All 8 questions from UPSC Civil Services Mains Management
2023 Paper I (400 marks total). Every stem reproduced in full,
with directive-word analysis, marks, word limits, and answer-approach pointers.
(a) "Span of management plays important role in deciding organization structure." Explain. (10 marks)
(b) "Dependency is increased when the resource you control is important, scarce and non-substitutable." Comment on the above statement in the light of the fact that the most important aspect of power is that it is a function of dependency. (10 marks)
(c) Enumerate the different conditions needed for conflict to arise. How does the channel chosen for communication have an influence on stimulating conflict? (10 marks)
(d) "Workers' education is the latent energy in economic development." Explain the concept of workers' education and highlight its aims and objectives. (10 marks)
(e) What are the major collective bargaining issues in Indian industries? What do you foresee as a major issue of the future? (10 marks)
हिंदी में पढ़ें
(a) "प्रबंध का दायरा संगठन की संरचना निर्धारित करने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है।" समझाइए। (10 अंक)
(b) "निर्भरता बढ़ जाती है जब संसाधन जिसे आप नियंत्रित करते हैं, वह महत्वपूर्ण, दुर्लभ एवं गैर-प्रतिस्थापनीय हो।" शक्ति का सबसे महत्वपूर्ण पहलू यह है कि वह निर्भरता का प्रकार्य है। इस तथ्य के आलोक में उपर दिए गए कथन पर टिप्पणी कीजिए। (10 अंक)
(c) संघर्ष पैदा होने के लिए आवश्यक विभिन्न परिस्थितियों की गणना कीजिए। संचार के लिए चुना गया माध्यम संघर्ष को उत्तेजित करने पर कैसे प्रभाव डालता है? (10 अंक)
(d) "श्रमिकों की शिक्षा आर्थिक विकास में अव्यक्त ऊर्जा है।" श्रमिक शिक्षा की अवधारणा समझाइए तथा इसके लक्ष्यों और उद्देश्यों पर प्रकाश डालिए। (10 अंक)
(e) भारतीय उद्योगों में प्रमुख सामूहिक सौदेबाजी के मुद्दे क्या हैं? आप भविष्य के प्रमुख मुद्दे के रूप में किसे देखते हैं? (10 अंक)
Answer approach & key points
This multi-part question requires balanced treatment across five 10-mark segments. Begin with a brief introduction acknowledging the interconnected themes of organizational dynamics and industrial relations. For (a), explain span of management using Graicunas' formula and its impact on tall vs. flat structures; for (b), apply Emerson's power-dependency theory with resource-based view; for (c), enumerate conflict conditions per Pondy's model and analyze communication channel effects; for (d), elaborate workers' education through ILO and Indian Trade Unions Act provisions; for (e), enumerate current bargaining issues like wages, job security, and emerging concerns like gig economy formalization. Allocate approximately 80-100 words per sub-part with concise definitions, theoretical linkages, and Indian illustrations. Conclude by synthesizing how these elements collectively shape organizational effectiveness and industrial harmony.
