Geology

UPSC Geology 2025 — Paper I

All 8 questions from UPSC Civil Services Mains Geology 2025 Paper I (400 marks total). Every stem reproduced in full, with directive-word analysis, marks, word limits, and answer-approach pointers.

8Questions
400Total marks
2025Year
Paper IPaper

Topics covered

Solar system, structural geology, geomorphology, GPS (1)Continental drift, geomorphic diversity, rejuvenation (1)Coastal geomorphology, remote sensing and GIS, thrust geometries (1)Fold classification, volcanoes, strain analysis (1)Fossilization, biozonation, Blaini Boulder Bed, building stones, water types (1)Equidae evolution, Delhi Supergroup, groundwater wells (1)Stratigraphic boundary problems, microfossils, earthquake resistant structures (1)Groundwater hydraulics, Lower Gondwana fossils, Spiti Basin stratigraphy (1)

A

Q1
50M 150w Compulsory discuss Solar system, structural geology, geomorphology, GPS

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (a) Discuss the position of Astroid belt within the solar system and comment on the composition of meteorites. (10 marks) (b) What are sheath folds ? Discuss the deformational conditions of their formation. (10 marks) (c) What is Global Positioning System (GPS) ? Explain its geological applications. (10 marks) (d) Discuss the statement giving suitable examples. "Physical weathering adds to the effectiveness of Chemical weathering". (10 marks) (e) Discuss the types of Penetrative and Non-penetrative lineations with the help of suitable diagrams and throw light on their genesis. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का लगभग 150 शब्दों में उत्तर दीजिए : (a) सौर्य मण्डल में क्षुद्रग्रहीय पट्टी की स्थिति तथा उल्कापिंडों के संघटन का वर्णन कीजिए । (10 अंक) (b) शीथ वलन क्या होते हैं ? इनकी उत्पत्ति की विरूपण अवस्था की विवेचना कीजिए । (10 अंक) (c) ग्लोबल पोजिशनिंग सिस्टम (जी. पी. एस.) क्या है ? इसके भूवैज्ञानिक उपयोगों को समझाइये । (10 अंक) (d) "भौतिक अपक्षय रासायनिक अपक्षय की क्षमता को बढ़ाता है" । इस कथन की उचित उदाहरणों द्वारा विवेचना कीजिए । (10 अंक) (e) उचित आरेखों की सहायता से विभिन्न प्रकार के भेदक तथा गैर-भेदी सरेखण की विवेचना कीजिये तथा इनकी उत्पत्ति पर प्रकाश डालिये । (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Geology Paper 1: Define > Process > Field/Petrographic Evidence > Indian Example. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (d) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (e) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Precise definitions, correct diagrams, Indian examples, clear causal links.

  • Belt position between Mars and Jupiter (~2.1–3.3 AU); Kirkwood gaps at Jovian resonances
  • Meteorite classes: chondrites (chondrules), carbonaceous chondrites (CAIs, water phases, amino acids), achondrites (igneous/differentiated)
  • Iron meteorites as core material; stony-irons: pallasites (core–mantle) and mesosiderites (impact-mixed)
  • Synthesis: accretion, differentiation and dynamical stripping recorded
  • Sheath folds defined: highly non-cylindrical folds with hinge curved in the XY plane of finite strain
  • Eye-shaped sections; not Ramsay Type-3 interference but a single progressive non-coaxial deformation
  • Formation conditions: large finite shear (γ > 10) in mylonitic shear zones; rotation of principal strain axes
  • Ductile flow amplifying hinge perturbations; tube axis parallel to X (shear-sense indicator); sketch of geometry
Q2
50M discuss Continental drift, geomorphic diversity, rejuvenation

(a) What do you understand by continental drift ? Discuss various geological evidences in favour of continental drift. (20 marks) (b) Geomorphic diversity is controlled by a number of endogenic and exogenic processes. Discuss this statement. (15 marks) (c) Describe morphotectonic features characteristic of rejuvenation in a mountaineous terrain. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) महाद्वीपीय विस्थापन से आप क्या समझते हैं ? महाद्वीपीय विस्थापन के विभिन्न भूवैज्ञानिक साक्ष्यों का वर्णन कीजिये । (20 अंक) (b) भू-आकृति विविधता विभिन्न अंतर्जनित तथा बहिर्जनित क्रियाओं से नियंत्रित होती है । इस कथन की विवेचना कीजिए । (15 अंक) (c) पर्वतीय भूभाग में पुनर्युवन संलक्षणी विवर्तनिक भूआकृतियों का वर्णन कीजिये । (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

(a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance Full marks: Comprehensive, well-structured answers with precise terminology, relevant examples, and clear diagrams.

