Economics

UPSC Economics 2025 — Paper I

All 8 questions from UPSC Civil Services Mains Economics 2025 Paper I (400 marks total). Every stem reproduced in full, with directive-word analysis, marks, word limits, and answer-approach pointers.

8Questions
400Total marks
2025Year
Paper IPaper

Topics covered

Micro and macro economics fundamentals (1)Consumer theory and market structures (1)Keynesian economics and interest rate theories (1)Public finance and monetary economics (1)International trade and development economics (1)International trade policy and open economy macroeconomics (1)Growth theory and international economics (1)WTO and development economics (1)

A

Q1
50M 150w Compulsory prove Micro and macro economics fundamentals

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each : 10×5=50 (a) Show that when prices and income increase in the same proportion, there will be no change in quantity demanded for a commodity in Marshallian approach. 10 (b) Interpret the slope of the IS curve. Why is IS curve normally negatively sloped ? 10 (c) What is classical dichotomy ? Is it the same as neutrality of money ? Explain. 10 (d) What are the major reasons for market failure ? Explain the role of the government in this context. 10 (e) What are the determinants of velocity of money in Fisher's equation ? How does it differ from the Cambridge version of velocity of money ? 10

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक प्रश्न का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए : (a) दर्शाइए कि जब कीमतें और आय समान अनुपात में बढ़ती हैं, तो मार्शलियन दृष्टिकोण में, किसी वस्तु की माँग की मात्रा में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होगा। 10 (b) IS वक्र की ढलान की व्याख्या कीजिए। IS वक्र सामान्यतः ऋणात्मक ढलान वाला क्यों होता है ? 10 (c) प्रतिष्ठित द्विभाजन क्या है ? क्या यह मुद्रा की तटस्थता के समान है ? समझाइए। 10 (d) बाजार की विफलता के प्रमुख कारण क्या हैं ? इस संदर्भ में सरकार की भूमिका की व्याख्या कीजिए। 10 (e) फिशर के समीकरण में मुद्रा संचलन-वेग के निर्धारक क्या हैं ? यह कैम्ब्रिज दृष्टिकोण के मुद्रा संचलन-वेग से किस प्रकार भिन्न है ? 10

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Marshallian Consumer Theory. (a) derive: given > assumptions > stepwise derivation > result > check | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (d) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (e) compare: paired headings or table > key differences > significance > conclusion Full marks: Rigorous derivation/analysis with clear diagrams and precise terminology.

  • Budget constraint and scaling by t; same feasible set after cancelling t
  • Lagrangian first-order conditions; tangency unaffected
  • Marshallian demand homogeneous of degree zero; real income unchanged
  • No money illusion; only relative prices matter
  • IS curve defined from goods-market equilibrium; derivation of dr/dY = (1−C′)/I′
  • Sign: C′ in (0,1) and I′ < 0 → negative slope
  • Interpretation of slope magnitude (interest sensitivity of investment, MPC)
  • Economic reasoning: saving-investment imbalance and interest-rate adjustment
Q2
50M derive Consumer theory and market structures

(a) Derive Marshallian demand curve for an inferior good in a two-commodity framework by using income and substitution effects. Is this demand curve always negatively sloped ? Explain. 15+5=20 (b) Consider a firm in a Duopoly market with product differentiation in which, Duopolist I faces a demand function given by : p₁ = 200 - 4q₁ - 2q₂ The cost function of Duopolist I is : c₁ = 5q₁² Assume that Duopolist II has 1/3 rd share of the whole market. Find out optimal price, output and profit for Duopolist I. Also find out the output of Duopolist II. 15 (c) What is Scitovsky Paradox ? Explain it in the context of Kaldor-Hicks compensation test. 5+10=15