(a) Span of management: Graicunas' mathematical formula (n(2^n-1+n-1)), determinants (ability, training, communication methods), and structural implications (tall vs. flat hierarchies, administrative costs)
(b) Power-dependency nexus: Emerson's power-dependence theory, resource dependence theory (Pfeffer & Salancik), strategic contingencies theory, and how importance-scarcity-non-substitutability creates asymmetric dependence
(c) Conflict conditions: Pondy's organizational conflict model (antecedent conditions: goal incompatibility, differentiation, task interdependence), communication channel effects (rich vs. lean media, filtering, information distortion in hierarchical channels)
(d) Workers' education: Concept as per Indian Trade Unions Act 1926 and ILO Convention 140, aims (consciousness raising, skill development, democratic participation), objectives (collective bargaining capacity, social transformation)
(e) Collective bargaining issues: Current issues (wage revision, bonus, working conditions, job security, VRS, contract labour), future issue (gig/platform economy formalization, AI-induced job displacement, social security portability)
50MexplainStrategic planning, virtual organization, career management
(a) How do mission, vision and values help in developing good plan for an organization? Explain planning premises. (20 marks)
(b) Outline the organizational structure of a virtual organization. How does it differ from a boundaryless organization? Which type of industries is best suited to a virtual organizational setup? Explain with examples. (15 marks)
(c) Differentiate between career, career planning, career development and career management. Who are the major stakeholders in career development? (15 marks)
हिंदी में पढ़ें
(a) किसी संगठन के लिए एक अच्छी योजना विकसित करने में लक्ष्य, दृष्टिकोण तथा मूल्य किस प्रकार सहायता करते हैं? योजना परिसर की व्याख्या कीजिए। (20 अंक)
(b) एक आभासी संगठन की संगठनात्मक संरचना की रूपरेखा तैयार कीजिए। यह एक सीमाहीन संगठन की संरचना से किस प्रकार भिन्न है? किस प्रकार का उद्योग आभासी संगठनात्मक संरचना के लिए सर्वाधिक उपयुक्त है? उदाहरण सहित समझाइए। (15 अंक)
(c) आजीविका, आजीविका योजना, आजीविका विकास एवं आजीविका प्रबंधन के मध्य अंतर कीजिए। आजीविका विकास में प्रमुख हितधारक कौन हैं? (15 अंक)
Answer approach & key points
The directive 'explain' demands conceptual clarity with cause-effect linkages across all three parts. Allocate approximately 40% word budget to part (a) given its 20 marks weightage, with 30% each to parts (b) and (c). Structure as: integrated introduction on strategic foundations → body addressing each sub-part sequentially with clear sub-headings → conclusion synthesizing how mission-driven planning, virtual structures, and career systems collectively build adaptive organizations. Use secondary directives 'outline' for (b) and 'differentiate' for (c) as operational guides within the overarching explanatory framework.
Part (a): Distinct yet interlinked roles of mission (purpose), vision (future state), and values (ethical compass) as directional foundations for planning; types of planning premises (internal/external, tangible/intangible, controllable/uncontrollable) with examples like sales forecasts and policy changes
Part (b): Virtual organization structure featuring core competencies retained in-house with non-core functions outsourced via IT networks; clear differentiation from boundaryless organization (Jack Welch's GE model emphasizing horizontal collaboration vs. virtual's externalized operations); suitability for industries with high asset flexibility needs like software, fashion, and biotechnology with examples such as Nike or Indian IT firms
Part (c): Precise differentiation—career as sequence of work experiences, career planning as future-oriented process, career development as organizational support for progression, career management as integrated HR system; identification of stakeholders including individual, managers, HR, family, and educational institutions
Integration point: How strategic planning premises (a) influence organizational design choices including virtual structures (b) which in turn shape career systems (c)
Contemporary relevance: Post-pandemic normalization of virtual work and evolving career patterns in gig economy context
(a) "A person can have thousands of attitudes but organizational behaviour focuses its attention on a very limited number of job-related attitudes." Explain the different job-related attitudes. How do they differ from other non-job-related attitudes? (20 marks)
(b) "Does delegation of authority mean loss of power or enhancement of power?" Critically explain. (15 marks)
(c) How does an organization determine the effectiveness of its recruitment process? To avoid the high cost involved in the recruitment process, what alternatives are used by organizations? Explain. (15 marks)
हिंदी में पढ़ें
(a) "एक व्यक्ति के हजारों दृष्टिकोण हो सकते हैं किन्तु संगठनात्मक व्यवहार अपना ध्यान बहुत सीमित संख्या में कार्यक्षेत्र से संबंधित दृष्टिकोणों पर केंद्रित करता है।" कार्यक्षेत्र से संबंधित विभिन्न दृष्टिकोणों की व्याख्या कीजिए। वे किस प्रकार अन्य गैर-कार्यक्षेत्र संबंधी दृष्टिकोणों से भिन्न हैं? (20 अंक)
(b) "क्या प्राधिकार के प्रत्यायोजन का अर्थ शक्ति में कमी या शक्ति में वृद्धि है?" आलोचनात्मक व्याख्या कीजिए। (15 अंक)
(c) कोई संगठन अपनी भर्ती प्रक्रिया की प्रभावशीलता कैसे निर्धारित करता है? भर्ती प्रक्रिया में लगने वाली ऊँची लागत से बचने के लिए, संगठनों द्वारा किन विकल्पों का उपयोग किया जाता है? समझाइए। (15 अंक)
Answer approach & key points
The directive 'explain' demands conceptual clarity with cause-effect linkages across all three parts. Allocate approximately 40% of word budget (~400 words) to part (a) given its 20 marks, and roughly 30% each (~300 words) to parts (b) and (c). Structure: brief introduction defining attitudes and delegation; body addressing each part sequentially with definitions, theories, and distinctions; conclusion synthesizing how attitudes, delegation, and recruitment interconnect for organizational effectiveness.
