Geography

UPSC Geography 2023 — Paper II

All 8 questions from UPSC Civil Services Mains Geography 2023 Paper II (400 marks total). Every stem reproduced in full, with directive-word analysis, marks, word limits, and answer-approach pointers.

8Questions
400Total marks
2023Year
Paper IIPaper

Topics covered

India map locations and physical geography (1)Urban environment, millets and geostrategy (1)Pharma industry, flood management and energy geopolitics (1)Demographic dividend, urban planning and trade policy (1)Indian agriculture, urban environment, physical and cultural geography (1)Urban morphology, organic farming and India-Sri Lanka relations (1)Green energy, poultry sector and canal irrigation (1)Agricultural productivity, island ecotourism and health indicators (1)

A

Q1
50M Compulsory describe India map locations and physical geography

(a) On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical/commercial/economic/ecological/environmental/cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry: 2×10=20 (i) Nathula (ii) Hutti (iii) Ross Island (iv) Moreh (v) Ramappa (vi) Namdapha National Park (vii) Sela Tunnel (viii) Ennore Port (ix) Ramagundam (x) Betwa River (b) Describe the origin, distribution and economic significance of Gondwana system of rocks in India. 10 (c) Examine the role of Indian Earth Observation Satellite Technology in enhancing weather forecasting and disaster management. 10 (d) Discuss the impact of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 on forest conservation in India. 10

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) आपको दिए गए भारत के रेखा मानचित्र पर, निम्नलिखित सभी की स्थिति को अंकित कीजिए। अपनी क्यू० सी० ए० पुस्तिका में इन स्थानों में से प्रत्येक का भौतिक/वाणिज्यिक/आर्थिक/पारिस्थितिक/पर्यावरणीय/सांस्कृतिक महत्व अधिकतम 30 शब्दों में लिखिए : 2×10=20 (i) नाथुला (ii) हट्टी (iii) रॉस द्वीप (iv) मोरेह (v) रामप्पा (vi) नामदफा राष्ट्रीय उद्यान (vii) सेला सुरंग (viii) एन्नोर बंदरगाह (ix) रामगुंडम (x) बेतवा नदी (b) भारत में गोंडवाना प्रणाली की चट्टानों की उत्पत्ति, वितरण और आर्थिक महत्व का वर्णन कीजिए। 10 (c) मौसम पूर्वानुमान और आपदा प्रबंधन को बढ़ाने में भारतीय पृथ्वी अवलोकन उपग्रह प्रौद्योगिकी की भूमिका का परीक्षण कीजिए। 10 (d) भारत में वन संरक्षण पर राष्ट्रीय हरित अधिकरण अधिनियम, 2010 के प्रभाव की विवेचना कीजिए। 10

Answer approach & key points

Framework: UPSC Geography Paper II Rubric. (a) map: locate accurately > label > one line on why it matters | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) examine: intro > how/why with reasoning > evidence > conclusion | (d) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Precise locations, clear mechanisms, specific examples, balanced arguments, labelled diagrams.

  • Correct placement of Nathula, Hutti, Ross Island, Moreh, Ramappa
  • Correct placement of Namdapha, Sela Tunnel, Ennore, Ramagundam, Betwa
  • Significance stated for each: trade, mining, heritage, ecology, power, river
  • Concise, about 30 words each
  • Continental sediments of Upper Carboniferous to Lower Cretaceous in rift troughs
  • Lower and Upper divisions
  • Distribution in Damodar, Son-Mahanadi, Godavari and Satpura basins
  • Coal (about 98 per cent) and other minerals
  • INSAT-3D/3DR/3DS imager and sounder for forecasts
  • Oceansat, SCATSAT, Megha-Tropiques data
  • Resourcesat, Cartosat, RISAT for flood and damage mapping
  • NRSC, Bhuvan, IMD and NDMA use; limits
  • Specialised tribunal, Article 21 and its principles
  • Jurisdiction over Forest (Conservation) Act and clearance appeals
  • Orders on compensatory afforestation and restoration
  • Limits: excluded Acts, implementation gaps, 2023 amendment
Q2
50M examine Urban environment, millets and geostrategy

(a) Examine the environmental challenges caused by the solid waste in metropolitan regions of India and discuss the efforts to overcome it. 20 (b) Why are millets considered as 'nutri-cereals' and climate-resilient? Discuss the constraints and opportunities of millet cultivation in India. 15 (c) Examine the geostrategic significance of Indian islands. 15

