Mathematics

UPSC Mathematics 2022 — Paper II

All 8 questions from UPSC Civil Services Mains Mathematics 2022 Paper II (400 marks total). Every stem reproduced in full, with directive-word analysis, marks, word limits, and answer-approach pointers.

8Questions
400Total marks
2022Year
Paper IIPaper

Topics covered

Group theory, complex analysis, convergence, Laurent series, linear programming (1)Riemann integration, group homomorphism, calculus of residues (1)Complex integration, constrained optimization, linear programming (1)Ring theory, series convergence, transportation problem (1)Differential equations, linear algebra, numerical methods, classical mechanics, fluid dynamics (1)PDE heat equation, Boolean algebra, moment of inertia (1)Partial differential equations and fluid dynamics (1)PDE canonical forms and numerical methods (1)

A

Q1
50M Compulsory solve Group theory, complex analysis, convergence, Laurent series, linear programming

(a) Show that the multiplicative group G = {1, -1, i, -i}, where i = √(-1), is isomorphic to the group G' = ({0, 1, 2, 3}, +₄). 10 marks (b) If f(z) = u + iv is an analytic function of z, and u - v = (cos x + sin x - e⁻ʸ)/(2 cos x - eʸ - e⁻ʸ), then find f(z) subject to the condition f(π/2) = 0. 10 marks (c) Test the convergence of ∫₀^∞ (cos x)/(1+x²) dx. 10 marks (d) Expand f(z) = 1/((z-1)²(z-3)) in a Laurent series valid for the regions (i) 0 < |z-1| < 2 and (ii) 0 < |z-3| < 2. 10 marks (e) Use two-phase method to solve the following linear programming problem: Minimize Z = x₁ + x₂ subject to 2x₁ + x₂ ≥ 4, x₁ + 7x₂ ≥ 7, x₁, x₂ ≥ 0. 10 marks

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) दर्शाइये कि गुणनात्मक समुह G = {1, -1, i, -i}, जहाँ i = √(-1) है, समुह G' = ({0, 1, 2, 3}, +₄) के तुल्यकारी है। 10 अंक (b) यदि f(z) = u + iv, z का एक विलोमिक फलन है, तथा u - v = (cos x + sin x - e⁻ʸ)/(2 cos x - eʸ - e⁻ʸ) है, तब शर्त f(π/2) = 0 के अधीन f(z) का मान ज्ञात कीजिये। 10 अंक (c) ∫₀^∞ (cos x)/(1+x²) dx के अभिसरण का परीक्षण कीजिये। 10 अंक (d) f(z) = 1/((z-1)²(z-3)) का क्षेत्रों (i) 0 < |z-1| < 2 एवं (ii) 0 < |z-3| < 2 के लिये वैध लौरां श्रेणी में विस्तार कीजिये। 10 अंक (e) निम्नलिखित रैखिक प्रोग्राम समस्या को हल करने के लिये छिद्रण विधि का उपयोग कीजिये: न्यूनतमीकरण कीजिये Z = x₁ + x₂ बशर्ते कि 2x₁ + x₂ ≥ 4, x₁ + 7x₂ ≥ 7, x₁, x₂ ≥ 0। 10 अंक

Answer approach & key points

(a) justify: claim > 3-4 reasons > evidence > conclusion | (b) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (c) examine: intro > how/why with reasoning > evidence > conclusion | (d) derive: given > assumptions > stepwise derivation > result > check | (e) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation Full marks: Complete, rigorous derivations with all steps shown and verified.

  • Define a mapping φ: G → G'
  • Show φ is a homomorphism (φ(ab) = φ(a) +₄ φ(b))
  • Show φ is injective (one-to-one)
  • Show φ is surjective (onto)
  • Use Milne-Thomson method or CR equations
  • Substitute z=x, y=0 to find f(z) form
  • Simplify the given expression for u-v
  • Apply condition f(π/2)=0 to find constant
Q2
50M prove Riemann integration, group homomorphism, calculus of residues

(a) Let f(x) = x² on [0, k], k > 0. Show that f is Riemann integrable on the closed interval [0, k] and ∫₀ᵏ f dx = k³/3. 15 marks (b) Prove that every homomorphic image of a group G is isomorphic to some quotient group of G. 15 marks (c) Apply the calculus of residues to evaluate ∫₋∞^∞ (cos x dx)/((x² + a²)(x² + b²)), a > b > 0. 20 marks