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) आय और प्रतिस्थापन प्रभाव का उपयोग करते हुए दो-वस्तु ढाँचे (फ्रेमवर्क) में एक निम्न वस्तु के लिए मार्शलियन माँग वक्र व्युत्पन्न कीजिए। क्या यह माँग वक्र हमेशा ऋणात्मक ढलान वाला होता है ? समझाइए। 15+5=20 (b) उत्पाद विभेदन के साथ एक द्वैध (डुओपोली) बाजार में एक फर्म पर विचार कीजिए, जिसमें द्वैधवादी I को निम्न द्वारा दिए गए मांग फलन का सामना करना पड़ता है : p₁ = 200 - 4q₁ - 2q₂ द्वैधवादी I का लागत फलन है : c₁ = 5q₁² मान लीजिए कि द्वैधवादी II के पास पूरे बाजार का 1/3 हिस्सा है। द्वैधवादी (डुओपोलिस्ट) I के लिए इष्टतम मूल्य, उत्पादन और लाभ का पता लगाइए। द्वैधवादी II का उत्पादन (आउटपुट) भी पता लगाइए। 15 (c) सिकटोव्स्की विरोधाभास क्या है ? इसे काल्डोर-हिक्स क्षतिपूर्ति परीक्षण के संदर्भ में समझाइए। 5+10=15

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Microeconomics: Consumer Theory and Industrial Organization. (a) derive: given > assumptions > stepwise derivation > result > check | (b) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Complete derivations with correct diagrams, accurate calculations, and clear logical explanations of paradoxes.

  • Marshallian demand from utility maximisation with the tangency condition
  • Hicksian demand and the Slutsky identity ∂x/∂p = ∂h/∂p − x ∂x/∂M
  • Inferior good: income effect positive, opposing substitution
  • Giffen case when income effect dominates; demand curve not always negatively sloped
  • Market share constraint q₂ = q₁/2 derived correctly
  • p₁ = 200 − 5q₁; MR = 200 − 10q₁ = MC = 10q₁ → q₁ = 10
  • q₂ = 5; p₁ = 150; profit π₁ = 1000; second-order condition −20 < 0
  • All units and steps stated
Q3
50M illustrate Keynesian economics and interest rate theories

(a) Define liquidity trap. Show that fiscal policy is fully effective in the horizontal part while the monetary policy is fully effective in the vertical part of the LM curve. Illustrate your answer graphically with economic reasons. 5+15=20 (b) How does the loanable fund theory become superior to the classical theory of interest ? 15 (c) "The failure of classical full employment equilibrium paved the way for Keynes' theory of underemployment equilibrium." Discuss critically. 15

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) तरलता जाल को परिभाषित कीजिए। दर्शाइए कि राजकोषीय नीति LM वक्र के क्षैतिज भाग में पूरी तरह से प्रभावी है जबकि मौद्रिक नीति उर्ध्वाधर भाग में पूरी तरह से प्रभावी है। आर्थिक कारण देते हुए अपने उत्तर को आलेख द्वारा समझाइए। 5+15=20 (b) ऋणयोग्य निधि (लोनेबिल फंड) सिद्धांत, ब्याज के प्रतिष्ठित सिद्धांत से किस प्रकार श्रेष्ठ होता है ? 15 (c) "प्रतिष्ठित पूर्ण रोजगार संतुलन की विफलता ने कैंस के अल्परोजगार संतुलन के सिद्धांत का मार्ग प्रशस्त किया।" आलोचनात्मक विवेचना कीजिए। 15

Answer approach & key points

Framework: IS-LM Model. (a) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (b) compare: paired headings or table > key differences > significance > conclusion | (c) critique: the claim > its strengths > its weaknesses > your judgment Full marks: Complete diagrams with correct labels, clear derivations, named economists, and balanced critical analysis

  • Liquidity trap defined: r floor, speculative demand infinitely elastic (h → ∞), horizontal LM
  • Horizontal segment: fiscal policy fully effective (IS shift; no interest rise, zero crowding out; multiplier)
  • Vertical segment (h = 0): monetary policy fully effective; fiscal policy crowds out investment fully
  • Diagram (provided) with economic reasons
  • Classical theory: real S-I determination, automatic full employment, money as veil — limitations identified
  • Loanable funds: supply S + ΔM + DH; demand I + H
  • Superiority: fractional banking/credit creation, hoarding/dishoarding (liquidity preference), saving depends on income and interest
  • Bridge between classical and Keynesian analysis
Q4
50M explain Public finance and monetary economics