  • Wegener (1912), Pangea and Panthalassa; Mesozoic dispersal
  • Jigsaw-fit (Bullard's 1,000 m isobath fit), stratigraphic/structural continuity (Appalachian–Caledonian; Brazil–West Africa)
  • Palaeontological: Glossopteris, Mesosaurus, Lystrosaurus, Cynognathus; palaeoclimatic: Permo-Carboniferous tillites (Talchir, Dwyka) and striations
  • Palaeomagnetism (APW convergence); rejection of Wegener's mechanism and vindication via seafloor spreading, magnetic stripes and plate tectonics
  • Endogenic controls: volcanism, faulting, folding, isostasy; Deccan stepped traps; Meghalaya pop-up along Dauki/Brahmaputra faults
  • Exogenic controls: weathering, mass wasting, fluvial/aeolian/glacial erosion; climate determines dominant agent
  • Examples: Thar barchans/seif dunes on stable craton vs Western Ghats chemical weathering/scarp retreat/incision
  • Conclusion: diversity as transient expression of uplift vs climatically modulated denudation
Q3
50M justify Coastal geomorphology, remote sensing and GIS, thrust geometries

(a) Waves are responsible for modifying the coastal geomorphology. Justify the statement giving suitable examples and neat diagrams. (20 marks) (b) Explain how the Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) may help in delineation of Groundwater potential zone ? (15 marks) (c) Using neat sketches describe various types of Thrust geometries formed in a compressional regime. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) तरंगे तटीय भूआकृतियों को रूपांतरित करने के लिए उत्तरदायी हैं । तर्कसंगत उदाहरण एवं स्पष्ट चित्रों की सहायता से कथन की व्याख्या कीजिये । (20 अंक) (b) सुदूर संवेदन तथा भौगोलिक सूचना प्रणाली (जी. आई. एस.) किस प्रकार भूजल संभाव्य क्षेत्र के अंकन में सहायक हो सकते हैं ? (15 अंक) (c) स्पष्ट चित्रों की सहायता से संपीड़नीय व्यवस्था में बने विभिन्न प्रकार की क्षेपभ्रंश ज्यामिति का वर्णन कीजिये । (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

(a) justify: claim > 3-4 reasons > evidence > conclusion | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance Full marks: Comprehensive, well-structured answers with clear diagrams, specific examples, and precise terminology.

  • Waves as primary energy (mechanical action + sediment redistribution); constructive vs destructive waves (swash/backwash)
  • Wave refraction: energy concentration on headlands, dissipation in bays; oblique approach → longshore drift
  • Erosional landforms: notch, cave, arch, stack, stump; wave-cut platform; Indian examples (Konkan/Malabar rocky coasts)
  • Depositional: spits, baymouth/barrier bars (Kerala backwaters, Chilika, Sriharikota–Pulicat), tombolos, prograding beaches (Marina behind breakwaters); labelled diagrams provided
  • RS data (Landsat-8/9, Sentinel-1/2, ASTER DEM): lithology, lineaments, drainage, slope, LULC
  • Lineaments → secondary porosity/permeability; drainage density and DEM → runoff vs infiltration
  • GIS thematic layers with MCDA (AHP) weighting: GWPI = Σ(Wi × Ri); zones classified
  • Validation with CGWB observation-well yield and piezometric data; NRSC groundwater prospects maps (RGNDWM/Bhuvan), GRACE
Q4
50M describe Fold classification, volcanoes, strain analysis