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) मान लीजिए कि [0, k], k > 0 पर f(x) = x² है। दर्शाइए कि f बंद अन्तराल [0, k] पर रीमन समाकलनीय है तथा ∫₀ᵏ f dx = k³/3 है। 15 अंक (b) सिद्ध कीजिए कि एक समूह G का प्रत्येक समाकारी प्रतिबिंब, G के किसी विभाग समूह के तुल्यकारी है। 15 अंक (c) ∫₋∞^∞ (cos x dx)/((x² + a²)(x² + b²)), a > b > 0 के मान निकालने के लिये अवशेष-कलन का उपयोग कीजिए। 20 अंक

Answer approach & key points

(a) derive: given > assumptions > stepwise derivation > result > check | (b) justify: claim > 3-4 reasons > evidence > conclusion | (c) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation Full marks: Rigorous proofs with all steps justified, correct final answers, and clear notation.

  • Define upper and lower sums for partition of [0,k]
  • Show difference between upper and lower sums tends to zero
  • Compute limit of Riemann sum to find integral value
  • State final result as k³/3
  • Define homomorphism φ: G → H and its image
  • Define kernel of φ as a normal subgroup
  • State and apply the First Isomorphism Theorem
  • Construct the isomorphism between G/ker(φ) and im(φ)
Q3
50M solve Complex integration, constrained optimization, linear programming

(a) Evaluate ∫_C (z+4)/(z² + 2z + 5) dz, where C is |z + 1 - i| = 2. (15 marks) (b) Find the maximum and minimum values of x²/a⁴ + y²/b⁴ + z²/c⁴, when lx + my + nz = 0 and x²/a² + y²/b² + z²/c² = 1. Interpret the result geometrically. (20 marks) (c) Solve the following linear programming problem by the simplex method. Write its dual. Also, write the optimal solution of the dual from the optimal table of the given problem : Maximize Z = x₁ + x₂ + x₃ subject to 2x₁ + x₂ + x₃ ≤ 2 4x₁ + 2x₂ + x₃ ≤ 2 x₁, x₂, x₃ ≥ 0 (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) ∫_C (z+4)/(z² + 2z + 5) dz का मान निकालिये, जहाँ C, |z + 1 - i| = 2 है। (15 अंक) (b) x²/a⁴ + y²/b⁴ + z²/c⁴ के अधिकतम तथा न्यूनतम मान निकालिये, जब lx + my + nz = 0 तथा x²/a² + y²/b² + z²/c² = 1 है। परिणाम की ज्यामितीय व्याख्या कीजिए। (20 अंक) (c) निम्नलिखित रैखिक प्रोग्राम समस्या को एकथा विधि द्वारा हल कीजिये। इसकी द्वैती समस्या लिखिये। दी गयी समस्या की इष्टतम सारणी से द्वैती समस्या का इष्टतम हल भी लिखिये : अधिकतमीकरण कीजिये Z = x₁ + x₂ + x₃ बशर्ते कि 2x₁ + x₂ + x₃ ≤ 2 4x₁ + 2x₂ + x₃ ≤ 2 x₁, x₂, x₃ ≥ 0 (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

(a) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (b) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (c) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation Full marks: Flawless execution of all methods with clear justifications and complete interpretations.

  • Factorize denominator to find singularities
  • Verify singularities lie inside contour C
  • Apply Cauchy's Integral Formula or Residue Theorem
  • Compute final value of the integral
  • Set up Lagrange multipliers for two constraints
  • Derive the characteristic equation for eigenvalues
  • Solve for maximum and minimum values
  • Provide the geometric interpretation of the result
Q4
50M solve Ring theory, series convergence, transportation problem

