against UPSC's standard rubric.

Start free evaluation →

Write this answer and get it marked in about 20 seconds

Free account: 5 AI evaluations a month, marked against the rubric above.

Start free

Already have an account? Log in