Part (a): Define job-related attitudes (job satisfaction, organizational commitment, employee engagement) and distinguish from non-job attitudes (political, religious, social attitudes) using specificity, measurability, and behavioral impact criteria
Part (a): Explain three-component model (cognitive, affective, behavioral) and cite Robbins/Judge or Luthans framework for attitude structure
Part (b): Analyze delegation through French-Raven power bases; explain how delegation enhances referent and expert power while redistributing legitimate power, citing examples like Tata's leadership grooming
Part (b): Critically examine both views—loss of control vs. multiplier effect—using Chester Barnard's acceptance theory or Peter Drucker's effective executive principles
Part (c): List recruitment effectiveness metrics (yield ratio, cost per hire, time to fill, quality of hire) and evaluation methods like cost-benefit analysis
Part (c): Explain alternatives to external recruitment—internal promotions, job rotation, succession planning, temp-to-perm, outsourcing, campus partnerships, and employee referrals with Indian examples like TCS's campus connect or Infosys's internal job postings
(a) Highlight the key differences between human resource information system, human resource analytics and enterprise resource planning, and give their suitable applications. Illustrate and explain a typical human resource information system framework. (20 marks)
(b) How does a learning organization model integrate the strategies in the domains of individual, team and organizational learning? What are the desired behavioural changes for a learning organization as described by Senge? (15 marks)
(c) "Economic development of India will depend on the inventions carried out by entrepreneurs." Explain. (15 marks)
हिंदी में पढ़ें
(a) मानव संसाधन सूचना प्रणाली, मानव संसाधन विश्लेषण एवं उद्यम संसाधन नियोजन के मध्य प्रमुख अंतरों को चिह्नित कीजिए एवं उनके उपयुक्त अनुप्रयोग दीजिए। एक विशिष्ट मानव संसाधन सूचना प्रणाली ढाँचे का वर्णन एवं व्याख्या कीजिए। (20 अंक)
(b) एक शिक्षण संगठन मॉडल किस प्रकार व्यक्तिगत, टीम एवं संगठनात्मक शिक्षण की रणनीतियों को एकीकृत करता है? सेंज द्वारा वर्णित, एक शिक्षण संगठन के लिए वांछित व्यवहार परिवर्तन क्या हैं? (15 अंक)
(c) "भारत का आर्थिक विकास उद्यमियों द्वारा किए गए अविष्कारों पर निर्भर करेगा।" व्याख्या कीजिए। (15 अंक)
Answer approach & key points
The directive 'highlight' in part (a) demands clear differentiation and visual/structural clarity; parts (b) and (c) require 'explain' with depth. Allocate approximately 40% of word budget to part (a) given its 20 marks and technical complexity (include a diagram for HRIS framework); 30% each to (b) and (c). Structure: brief introduction → systematic treatment of (a), (b), (c) in sequence → integrated conclusion linking HRIS, learning organization and entrepreneurial innovation for national development.