(a) Let R be a field of real numbers and S, the field of all those polynomials f(x) ∈ R[x] such that f(0) = 0 = f(1). Prove that S is an ideal of R[x]. Is the residue class ring R[x]/S an integral domain? Give justification for your answer. (15 marks) (b) Test for convergence or divergence of the series x + 2²x²/2! + 3³x³/3! + 4⁴x⁴/4! + 5⁵x⁵/5! + ... (x > 0) (15 marks) (c) Find the initial basic feasible solution of the following transportation problem by Vogel's approximation method and use it to find the optimal solution and the transportation cost of the problem : Destination A B C D S₁ 21 16 25 13 11 Source S₂ 17 18 14 23 13 Availability S₃ 32 27 18 41 19 Requirement 6 10 12 15 43 (20 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) मान लीजिये कि R वास्तविक संख्याओं का एक क्षेत्र है तथा S, उन सभी बहुपदों f(x) ∈ R[x], जिनके लिये f(0) = 0 = f(1) है, का क्षेत्र है। सिद्ध कीजिये कि S, R[x] की एक गुणजावली है। क्या अवशेष वर्ग वलय R[x]/S एक पूर्णांकीय प्रांत है? अपने उत्तर का स्पष्टीकरण दीजिये। (15 अंक) (b) श्रेणी x + 2²x²/2! + 3³x³/3! + 4⁴x⁴/4! + 5⁵x⁵/5! + ... (x > 0) के अभिसरण या अपसरण का परीक्षण कीजिये। (15 अंक) (c) वोगेल की संविकलन विधि से निम्नलिखित परिवहन समस्या का आरंभिक आधारी सुसंगत हल ज्ञात कीजिये। इस हल का उपयोग कर समस्या का इष्टतम हल एवं परिवहन लागत ज्ञात कीजिये : गंतव्य A B C D S₁ 21 16 25 13 11 S₂ 17 18 14 23 13 S₃ 32 27 18 41 19 मांग 6 10 12 15 43 उद्गम प्राप्यता (20 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

(a) justify: claim > 3-4 reasons > evidence > conclusion | (b) justify: claim > 3-4 reasons > evidence > conclusion | (c) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation Full marks: Rigorous proofs, correct application of tests, and complete transportation solution with all steps shown.

  • Verify S is non-empty and closed under addition
  • Verify S is closed under multiplication by R[x]
  • Identify S as the ideal generated by x(x-1)
  • Justify integral domain status via quotient ring properties
  • Identify the general term of the series
  • Apply a convergence test (e.g., Ratio Test)
  • Calculate the limit of the ratio of consecutive terms
  • State the final conclusion on convergence/divergence

B

Q5
50M Compulsory solve Differential equations, linear algebra, numerical methods, classical mechanics, fluid dynamics

(a) It is given that the equation of any cone with vertex at (a, b, c) is f((x-a)/(z-c), (y-b)/(z-c)) = 0. Find the differential equation of the cone. (10 marks) (b) Solve, by Gauss elimination method, the system of equations 2x + 2y + 4z = 18 x + 3y + 2z = 13 3x + y + 3z = 14 (10 marks) (c) (i) Convert the number (1093·21875)₁₀ into octal and the number (1693·0628)₁₀ into hexadecimal systems. (ii) Express the Boolean function F(x, y, z) = xy + x'z in a product of maxterms form. (10 marks) (d) A particle at a distance r from the centre of force moves under the influence of the central force F = -k/r², where k is a constant. Obtain the Lagrangian and derive the equations of motion. (10 marks) (e) The velocity components of an incompressible fluid in spherical polar coordinates (r, θ, ψ) are (2Mr⁻³cosθ, Mr⁻²sinθ, 0), where M is a constant. Show that the velocity is of the potential kind. Find the velocity potential and the equations of the streamlines. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) दिया गया है कि शीर्ष (a, b, c) वाले किसी शंकु का समीकरण f((x-a)/(z-c), (y-b)/(z-c)) = 0 है। शंकु का अवकल समीकरण ज्ञात कीजिए। (10 अंक) (b) गॉस विलोपन विधि द्वारा समीकरण निकाय 2x + 2y + 4z = 18 x + 3y + 2z = 13 3x + y + 3z = 14 को हल कीजिए। (10 अंक) (c) (i) संख्या (1093·21875)₁₀ को अष्टाधारी तथा संख्या (1693·0628)₁₀ को षोडश-आधारी पद्धति में बदलिए। (ii) बूलिय फलन F(x, y, z) = xy + x'z को योगद (मैक्सटर्म) के गुणन के रूप में अभिव्यक्त कीजिए। (10 अंक) (d) एक कण, जो बल-केंद्र से r दूरी पर है, केंद्रीय बल F = -k/r², जहाँ k एक स्थिरांक है, के प्रभाव में गतिमान है। लैग्रांजियन निकालिये तथा गति के समीकरणों को व्युत्पन्न कीजिये। (10 अंक) (e) किसी असंपीड्य तरल के गोलीय ध्रुवी निर्देशांकों (r, θ, ψ) में वेग-घटक (2Mr⁻³cosθ, Mr⁻²sinθ, 0) है, जहाँ M एक स्थिरांक है। दर्शाइये कि वेग, विभव प्रकार का है। वेग विभव तथा धारारेखाओं के समीकरण ज्ञात कीजिये। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