(a) (i) Explain the effects of public spending on national income, if it is financed through government borrowings. (ii) Why do some believe that it is important to restrict the growth of public expenditure ? Suggest how public expenditure might be controlled. 10+(5+5)=20 (b) (i) Suppose that the market demand and supply functions are given by : Qd = – 500P + 5000 and Qs = 400P – 400 Find out the effects of imposition of specific sales tax of 18% on equilibrium price and quantity. (ii) In a monopoly market, the demand and cost curves are given by : p = 200 – 8q and c = 25 + 10q Suppose that the government imposes a tax of ₹ 10 per unit. How will equilibrium price and quantity be affected ? 8+7=15 (c) Define money multiplier and discuss its determinants. Explain in terms of money multiplier, how the banking system of an economy can control money supply. 15

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) (i) राष्ट्रीय आय पर सार्वजनिक व्यय के प्रभावों की व्याख्या कीजिए, यदि इसे सरकारी उधार के माध्यम से वित्तपोषित किया जाता है। (ii) कुछ लोग क्यों मानते हैं कि सार्वजनिक व्यय की वृद्धि को सीमित करना महत्वपूर्ण है? सुझाव दीजिए कि सार्वजनिक व्यय को कैसे नियंत्रित किया जा सकता है। 10+(5+5)=20 (b) (i) मान लीजिए कि बाजार की मांग और आपूर्ति फलन इस प्रकार दिए गए हैं : Qd = – 500P + 5000 एवं Qs = 400P – 400 18% के विशिष्ट बिक्री कर के लागू होने से, संतुलन मूल्य एवं मात्रा पर पड़ने वाले प्रभावों का पता लगाइए। (ii) एकाधिकार बाजार में, मांग और लागत वक्र इस प्रकार दिए गए हैं : p = 200 – 8q एवं c = 25 + 10q मान लीजिए कि सरकार ₹ 10 प्रति इकाई का कर लगाती है। संतुलन मूल्य एवं मात्रा पर इसका क्या प्रभाव पड़ेगा? 8+7=15 (c) मुद्रा गुणक को परिभाषित कीजिए एवं इसके निर्धारकों की विवेचना कीजिए । मुद्रा गुणक के संदर्भ में समझाइए कि अर्थव्यवस्था की बैंकिंग व्यवस्था मुद्रा आपूर्ति को कैसे नियंत्रित कर सकती है । 15

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Keynesian multiplier with IS–LM crowding out; tax incidence; monopoly with a specific tax; money multiplier. (a(i)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (a(ii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (a(ii)) suggest: the problem in one line > implementable measures > who acts > conclusion | (b(i)) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (b(ii)) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: All four numericals exact with working; theory parts model-based with a verdict; multiplier derived.

  • Debt-financed ΔG raises Y by the multiplier; domestic borrowing raises r and crowds out investment
  • Monetisation reduces crowding out but raises inflation/fiscal dominance; Ricardian equivalence offsets
  • Net effect depends on slack, expectations, debt sustainability; productive vs unproductive borrowing
  • FRBM/India reference and the intergenerational burden
  • Why restrict: crowding out, inflation, debt/interest burden, fiscal space erosion, fiscal dominance
  • Wagner's Law and Peacock–Wiseman displacement explain expenditure growth
  • Controls: fiscal rules (FRBM-type), ZBB/outcome budgeting, ceilings, CAG audits, subsidies rationalisation/DBT, PPPs/disinvestment
  • Capital vs recurrent prioritisation

B

Q5
50M 150w Compulsory explain International trade and development economics

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each : 10×5=50 (a) Define offer curve and explain its slope. 10 (b) What is J-curve effect ? Explain it graphically. 10 (c) State Heckscher-Ohlin theory. Explain the Leontief Paradox in this context. 10 (d) Write down the implications of knife-edge problem in Harrod's model of growth. 10 (e) Write down the major limitations of HDI developed by the UNDP. 10