For (a): Clear distinction between HRIS (transactional data system), HRA (predictive analytics/decision support), and ERP (integrated cross-functional system) with specific organizational applications; visual representation of HRIS framework showing input-process-output-feedback loops with subsystems like recruitment, payroll, performance management
For (b): Integration mechanisms across individual learning (personal mastery), team learning (dialogue), and organizational learning (shared vision/systems thinking) per Senge's five disciplines; specific behavioral changes: personal mastery (commitment to truth), mental models (left-hand column technique), shared vision (co-creating), team learning (suspending assumptions), systems thinking (seeing interconnections)
For (c): Explanation of how entrepreneurial inventions drive economic development through Schumpeter's creative destruction, employment generation, export earnings, and regional balanced development; Indian context with examples like UPI (NPCI), ISRO's spin-offs, or grassroots innovations (Honey Bee Network)
Cross-cutting: Recognition that HRIS enables learning organization data, and both support entrepreneurial talent management for innovation ecosystem
Critical nuance: Balanced view that inventions alone insufficient without enabling infrastructure, policy support, and absorptive capacity; distinction between invention (novel idea) and innovation (commercial application)
(a) Discuss on the objectives and categories of decisions of the finance function in an organization. (10 marks)
(b) Elaborate on the objective of 'Accounting Standards' and discuss on its significance in the emergence of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as Global Standards. (10 marks)
(c) Comment on the salient features of the EASE Next Reforms. (10 marks)
(d) "Marketing is everywhere. Good marketing is not a coincidence but a result of well thought strategy." Elaborate giving suitable example. (10 marks)
(e) "Customer-centric companies are building customer relationships and not just products or services." Explain giving importance of customer satisfaction. Give examples also. (10 marks)
हिंदी में पढ़ें
(a) किसी संगठन में वित्तीय कार्य के उद्देश्यों एवं निर्णयों की श्रेणियों पर चर्चा कीजिए। (10 अंक)
(b) 'लेखांकन मानकों' के उद्देश्य को स्पष्ट कीजिए और वैश्विक मानकों के रूप में अंतर्राष्ट्रीय वित्तीय रिपोर्टिंग मानकों (आई० एफ० आर० एस०) के उद्भव में इसके महत्व पर विवेचना कीजिए। (10 अंक)
(c) ई० ए० एस० ई० (ईज) नेक्स्ट सुधारों की मुख्य विशेषताओं पर टिप्पणी कीजिए। (10 अंक)
(d) "विपणन प्रत्येक जगह है। एक अच्छा विपणन कोई संयोग नहीं है अपितु एक सोची-समझी रणनीति का परिणाम है।" उपयुक्त उदाहरण देते हुए विस्तार से समझाइए। (10 अंक)
(e) "ग्राहक-केंद्रित कंपनियां केवल उत्पाद या सेवाएं ही नहीं अपितु ग्राहक संबंध स्थापित कर रही हैं।" ग्राहक संतुष्टि का महत्व बताते हुए समझाइए। उदाहरण भी दीजिए। (10 अंक)
Answer approach & key points
The directive 'discuss' demands a comprehensive, analytical treatment across all five sub-parts with balanced depth. Allocate approximately 20% time/words to each sub-part (2 marks per part), structuring each with clear identification of core concepts, analytical elaboration, and relevant Indian examples. Begin with a brief integrative introduction linking finance, accounting, banking reforms and marketing as interconnected business functions, then address each sub-part sequentially with sub-headings, and conclude with a synthesis on how these elements collectively drive organizational excellence and stakeholder value in the Indian context.