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) भारत के महानगरीय क्षेत्रों में ठोस अपशिष्ट के कारण उत्पन्न पर्यावरणीय चुनौतियों का परीक्षण कीजिए और इस पर काबू पाने के प्रयासों की विवेचना कीजिए। 20 (b) मोटे अनाज को 'पोषक अनाज' और जलवायु-लचीला क्यों माना जाता है? भारत में मोटे अनाज की खेती की बाधाओं और (सु)अवसरों की विवेचना कीजिए। 15 (c) भारतीय द्वीपों के भू-रणनीतिक महत्व का परीक्षण कीजिए। 15

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept or mechanism > Diagram > Regional example > Application. (a) examine: intro > how/why with reasoning > evidence > conclusion | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) examine: intro > how/why with reasoning > evidence > conclusion Full marks: Clear mechanism, precise Indian examples, labelled diagram, balanced discussion.

  • Waste volume and composition
  • Leachate, methane, landfill fires, drains and health
  • SWM Rules (2016, now 2026) and Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban 2.0
  • Good practice: Indore, Surat, SWaCH
  • Nutrients: fibre, iron, calcium, low glycaemic index, gluten-free
  • C4, drought tolerant, short duration, low input
  • Constraints: yield, procurement, processing, taste shift
  • Opportunities: IYM 2023, Shree Anna, missions, PDS, exports
  • Andaman and Nicobar overlooking Malacca approaches: Six and Ten Degree Channels
  • Lakshadweep on the Eight and Nine Degree Channels
  • Military commands, airbases and power projection
  • EEZ resources, ports, partnerships and ecological limits
Q3
50M discuss Pharma industry, flood management and energy geopolitics

(a) Indian Pharma Industry has to move from 'volume' to 'value' leadership to capture global market. Discuss. 20 (b) Discuss the problems of floods and their management with special reference to Indo-Gangetic Plain. 15 (c) Critically examine the role of petroleum energy resources on International Geopolitics with special reference to India. 15

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) भारतीय औषधीय उद्योग को वैश्विक बाजार पर कब्जा करने के लिए 'मात्रा' से लेकर 'मूल्य' नेतृत्व तक आगे बढ़ना होगा। विवेचना कीजिए। 20 (b) सिंधु-गंगा मैदान के विशेष संदर्भ में बाढ़ की समस्याओं एवं उनके प्रबंधन की विवेचना कीजिए। 15 (c) भारत के विशेष संदर्भ में अंतर्राष्ट्रीय भू-राजनीति पर पेट्रोलियम ऊर्जा संसाधनों की भूमिका का समालोचनात्मक परीक्षण कीजिए। 15

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept or mechanism > Diagram > Regional example > Application. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) examine: intro > how/why with reasoning > evidence > conclusion Full marks: Clear causal chains, precise regional examples, and effective use of diagrams/data.

  • Volume strength: 40 per cent of US generics, 60 per cent of vaccines
  • Why value matters: patents, biosimilars, complex generics
  • Gaps: API dependence on China, low R&D, quality alerts
  • Measures: PLI, bulk drug parks, PRIP, Schedule M and way forward
  • Causes: monsoon, silt, embankment breaches, encroachment, barrages
  • Effects: loss and displacement; Kosi 2008
  • Structural measures: embankments, reservoirs, drainage
  • Non-structural measures: forecasting, zoning, basin planning with Nepal
  • Global cases: 1973 embargo, OPEC+, sanctions, shale, Russia-Ukraine
  • Chokepoints such as Hormuz, Malacca, Suez
  • India's 85 per cent import dependence and diversification
  • Reserves, equity oil, Chabahar, transition, and a critical view
Q4
50M how Demographic dividend, urban planning and trade policy

(a) With falling fertility rate and rising median age, how can India translate demographic dividend to economic dividend? 20 (b) Poor quality of urban planning in India is a huge constraint in realizing the true economic potentials of urbanization. Critically examine. 15 (c) Highlight the salient features of India's trade policy. Discuss the status of India's balance of trade with China. 15

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) गिरती प्रजनन दर और बढ़ती औसत आयु के साथ, भारत जनसांख्यिकीय लाभांश को आर्थिक लाभांश में कैसे बदल सकता है? 20 (b) भारत में शहरी नियोजन की खराब गुणवत्ता शहरीकरण की वास्तविक आर्थिक क्षमता को साकार करने में एक बड़ी बाधा है। समालोचनात्मक परीक्षण कीजिए। 15 (c) भारत की व्यापार नीति की प्रमुख विशेषताओं को चिह्नांकित कीजिए। चीन के साथ भारत के व्यापार संतुलन की स्थिति की विवेचना कीजिए। 15

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept or mechanism > Diagram > Regional example > Application. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) critically evaluate: positives > negatives/limits > conditions/safeguards > conclusion | (c) highlight: name the salient points > one line of substance each > close Full marks: Precise mechanisms, specific examples, and clear diagrams.