(a) On the basis of dip isogons describe the classification of folds with neat diagrams. (20 marks) (b) What are volcanoes ? Describe various causes and products of volcanism. (15 marks) (c) How does strain analysis help in understanding the nature of rock deformation. Discuss centre to centre method of estimation of two dimensional strain. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) समनति रेखा के आधार पर वलन वर्गीकरण का सचित्र वर्णन कीजिए । (20 अंक) (b) ज्वालामुखी क्या है ? ज्वालामुखी उद्भव के विभिन्न कारणों तथा उत्पादों का वर्णन कीजिये । (15 अंक) (c) विकृति विश्लेषण किस प्रकार शैल विक्षेपण की प्रकृति को समझने में मदद करता है । द्विआयामी विकृति का आकलन करने के लिये केन्द्र से केन्द्र विधि की विवेचना कीजिये । (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Geology Paper 1: Define > Process > Field/Petrographic Evidence > Indian Example. (a) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Comprehensive, accurate, and well-illustrated with Indian examples and precise terminology.

  • Dip isogon defined (equal-dip connecting line between bounding surfaces); Ramsay classification with tangent diagrams (t_α, T_α)
  • Class 1: convergent isogons — 1A (t_α > t₀), 1B (t_α = t₀, flexural slip/buckling), 1C (t_α < t₀, flattening)
  • Class 2: similar folds, parallel isogons, T_α = T₀, t_α = t₀cosα; passive slip/flattening
  • Class 3: divergent isogons, strongly thinned limbs (t_α ≪ t₀), incompetent layers between competent ones; neat diagrams provided
  • Volcano defined (vent/fissure); causes: decompression melting (rifts), flux melting (subduction — Barren Island), mantle plumes (Reunion → Deccan)
  • Liquid products: mafic pahoehoe/aa to felsic domes
  • Pyroclastic products: tephra sizes (ash, lapilli, blocks, bombs)
  • Volatiles (H₂O, CO₂, SO₂, H₂S, halogens); hypabyssal dykes, sills, necks

B

Q5
50M 150w Compulsory discuss Fossilization, biozonation, Blaini Boulder Bed, building stones, water types

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (a) Discuss favourable conditions for fossilization. (10 marks) (b) Discuss different concepts of biozonation with neat diagrams. (10 marks) (c) Describe the lithology, type locality, age and depositional environment of Blaini Boulder Bed. (10 marks) (d) What engineering properties make Marble, Sandstone and Granite useful as building stone ? (10 marks) (e) Explain different generic type of water and their significance in water supply. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का लगभग 150 शब्दों में उत्तर दीजिये : (a) जीवाश्मन के लिये अनुकूल परिस्थितियों का वर्णन कीजिए । (10 अंक) (b) जैव मंडलन की विभिन्न अवधारणाओं का सचित्र वर्णन कीजिए । (10 अंक) (c) ब्लैनी गोलाश्म-संस्तर के शैललक्षण, प्रतीकात्मक क्षेत्र, आयु तथा निक्षेपण पर्यावरण का वर्णन कीजिये । (10 अंक) (d) संगमरमर, बलुआपथर तथा ग्रेनाइट के कौन से अभियांत्रिकी गुण उनको इमारती पत्थर के लिये उपयोगी बनाते हैं ? (10 अंक) (e) जल की विभिन्न जनित प्रकार तथा उनकी जल आपूर्ति में सार्थकता पर प्रकाश डालिए । (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Geology Paper 1: Define > Process > Field/Petrographic Evidence > Indian Example. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (d) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (e) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Precise definitions, specific Indian examples, clear diagrams, correct engineering properties

  • Hard parts (mineralized skeletons/teeth/bones, calcite/aragonite/silica/phosphate)
  • Rapid post-mortem burial by fine clastics; anaerobic/dysaerobic microenvironment curbing decay and oxidation
  • Quiescent water; absence of scavengers; long-term diagenetic/physicochemical stability
  • Examples: Siwalik flood-basin mammals; Chuaria in anoxic Vindhyan shale basins
  • Biozone concept: subdivision of stratigraphic sections by fossil distributions
  • Taxon range zone (FAD–LAD of a single taxon); concurrent range zone (overlap of two or more taxa)
  • Assemblage zone (three or more associated taxa); acme zone (maximum abundance)
  • Interval and lineage zones; Oppel zone as informal older concept; neat diagrams of zone types provided (figure)
Q6
50M discuss Equidae evolution, Delhi Supergroup, groundwater wells