For (a): Objectives of finance function (profit maximization, wealth maximization, liquidity, risk-return trade-off) and decision categories (investment, financing, dividend, working capital decisions) with clear distinction between strategic and tactical decisions
For (b): Objectives of Accounting Standards (comparability, reliability, transparency, reducing information asymmetry) and significance for IFRS convergence including India's Ind AS adoption journey and challenges
For (c): EASE Next Reforms (Enhanced Access & Service Excellence) features—PSB reforms agenda, EASE 5.0 priorities, digital transformation, customer-centricity, and ESG integration in public sector banking
For (d): Strategic marketing elements (STP, marketing mix, value proposition) with Indian example such as Amul's cooperative marketing or Tata Tea's Jaago Re campaign demonstrating deliberate strategy
For (e): Customer relationship building vs. transactional approach, customer satisfaction metrics (NPS, CSAT, CLV), and Indian examples like Amazon India, Zomato, or HDFC Bank's customer service excellence
50McalculateDuPont analysis, capital structure, marketing channels
(a) Given below is the data of two firms in the same industry:
| Particulars | Firm A (₹) | Firm B (₹) |
|-------------|-----------|-----------|
| Net Profit | 25,000 | 10,000 |
| Sales Revenue | 1,25,000 | 60,000 |
| Total Assets | 75,000 | 30,000 |
| Equity | 25,000 | 20,000 |
(i) Compute the Return on Equity (RoE) based on DuPont analysis. Which company would investors prefer? (15 marks)
(ii) What are the limitations of DuPont analysis? (10 marks)
(b) What are the factors that need to be kept in mind while designing the capital structure of a firm? (10 marks)
(c) "Marketing channel decisions lead to developing value network." Explain the importance of intermediaries giving suitable examples. (15 marks)
हिंदी में पढ़ें
(a) एक ही उद्योग की दो फर्मों के आंकड़े नीचे दिए गए हैं:
| विवरण | फर्म A (₹) | फर्म B (₹) |
|--------|-----------|-----------|
| शुद्ध लाभ | 25,000 | 10,000 |
| बिक्री राजस्व | 1,25,000 | 60,000 |
| कुल संपत्ति | 75,000 | 30,000 |
| हिस्सेदारी (इक्विटी) | 25,000 | 20,000 |
(i) ड्यूपॉन्ट विश्लेषण के आधार पर हिस्सेदारी (इक्विटी) के लाभांश (आर० ओ० ई०) की गणना कीजिए। निवेशक किस कंपनी को पसंद करेंगे? (15 अंक)
(ii) ड्यूपॉन्ट विश्लेषण की सीमाएं क्या हैं? (10 अंक)
(b) किसी फर्म की पूँजी संरचना को आकार देते समय, किन कारकों को ध्यान में रखना आवश्यक है? (10 अंक)
(c) "विपणन चैनल निर्णयों से मूल्य नेटवर्क विकसित होते हैं।" उपयुक्त उदाहरणों की सहायता से मध्यस्थों के महत्व को समझाइए। (15 अंक)
Answer approach & key points
Begin with precise calculation of DuPont components for both firms in (a)(i), showing Net Profit Margin, Asset Turnover, and Equity Multiplier with final RoE comparison; for (a)(ii) list limitations with brief elaboration. Allocate ~30% time to (b) on capital structure factors citing trade-off and pecking order theories, and ~30% to (c) explaining value networks with Indian intermediary examples like ITC e-Choupal or Amul's cooperative network. Conclude with integrated insights on how financial and marketing decisions jointly create shareholder value.
For (a)(i): Correct DuPont decomposition showing RoE = (Net Profit/Sales) × (Sales/Assets) × (Assets/Equity) — Firm A RoE = 100%, Firm B RoE = 50%; investor preference justified by risk-adjusted return or efficiency drivers
For (a)(ii): At least 4 limitations — accounting distortions, historical data reliance, ignoring cost of capital, sector comparability issues, short-term focus, or manipulation vulnerability
For (b): Key factors — business risk, financial risk, tax position, financial flexibility, control considerations, market conditions, agency costs; cite Modigliani-Miller or pecking order theory
For (c): Value network concept from Porter/Kumar; intermediary functions — transactional (buying/selling), logistical (storage/transport), facilitating (financing/risk-bearing); Indian examples like Amazon India marketplace, Amul dairy network, or FMCG distribution (HUL's Project Shakti)
For (c): Explanation of how channel decisions create network effects, reduce transaction costs, and enhance customer value through specialization and economies of scale
(a) A Ltd's EBIT is ₹ 10,00,000. The company has 12%, ₹ 30 lakhs debentures. The equity capitalization rate, i.e., Kₑ is 20%.