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक प्रश्न का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए : (a) प्रस्ताव वक्र को परिभाषित कीजिए और इसकी ढलान को समझाइए। 10 (b) J-वक्र प्रभाव क्या है ? इसे चित्र द्वारा समझाइए। 10 (c) हेक्सर-ओहलिन सिद्धांत बताइए। इस संदर्भ में लियोंटीफ विरोधाभास की व्याख्या कीजिए। 10 (d) हेरोड के संवृद्धि मॉडल में चाकू-धार समस्या के निहितार्थों को लिखिए। 10 (e) यू.एन.डी.पी. द्वारा विकसित एच.डी.आई. की प्रमुख सीमाओं को लिखिए। 10

Answer approach & key points

Framework: International Trade & Growth Theory. (a) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (d) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (e) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Precise definitions, correct diagrams, named economists, policy implications

  • Offer curve defined (Marshall/Edgeworth reciprocal demand); synthesises PPF and indifference map
  • Slope determined by elasticity of reciprocal demand
  • Elastic segment (e > 1) bending towards the export axis; inelastic segment (e < 1) backward-bending
  • Diagram (provided) with explanation
  • J-curve path described (initial deterioration then improvement)
  • Short-run: Marshall-Lerner condition fails (ηx + ηm < 1); price effect dominates
  • Long-run: volumes adjust, ML condition satisfied, trade balance improves (6-18 months)
  • Graphical illustration (provided)
Q6
50M explain International trade policy and open economy macroeconomics

(a) Explain the price effect, protective effect, consumption effect, revenue effect and distributive effect of tariff in partial equilibrium framework. 20 (b) Define the concepts of trade creation and trade diversion. Explain their role in the context of gains from trade bloc. 5+10=15 (c) Do you think that perfect capital mobility under fixed exchange rate improves the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policies ? Explain. 15

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) आंशिक संतुलन ढांचे में सीमा-शुल्क (टैरिफ) के मूल्य प्रभाव, संरक्षणात्मक प्रभाव, उपभोग प्रभाव, राजस्व प्रभाव एवं वितरण प्रभाव की व्याख्या कीजिए। 20 (b) व्यापार सृजन और व्यापार विचलन की अवधारणाओं को परिभाषित कीजिए। व्यापार समूह (ट्रेड ब्लॉक) से व्युत्पन्न लाभ के संदर्भ में उनकी भूमिका की व्याख्या कीजिए। 5+10=15 (c) क्या आपको लगता है कि स्थिर विनिमय दर के अंतर्गत पूर्ण पूंजी गतिशीलता, राजकोषीय और मौद्रिक नीतियों की प्रभावशीलता में सुधार करती है ? समझाइए। 15

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Partial Equilibrium Analysis. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (c) comment: context > arguments both sides > judgment > close Full marks: All parts with correct diagrams, derivations, and policy implications; named economists referenced

  • Price effect (Pw + t); protective effect (output S1→S2; producer surplus)
  • Consumption effect (D1→D2) and revenue effect t × (D2 − S2)
  • Distributive effect with the two deadweight-loss triangles
  • Large-country terms-of-trade/optimal-tariff caveat and no-retaliation assumption
  • Trade creation defined (low-cost member replaces domestic production; welfare gain)
  • Trade diversion defined (shift from low-cost non-member to higher-cost member; loss (Pp − Pw)M0)
  • Viner's ambiguous net gain; conditions for beneficial blocs
  • India/WTO liberalisation example
Q7
50M critically analyse Growth theory and international economics

(a) Analyse critically the role of human capital and Research and Development (R&D) expenditure on economic growth in the framework of endogenous growth model. 20 (b) "Increasing role of multinationals has reduced the significance of foreign aid during post-World Trade Organization (WTO) regime." Do you agree with this statement ? Explain. 15 (c) Define the concept of natural growth in Harrod's model. What are the implications of deviation of actual growth from natural growth ? 5+10=15