(a) derive: given > assumptions > stepwise derivation > result > check | (b) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (c(i)) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (c(ii)) derive: given > assumptions > stepwise derivation > result > check | (d) derive: given > assumptions > stepwise derivation > result > check | (e) derive: given > assumptions > stepwise derivation > result > check Full marks: All parts fully derived with correct notation, verification, and clear step-by-step logic.

  • Define p = ∂z/∂x and q = ∂z/∂y
  • Differentiate f((x-a)/(z-c), (y-b)/(z-c)) = 0
  • Eliminate arbitrary function f
  • State final PDE: (x-a)p + (y-b)q = z-c
  • Form augmented matrix
  • Perform row operations to upper triangular form
  • Solve via back-substitution
  • State final values for x, y, z
Q6
50M solve PDE heat equation, Boolean algebra, moment of inertia

(a) Solve the heat equation ∂u/∂t = ∂²u/∂x², 0 < x < l, t > 0 subject to the conditions u(0, t) = u(l, t) = 0, u(x, 0) = x(l-x), 0 ≤ x ≤ l. (20 marks) (b) Find a combinatorial circuit corresponding to the Boolean function f(x, y, z) = [x · (ȳ + z)] + y and write the input/output table for the circuit. (15 marks) (c) Find the moment of inertia of a right circular solid cone about one of its slant sides (generator) in terms of its mass M, height h and the radius of base as a. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) उष्मा समीकरण ∂u/∂t = ∂²u/∂x², 0 < x < l, t > 0 का शर्तों u(0, t) = u(l, t) = 0, u(x, 0) = x(l-x), 0 ≤ x ≤ l से प्रतिबंधित हल ज्ञात कीजिये। (20 अंक) (b) बूलिय फलन f(x, y, z) = [x · (ȳ + z)] + y का संगत संयोजीव्यास परिपथ (कॉम्बिनेटोरियल सर्किट) ज्ञात कीजिये तथा परिपथ के लिये निवेश/निर्गत (इनपुट/आउटपुट) सारणी लिखिये। (15 अंक) (c) एक लम्ब वृत्तीय ठोस शंकु का उसकी संहति M, ऊँचाई h तथा आधार की त्रिज्या a के रूप में उसकी एक तिर्यक रेखा (जनक रेखा) के सापेक्ष जड़त्व-आघूर्ण ज्ञात कीजिये। (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

(a) derive: given > assumptions > stepwise derivation > result > check | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) derive: given > assumptions > stepwise derivation > result > check Full marks: Complete derivations with all steps, correct results, and verification

  • Apply separation of variables to find general solution
  • Satisfy boundary conditions u(0,t)=u(l,t)=0
  • Expand initial condition x(l-x) in Fourier sine series
  • Calculate Fourier coefficients explicitly
  • Draw circuit with correct logic gates
  • Implement function f(x,y,z) = [x·(ȳ+z)]+y
  • Provide complete truth table for all 8 inputs
  • Label inputs and outputs clearly
Q7
50M solve Partial differential equations and fluid dynamics