(a) Discuss the evolutionary lineage of Equidae and comment on its migration. (20 marks) (b) Give the lithostratigraphic classification and distribution of Delhi Supergroup. Also comment on the economic significance of this supergroup. (15 marks) (c) What are different type of wells used for the extraction of groundwater ? How and why the well field should be protected ? (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) इक्वीडी की क्रम विकास पंक्ति-बद्धता तथा उसके प्रवसन का वर्णन कीजिए । (20 अंक) (b) दिल्ली महासमूह का शैल स्तरीय वर्गीकरण एवं वितरण का उल्लेख कीजिए । इस महासमूह की आर्थिक सार्थकता पर प्रकाश डालिए । (15 अंक) (c) भूजल की निकासी के लिये कौन से विभिन्न प्रकार के कुएं होते हैं । कूप क्षेत्र का संरक्षण कैसे और क्यों किया जाना चाहिये । (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: UPSC Geology Paper 1. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance Full marks: Precise technical detail with Indian examples, diagrams, and complete causal chains.

  • Lineage: Hyracotherium/Eohippus (Eocene, North America) → Mesohippus → Merychippus (first hypsodont grazer) → Pliohippus/Dinohippus → Equus
  • Trends: lateral toe reduction (4-3-1), limb lengthening, size increase (Cope's rule as tendency), hypsodont teeth for abrasive grasses; cursorial adaptation
  • Migration waves via Bering land bridge: Anchitherium, hipparionines (~11–10 Ma), Equus (~2.6 Ma); American extinction at end-Pleistocene
  • Indian record: Equus sivalensis (Siwalik, Pinjor); Equus namadicus (Pleistocene Narmada valley)
  • Delhi Supergroup (~1.7–0.9 Ga) in the Aravalli–Delhi fold belt (Delhi–Alwar–Jaipur–Ajmer to Sirohi/N Gujarat)
  • Heron's succession Raialo → Alwar → Ajabgarh; GSI North vs South Delhi Fold Belts (Gogunda, Kumbhalgarh, Sirohi, Sendra–Ambaji); post-Delhi granites
  • Distribution controlled by Aravalli fold belt (folded quartzite ridges and valleys)
  • Economic: Khetri copper belt, Ambaji and Deri–Basantgarh base metals, Degana tungsten, marbles (Makrana), Alwar quartzite, groundwater; distinction from Aravalli/Bhilwara deposits
Q7
50M discuss Stratigraphic boundary problems, microfossils, earthquake resistant structures

(a) What do you understand by boundary problems in stratigraphy ? Discuss Cretaceous/Palaeogene (Cretaceous/Tertiary) boundary problem giving Indian examples. (20 marks) (b) What are the important groups of microfossils ? Add notes on their composition and significance. (15 marks) (c) Why Earthquake resistant structures are needed ? Discuss the geological considerations required for developing the Earthquake resistant structures. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) स्तरक्रमविज्ञान में परिसीमा समस्या से आप क्या समझते हैं ? क्रिटेशियस/पैलियोसीन (क्रिटेशियस/टर्सियरी) परिसीमा समस्या का भारतीय उदाहरणों सहित वर्णन कीजिए । (20 अंक) (b) सूक्ष्म जीवाश्म के मुख्य समूह क्या होते हैं ? उनकी संरचना और महत्ता पर टिप्पणी कीजिये । (15 अंक) (c) भूकंपीय प्रतिरोधक संरचनाएँ क्यों आवश्यक हैं ? भूकंपीय प्रतिरोधक संरचनाओं को विकसित करने के लिये आवश्यक भूवैज्ञानिक अनुचिंतन पर चर्चा कीजिये । (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Geology Paper 1: Define > Process > Field/Petrographic Evidence > Indian Example. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Precise definitions, specific Indian examples, clear causal chains, and accurate geological terminology.