  • Falling fertility and rising median age; limited window
  • Health, nutrition, education and skills
  • Jobs, women's participation and regional differences
  • Savings, pensions and ageing states
  • Cities' GDP share and agglomeration potential
  • Rigid zoning and FAR, slums, weak trunk infrastructure
  • Weak municipal finance and governance
  • Good practice (Ahmedabad TP) and a balanced assessment with reforms
  • FTP 2023: $2 trillion export goal, district hubs, remission
  • Make in India, PLI and trade agreements
  • Deficit with China about $83-99 billion in recent years
  • Import and export composition, and corrective steps

B

Q5
50M 150w Compulsory discuss Indian agriculture, urban environment, physical and cultural geography

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: 10×5=50 (a) Identify the jute-producing areas and discuss the major causes of decline of jute mill industry in India. (b) Urban built environment in big cities of India creates key changes in biophysical character of the landscape. Discuss. (c) Explain the geological characteristics and ecological significance of the Eastern Ghats. (d) Explain the cultural regions of India based on their cultural attributes. (e) Why are critical minerals essential for the economic development and national security in India?

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक प्रश्न का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए : 10×5=50 (a) भारत में जूट उत्पादक क्षेत्रों की पहचान कीजिए तथा जूट मिल उद्योग में गिरावट के प्रमुख कारणों की विवेचना कीजिए। (b) भारत के बड़े शहरों में शहरी निर्मित वातावरण भू-दृश्य के जैव भौतिकीय चरित्र में मुख्य परिवर्तन पैदा करता है। विवेचना कीजिए। (c) पूर्वी घाटों की भूवैज्ञानिक विशेषताओं और पारिस्थितिक महत्व की व्याख्या कीजिए। (d) भारत के सांस्कृतिक क्षेत्रों की उनकी सांस्कृतिक विशेषताओं के आधार पर व्याख्या कीजिए। (e) भारत के आर्थिक विकास और राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा के लिए क्रांतिक खनिज क्यों आवश्यक हैं?

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept or mechanism > Diagram > Regional example > Application. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (d) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (e) justify: claim > 3-4 reasons > evidence > conclusion Full marks: Precise mechanisms, specific Indian examples, clear causal chains, and relevant diagrams/data.

  • West Bengal, Bihar and Assam producing districts
  • Hooghly-side mill cluster
  • Synthetics, Bangladesh competition, obsolete machinery
  • Raw supply swings, labour issues and need for diversification
  • Impervious surfaces and heat islands
  • Reduced infiltration and urban floods
  • Air quality and wind changes
  • Loss of green cover and biodiversity
  • Discontinuous chain of Precambrian metamorphic rocks
  • Height, river gaps and minerals
  • Forests, protected areas and elephant habitats
  • Hydrology and livelihoods; threats
  • Criteria: language, religion, social organisation, economy
  • Indo-Gangetic core and Dravidian south
  • Himalayan Buddhist, tribal belt and north-east
  • Overlap and unity in diversity
  • Needed for batteries, EVs, solar, wind and electronics
  • Defence use: missiles, radar, satellites
  • Supply concentration and import dependence, China
  • Response: MMDR 2023, NCMM, KABIL, recycling and partnerships
Q6
50M elucidate Urban morphology, organic farming and India-Sri Lanka relations

(a) A large number of Indian cities have a complex morphological characteristics due to their historical evolution. Elucidate. 20 (b) Discuss the significance of organic farming for sustainable agricultural development in India. 15 (c) Examine the geopolitical impact of bilateral relationship between India and Sri Lanka. 15

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) बड़ी संख्या में भारतीय शहरों में उनके ऐतिहासिक विकास के कारण जटिल रूपात्मक विशेषताएँ होती हैं। स्पष्ट कीजिए। 20 (b) भारत में सतत कृषि विकास के लिए जैविक खेती के महत्व की विवेचना कीजिए। 15 (c) भारत एवं श्रीलंका के बीच द्विपक्षीय संबंध के भू-राजनीतिक प्रभाव का परीक्षण कीजिए। 15

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Diagram > Regional Example > Application. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) examine: intro > how/why with reasoning > evidence > conclusion Full marks: Comprehensive, well-structured, with specific examples and diagrams.