Compute the following:
(i) Market value of equity and value of firm (12 marks)
(ii) Overall cost of capital (8 marks)
(b) What are some early signs of cash flow problems? (10 marks)
(c) (i) "Price is the most important element of marketing mix." Discuss. (10 marks)
(ii) Elaborate the process to decide right time to change price of product. Do you think leadership pricing strategy is applicable in today's context? Give examples. (10 marks)
हिंदी में पढ़ें
(a) A लिमिटेड की ब्याज और करों से पहले की कमाई (ई० बी० आई० टी०) ₹ 10,00,000 है। कंपनी के पास 12%, ₹ 30 लाख डिबेंचर हैं। इक्विटी पूँजीकरण दर (Kₑ) 20% है।
निम्नलिखित की गणना कीजिए:
(i) इक्विटी का बाजार मूल्य और फर्म का मूल्य (12 अंक)
(ii) पूँजी की कुल लागत (8 अंक)
(b) नकदी प्रवाह की समस्याओं के कुछ प्रारंभिक संकेत क्या हैं? (10 अंक)
(c) (i) "कीमत, विपणन मिश्रण का सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण तत्व है।" विवेचना कीजिए। (10 अंक)
(ii) उत्पाद की कीमत में परिवर्तन करने का सही समय तय करने की प्रक्रिया को स्पष्ट कीजिए। क्या आप सोचते हैं कि नेतृत्व कीमत-निर्धारण रणनीति आज के संदर्भ में लागू है? उदाहरण दीजिए। (10 अंक)
Answer approach & key points
Begin with precise calculations for part (a) using Net Operating Income (NOI) approach: compute net income available to equity shareholders, then market value of equity (₹35,00,000) and total firm value (₹65,00,000), followed by overall cost of capital (15.38%). For part (b), enumerate 4-5 early warning signs with brief explanations. For part (c), adopt a balanced discussion format—first critically examining price's primacy in marketing mix, then elaborating price change timing process and evaluating leadership pricing applicability with contemporary Indian examples like Jio or Amul. Allocate approximately 40% time to part (a) given its 20 marks weightage, 20% to part (b), and 40% to part (c).
Part (a)(i): Correct application of NOI approach—EBIT ₹10,00,000 less interest ₹3,60,000 = Earnings available to equity ₹6,40,000; Market value of equity = ₹6,40,000/0.20 = ₹32,00,000; Total value of firm = ₹32,00,000 + ₹30,00,000 = ₹62,00,000
Part (a)(ii): Overall cost of capital K₀ = EBIT/Value of firm = ₹10,00,000/₹62,00,000 = 16.13% (or weighted average verification)
Part (b): Early cash flow warning signs—declining cash reserves, increasing days sales outstanding, frequent overdraft usage, delayed payments to suppliers/creditors, inventory pile-up without sales conversion, inability to meet statutory obligations
Part (c)(i): Critical discussion on price primacy—acknowledge price's direct revenue impact and psychological role, but counter with product differentiation, place accessibility, and promotion creating perceived value; cite Kotler's 4P hierarchy and Indian context of price-sensitive markets
Part (c)(ii): Price change timing process—monitor cost fluctuations, competitor moves, demand elasticity, product life cycle stage, and economic conditions; Leadership pricing evaluation—applicable in digital/telecom (Jio's penetration pricing), FMCG (Amul), but limited in premium segments; requires deep pockets and scale economies
(a) During a month, 4500 units were introduced into process A. The normal loss was estimated at 8% on input. At the end of the month, 2600 units had been produced and transferred to next process, 1400 units were incomplete and 500 units had been scrapped. It was estimated that uncompleted units had reached a stage in production as follows:
Material—80% completed
Labour—60% completed
Overheads—50% completed
The cost of 4500 units introduced was ₹ 10,500. Direct materials introduced during the process amounted to ₹ 2,400. Production overheads incurred were ₹ 3,490. Direct labour was ₹ 5,460. Units scrapped realized ₹ 3 each. The units scrapped have passed through the process, so were 100% completed as regards material, labour and overheads.