  • Boundary problems defined: fixing chronostratigraphic boundaries via GSSP (golden spike); unconformities, hiatuses, diachronous facies, biostratigraphic gaps
  • K/Pg mass extinction; iridium anomaly, shocked quartz, microtektites; GSSP El Kef (~66.0 Ma); Chicxulub vs Deccan timing debate
  • Indian sections: Um Sohryngkew (Meghalaya); Anjar intertrappean beds (Kutch)
  • Rajahmundry traps (AP) and Jhilmili intertrappean (Danian forams); integration of volcanism, extinction, sedimentation and diachroneity
  • Groups: Foraminifera, Radiolaria, Ostracoda, Diatoms, plus calcareous nannofossils, conodonts (phosphatic), palynomorphs (organic)
  • Composition controls preservation (CCD dissolution of calcareous tests; opal compensation for siliceous)
  • Biostratigraphic significance: age correlation and zonation
  • Palaeoecological (depth, salinity, temperature, productivity) and economic (petroleum source/reservoir/seal) uses
Q8
50M discuss Groundwater hydraulics, Lower Gondwana fossils, Spiti Basin stratigraphy

(a) Discuss the interrelationship amongst Porosity, Permeability and Hydraulic conductivity. How they are important in groundwater movement ? A sediment sample with a cross section area of 0.02 m² is tested in a permeameter with a length of 30 cm. Water flows through the sample at a rate of 0.08 m³/sec with a head difference (h₁ – h₂) 20 cm. Calculate the Hydraulic conductivity. (20 marks) (b) Describe important Lower Gondwana plant fossils with the help of neat diagrams and comment on their palaeobiogeographic significance. (15 marks) (c) Discuss the lithology, fossil content and age of palaeozoic sequence of Spiti Basin of Himachal Pradesh. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) संरंधता, पारगम्यता और जलीय चालकता के अन्तर सम्बन्धों पर चर्चा कीजिये । भूजल संचलन के लिये यह किस प्रकार महत्त्वपूर्ण है ? 0.02 वर्ग मीटर अनुप्रस्थीय क्षेत्र तथा 30 से.मी. लम्बाई वाले परमीयमीटर में अवसादी नमूने को जाँचा गया । नमूने से होकर 0.08 घनमीटर प्रति सेकंड की दर से तथा शीर्षान्तर 20 से.मी. (h₁ – h₂) के साथ जल प्रवाहित होता है । नमूने की जलीय चालकता की गणना कीजिये । (20 अंक) (b) स्पष्ट चित्रों की सहायता से निम्न गोंडवाना के मुख्य वनस्पति जीवाश्मों का वर्णन कीजिये तथा उनकी पुराजीव भौगोलिक महत्ता पर टिप्पणी लिखिए । (15 अंक) (c) हिमाचल प्रदेश की स्पिति घाटी में पैलियोजोइक अनुक्रम के शैललक्षण, जीवाश्म तथा आयु पर चर्चा कीजिये । (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Geology Paper 1: Define > Process > Field/Petrographic Evidence > Indian Example. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Precise definitions, correct calculations, detailed diagrams, specific Indian examples, and clear palaeobiogeographic/lithological context.

  • Porosity defined (total vs effective; storage control); permeability (intrinsic transmission; grain size, sorting, cement, anisotropy)
  • Hydraulic conductivity K = kρg/μ; Darcian linkage of head loss, area, length to discharge
  • Numerical: K = QL/(AΔh) = (0.08×0.30)/(0.02×0.20) = 6.0 m/s with consistent units
  • Interpretive caveat on the unusually high value; role of porosity/permeability/K in storage, flow, recharge, yield, contaminant transport
  • Names: Glossopteris, Gangamopteris, Vertebraria, Noeggerathiopsis
  • Neat diagrams: tongue-shaped Glossopteris (midrib, reticulate veins); broad Gangamopteris (no midrib); segmented Vertebraria; strap-shaped Noeggerathiopsis (dichotomous veins)
  • Glossopteris as Permian index fossil; Gangamopteris in Talchir–Karharbari; Barakar/Raniganj (Damuda Group) coal
  • Palaeobiogeographic significance: India–Australia–Africa–Antarctica–South America → Gondwanaland; Permian high-latitude coal swamps

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