  • Ancient and temple city cores
  • Medieval walled cities: Shahjahanabad, Hyderabad
  • Colonial dual city: cantonments, civil lines and native towns
  • Post-independence planned towns and informal sprawl; mosaic outcome
  • Soil health, water and biodiversity gains
  • Economic premium, exports, Sikkim example
  • Policy: PKVY, MOVCDNER, PGS-India, NPOP
  • Constraints: yield dip, certification, biomass and a balanced path
  • Sri Lanka's position on Indian Ocean sea lanes
  • Chinese investment: Hambantota, Colombo Port City
  • Indian response: SAGAR/MAHASAGAR, 2022 assistance, energy and defence
  • Tamil question and fishermen irritants
Q7
50M discuss Green energy, poultry sector and canal irrigation

(a) Discuss the green energy initiatives of India as a signatory nation to the Paris Agreement. 20 (b) India's poultry sector has become one of the fastest growing areas of the country's agricultural sector. Examine its opportunities and challenges. 15 (c) Critically examine the ecological and economic impact of Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area development. 15

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) पेरिस समझौते पर हस्ताक्षरकर्ता राष्ट्र के रूप में भारत की हरित ऊर्जा पहल पर चर्चा कीजिए। 20 (b) भारत का पोल्ट्री क्षेत्र देश के कृषि क्षेत्र के सबसे तेजी से बढ़ते क्षेत्रों में से एक बन गया है। इसके अवसरों और चुनौतियों का परीक्षण कीजिए। 15 (c) इंदिरा गांधी नहर कमांड क्षेत्र विकास के पारिस्थितिक और आर्थिक प्रभाव का समालोचनात्मक परीक्षण कीजिए। 15

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept or mechanism > Diagram > Regional example > Application. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) examine: intro > how/why with reasoning > evidence > conclusion | (c) critically evaluate: positives > negatives/limits > conditions/safeguards > conclusion Full marks: Comprehensive mechanism explanation with precise Indian examples, diagrams, and balanced critical analysis

  • NDC targets: 45 per cent intensity cut, 50 per cent non-fossil capacity, 500 GW, net zero 2070
  • Renewables: solar mission, PM-KUSUM, PM Surya Ghar, wind, corridors
  • Green hydrogen, ethanol, efficiency (PAT, UJALA) and e-mobility
  • Finance, ISA and gaps such as coal dependence and climate finance
  • Demand growth and integrated contract farming
  • Feed, processing and export linkages, Namakkal
  • Feed price swings, avian influenza, AMR
  • Waste, cold chain and way forward
  • Canal source and stages
  • Economic gains: crops, income, settlements
  • Ecological costs: waterlogging, salinity, loss, health
  • Balanced assessment and remedies
Q8
50M suggest Agricultural productivity, island ecotourism and health indicators

(a) Why India lags behind many other countries in agricultural productivity? Suggest suitable measures to raise productivity across the regions in a sustainable manner. 20 (b) Assess the ecotourism potential of Andaman and Nicobar, Lakshadweep islands and highlight the challenges associated with the sustainable development of island territories. 15 (c) Describe the regional variations of health indicators among the Indian States. 15

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) भारत कृषि उत्पादकता में कई अन्य देशों से पीछे क्यों है? सभी क्षेत्रों में टिकाऊ तरीके से उत्पादकता बढ़ाने के लिए उपयुक्त उपाय सुझाइए। 20 (b) अण्डमान और निकोबार द्वीपसमूह एवं लक्षद्वीप की पारिस्थितिकी-पर्यटन क्षमता का आकलन कीजिए और द्वीप क्षेत्रों के सतत विकास से जुड़ी चुनौतियों पर प्रकाश डालिए। 15 (c) भारतीय राज्यों में स्वास्थ्य संकेतकों की क्षेत्रीय विविधताओं का वर्णन कीजिए। 15

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept or mechanism > Diagram > Regional example > Application. (a) suggest: the problem in one line > implementable measures > who acts > conclusion | (b) highlight: name the salient points > one line of substance each > close | (c) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance Full marks: Comprehensive, well-structured, with specific examples and data.

  • Fragmented holdings, unirrigated area, unbalanced inputs
  • Soil, water and climate constraints; weak extension and markets
  • Region-specific actions by Centre, ICAR, states, FPOs
  • Micro-irrigation, diversification, BGREI, insurance and sustainability
  • Andaman: mangroves, reefs, forest, marine parks
  • Lakshadweep atolls, lagoons, diving
  • Fragile ecology, freshwater, waste, tribal protection, disaster
  • Low-volume tourism, homestays, renewable energy, IDA planning
  • South and west perform best: Kerala, Tamil Nadu
  • North and east lag: UP, Bihar, MP, Assam
  • Indicators: IMR, MMR, TFR, stunting, anaemia with figures
  • Reasons and policy responses

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