Answer the following questions:
(i) Prepare a statement of equivalent production. (7 marks)
(ii) Evaluate the cost of abnormal loss, finished goods and closing stock. (10 marks)
(iii) Prepare the process A account and abnormal loss account. (8 marks)
(b) What are the major objectives of portfolio management? List the major ratios used to evaluate a portfolio. (10 marks)
(c) "Marketing of non-profit organizations is a great challenge." Elaborate. What are the various dimensions of non-profit marketing? Explain. (15 marks)
हिंदी में पढ़ें
(a) एक महीने के दौरान, 4500 इकाइयों को प्रक्रिया A में लगाया है। निवेश पर सामान्य हानि का अनुमान 8% था। महीने के अंत में, 2600 इकाइयों का उत्पादन किया गया और अगली प्रक्रिया में स्थानांतरित कर दिया गया, 1400 इकाइयाँ अधूरी निर्मित थीं तथा 500 इकाइयों को नष्ट कर दिया गया। यह अनुमान लगाया गया था कि अपूर्ण इकाइयाँ उत्पादन में निम्नलिखित स्तर पर पहुँच गई थीं:
सामग्री—80% पूर्ण
श्रम—60% पूर्ण
उपरिव्यय—50% पूर्ण
लगाई गई 4500 इकाइयों की लागत ₹ 10,500 थी। प्रक्रिया के दौरान लगी प्रत्यक्ष सामग्री की लागत हुई ₹ 2,400। उत्पादन उपरिव्यय ₹ 3,490 हुआ। प्रत्यक्ष श्रम ₹ 5,460 लगा। रद्दी (नष्ट की गई) इकाइयों से ₹ 3 प्रति इकाई प्राप्त हुए। रद्दी इकाइयाँ प्रक्रिया से गुजर चुकी हैं, इसलिए वे सामग्री, श्रम तथा उपरिव्यय के संबंध में 100% पूर्ण थीं।
निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए:
(i) समतुल्य उत्पादन का विवरण तैयार कीजिए। (7 अंक)
(ii) असामान्य हानि, तैयार माल और अंतिम बचे माल की लागत का मूल्यांकन कीजिए। (10 अंक)
(iii) प्रक्रिया A खाता एवं असामान्य हानि का खाता तैयार कीजिए। (8 अंक)
(b) निवेश सूची (पोर्टफोलियो) प्रबंधन के प्रमुख उद्देश्य क्या हैं? निवेश सूची (पोर्टफोलियो) के मूल्यांकन में प्रयोग होने वाले प्रमुख अनुपातों की सूची बनाइए। (10 अंक)
(c) "गैर-लाभकारी संगठनों का विपणन एक बड़ी चुनौती है।" स्पष्ट कीजिए। गैर-लाभकारी विपणन के विभिन्न आयाम क्या हैं? वर्णन कीजिए। (15 अंक)
Answer approach & key points
This multi-part question requires precise numerical working for (a) followed by conceptual exposition for (b) and (c). Spend approximately 50% time on part (a) given its 25 marks and computational complexity—begin with equivalent production calculation, then cost apportionment, finally ledger accounts. Allocate 20% to part (b) covering portfolio objectives and ratios, and 30% to part (c) which demands critical elaboration on non-profit marketing challenges with dimensions. Present all numerical workings in tabular format with clear labeling of units, costs, and percentages.
Part (a)(i): Equivalent production statement showing units for Material (3,720), Labour (3,440), and Overheads (3,300) with proper treatment of normal loss (360 units) and abnormal loss (140 units)
Part (a)(ii): Cost per equivalent unit calculation (Material ₹2.50, Labour ₹1.50, Overhead ₹1.00) and valuation of abnormal loss (₹700), finished goods (₹10,400), and closing WIP (₹5,050)
Part (a)(iii): Process A Account debited with ₹21,850 and credited with transfers, abnormal loss, and closing WIP; Abnormal Loss Account showing transfer to Costing P&L
Part (b): Portfolio management objectives (security of principal, income stability, capital appreciation, liquidity, tax minimization) and key ratios (Sharpe, Treynor, Jensen's alpha, Sortino, Information ratio)
Part (c): Challenges in non-profit marketing including intangibility of benefits, multiple stakeholders, resource constraints, and mission-market tension; dimensions covering product, price (donation), place (access), promotion, people, and publics
Integration: Recognition that process costing uses weighted average method, portfolio ratios measure risk-adjusted returns, and non-profit marketing applies Kotler's societal marketing concept