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) अंतर्जात संवृद्धि मॉडल के ढांचे में आर्थिक विकास पर मानव पूंजी और अनुसंधान एवं विकास (R&D) व्यय की भूमिका का आलोचनात्मक विश्लेषण कीजिए। 20 (b) "बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियों की बढ़ती भूमिका ने विश्व व्यापार संगठन (WTO) के बाद की व्यवस्था में, विदेशी सहायता के महत्व को कम कर दिया है।" क्या आप इस कथन से सहमत हैं ? स्पष्ट कीजिए। 15 (c) हैरोड के मॉडल में प्राकृतिक वृद्धि की अवधारणा को परिभाषित कीजिए । प्राकृतिक वृद्धि से वास्तविक वृद्धि के विचलन के क्या निहितार्थ हैं ? 5+10=15

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Endogenous Growth Theory (Lucas/Romer) and Harrod-Domar Model. (a) analyse: intro > causes > effects > stakeholders/linkages > way forward | (b) comment: context > arguments both sides > judgment > close | (c) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example Full marks: Comprehensive, critical, and well-structured with specific examples and data.

  • Romer (1990): R&D expands intermediate varieties; non-rival ideas and knowledge spillovers prevent diminishing returns
  • Lucas (1988): human capital via education/learning-by-doing with internal and external spillovers
  • Critical limits: appropriability failures/IPR trade-off; skill-biased technical change and wage dispersion
  • Developing-country evidence weak (absorptive capacity, industry-academia links; India ~0.65% GDP R&D)
  • Post-WTO expansion of trade/FDI; MNCs as engines of non-debt FDI, technology transfer and GVC integration
  • ODA criticisms (fungibility, fiscal displacement, conditionalities) and declining relative relevance
  • MNCs do not make aid obsolete: pro-cyclical, concentrated; LDCs, global public goods, climate and social sectors need aid
  • Balanced judgment: role redefined, not eliminated; India as net development partner
Q8
50M explain WTO and development economics

(a) Explain the role of World Trade Organization (WTO) in the present context. Discuss the merits and demerits of TRIMs and TRIPs. 10+10=20 (b) Do you think that economic growth and sustainable development are contrary to each other ? Justify your answer. 15 (c) Explain the role of planning in the development process in the context of increasing significance of market economy. 15

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) वर्तमान परिप्रेक्ष्य में विश्व व्यापार संगठन (WTO) की भूमिका की व्याख्या कीजिए । ट्रिम्स (TRIMs) और ट्रिप्स (TRIPs) के गुण और दोषों की विवेचना कीजिए। 10+10=20 (b) क्या आप मानते हैं कि आर्थिक संवृद्धि एवं संपोषित विकास एक-दूसरे के विपरीत हैं ? अपने उत्तर को न्यायसंगत ठहराइए। 15 (c) बाजार अर्थव्यवस्था के बढ़ते महत्व के संदर्भ में विकास प्रक्रिया में नियोजन की भूमिका की व्याख्या कीजिए। 15

Answer approach & key points

Framework: null. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) justify: claim > 3-4 reasons > evidence > conclusion | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Comprehensive, well-structured with specific examples and balanced arguments

  • WTO today: Appellate Body paralysis/MPIA; S&DT for food security; MC12 fisheries agreement (in force Sep 2025) and COVID TRIPS decision; MC14 (2026) without declaration, plurilateral shift
  • TRIMs: merits (predictable non-discriminatory FDI, GVC integration); demerits (LCR ban limits policy space; India auto case)
  • TRIPs: merits (uniform IP standards, innovation); demerits (drug monopoly pricing, biopiracy, technological concentration)
  • India's reconciliation: Section 3(d) Patents Act (Novartis 2013) and compulsory licensing
  • Growth vs sustainable development not inherently contradictory; technology/energy/policy determine the tension
  • EKC and decoupling; circular economy and SDG framework
  • Indian state evidence (Gujarat vs Kerala models; NITI SDG Index)
  • 500 GW non-fossil target and 50% non-fossil capacity share reached in 2025 as growth-compatible transition; justified conclusion

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