(a) While defining the green architecture, discuss its principles and challenges in response to climate change in India. 20 (b)…

Green architecture is sustainable, energy-efficient design that minimises resource use, emissions and ecological harm while ensuring occupant comfort. Its principles are site optimisation through orientation, shading and microclimate use; water conservation via rainwater harvesting, greywater reuse and low-flow fixtures; energy efficiency through passive design, insulation, solar power and efficient equipment; material sustainability using local, recycled and low-embodied-carbon materials; and indoor environmental quality through daylight, ventilation and non-toxic finishes. In India, climate change intensifies urban heat islands, monsoon variability, coastal flooding and high cooling energy demand, making such design urgent. The CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre, Hyderabad, and Suzlon One Earth, Pune, show how green roofs, water recycling, solar energy and passive cooling can reduce footprints. Yet principles must vary by climate zone: hot-dry areas need shading and thermal mass, warm-humid coasts need cross-ventilation and moisture control, composite cities need hybrid systems, cold regions need insulation and solar heat, and temperate zones need seasonal adaptability. Challenges include high initial cost, skilled labour, maintenance, fragmented building codes, and retrofitting older stock.

Island regional planning. For island territories, regional planning is not optional but existential. Lakshadweep’s coral atolls have limited freshwater, low elevation, cyclone exposure and tourism pressure, requiring integrated coastal zone management, desalination/groundwater protection, disaster-resilient infrastructure and carrying-capacity-based tourism. For Lakshadweep, this means protecting mangroves and coral reefs; for Andaman, it means limiting construction in eco-sensitive zones. Andaman & Nicobar Islands combine biodiversity hotspots, seismic and tsunami vulnerability, limited land, and indigenous communities, demanding eco-sensitive zoning, restricted development, resilient ports/roads and community-led conservation under the Island Development Agency framework. Plans should use GIS, remote sensing and climate projections to map flood, erosion and sea-level rise risks. Carrying-capacity limits should guide hotel density, water use, and waste treatment. Such planning links land, water, energy, transport and ecology, preventing fragmented growth and preserving carrying capacity. It balances development with conservation, ensuring tourism, fisheries and settlement stay within ecological limits.

Boundary issues. India’s international boundaries create security, resource and climate governance challenges. With Bangladesh, enclaves, river boundary changes such as Susta on the Gandak, and fencing affect livelihoods and cross-border movement. With Pakistan, Sir Creek’s tidal-river status and LoC instability raise maritime and security concerns. With China, the undefined LAC, transboundary rivers and Doklam/Demchok flashpoints create strategic ambiguity. With Myanmar, the Free Movement Regime and cross-border insurgency complicate border management. In the northeast, border management must balance security with cross-border trade and cultural ties. With Nepal, Kalapani/Lipulekh claims over the Kali River basin remain sensitive. With Bhutan, boundary demarcation, water sharing and border connectivity need institutional care. With Afghanistan, the Wakhan corridor and Durand Line legacy affect border security and water management. Maritime boundaries with Sri Lanka (Palk Strait, Katchathivam, fishing), Maldives (EEZ and maritime security) and Indonesia (Andaman maritime limits, trawling and sovereignty) require EEZ management, fisheries regulation and climate-sensitive coastal governance. These disputes affect national security, transboundary river and delta management, and climate migration. They also require joint hydrological data sharing, delta erosion control, and climate-migration protocols.

Synthesis. Green architecture, island planning and boundary management are linked. Islands show how climate adaptation must be spatially planned, while boundary disputes complicate transboundary climate governance, especially for rivers, deltas and coastlines. Together, they turn climate vulnerability into a governance agenda: buildings reduce emissions, islands test adaptation, and boundaries require cooperative institutions. GRIHA and LEED India ratings have limitations in cost, certification gaps and maintenance; CRZ implementation gaps weaken coastal protection. A way forward is climate-responsive building codes, island-specific regional plans, and boundary river basin commissions or joint monitoring mechanisms under changing climate scenarios.