(a) Find the general solution of the partial differential equation (D² + DD' - 6D'²)z = x² sin(x+y) where D ≡ (∂)/(∂ x) and D' ≡ (∂)/(∂ y). (15 marks) (b) The velocity of a train which starts from rest is given by the following table, the time being reckoned in minutes from the start and the velocity in km/hour: | t (minutes) | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | v (km/hour) | 16 | 28.8 | 40 | 46.4 | 51.2 | 32 | 17.6 | 8 | 3.2 | 0 | Using Simpson's 1/3rd rule, estimate approximately in km the total distance run in 20 minutes. (15 marks) (c) Two point vortices each of strength k are situated at (± a, 0) and a point vortex of strength -k/2 is situated at the origin. Show that the fluid motion is stationary and also find the equations of streamlines. If the streamlines, which pass through the stagnation points, meet the x-axis at (± b, 0), then show that $3√3(b²-a²)² = 16a^3b$. (20 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) आंशिक अवकल समीकरण (D² + DD' - 6D'²)z = x² sin(x+y) जहाँ D ≡ (∂)/(∂ x) तथा D' ≡ (∂)/(∂ y), का व्यापक हल ज्ञात कीजिये। (15 अंक) (b) एक रेलगाड़ी, जो कि विश्राम से चलना प्रारंभ करती है, का वेग निम्नलिखित सारणी द्वारा दिया गया है। प्रस्थान से समय की गणना मिनट में तथा वेग की कि० मी०/घंटा में की गयी है: | t (मिनट) | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | v (कि० मी०/घंटा) | 16 | 28.8 | 40 | 46.4 | 51.2 | 32 | 17.6 | 8 | 3.2 | 0 | सिम्पसन के 1/3 नियम का उपयोग करके 20 मिनट में तय की गयी कुल दूरी (लगभग) का आकलन कि० मी० में कीजिये। (15 अंक) (c) दो बिंदु भ्रमिल, जहाँ प्रत्येक का सामर्थ्य k है, (± a, 0) पर स्थित हैं तथा -k/2 सामर्थ्य का एक बिंदु भ्रमिल, मूलबिंदु पर स्थित है। दर्शाइये कि तरल गति अचल है तथा धारारेखाओं के समीकरण भी ज्ञात कीजिये। यदि धारारेखाएँ, जो कि प्रगतिरोध बिंदुओं (स्टैगनेशन पॉइंट) से गुजरती हैं, x-अक्ष पर (± b, 0) पर मिलती हैं, तब दर्शाइये कि $3√3(b²-a²)² = 16a^3b$। (20 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

(a) derive: given > assumptions > stepwise derivation > result > check | (b) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (c) derive: given > assumptions > stepwise derivation > result > check Full marks: All parts fully derived with correct methods, units, and verification; no algebraic errors.

  • Complementary function from auxiliary equation m² + m - 6 = 0
  • Particular integral via operator method for x² sin(x+y)
  • General solution z = CF + PI
  • Verification of PI by substitution
  • Simpson's 1/3rd rule formula stated with h = 2
  • Correct identification of y0, y1, ..., y10 from table
  • Substitution into (h/3)[y0 + y10 + 4(odd) + 2(even)]
  • Final answer in km with unit conversion (min to hr)
Q8
50M solve PDE canonical forms and numerical methods

(a) Reduce the following partial differential equation to a canonical form and hence solve it: yuₓₓ + (x+y)u_xy + xu_yy = 0 (15 marks) (b) Using Runge-Kutta method of fourth order, solve the differential equation dy/dx = x + y² with y(0) = 1, at x = 0.2. Use four decimal places for calculation and step length 0.1. (15 marks) (c) Verify that w = ik log (z-ia)/(z+ia) is the complex potential of a steady flow of fluid about a circular cylinder, where the plane y = 0 is a rigid boundary. Find also the force exerted by the fluid on unit length of the cylinder. (20 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) निम्नलिखित आंशिक अवकल समीकरण yuₓₓ + (x+y)u_xy + xu_yy = 0 को विहित रूप में समानीत कीजिये और अतः इसको हल कीजिये। (15 अंक) (b) चतुर्थ कोटि की रूने-कुट्टा विधि का उपयोग करके अवकल समीकरण dy/dx = x + y², जबकि y(0) = 1 है, को x = 0.2 पर हल कीजिये। परिकलन में दशमलव के चार स्थानों तक तथा पग लम्बाई (स्टेप लैंथ) 0.1 का उपयोग कीजिये। (15 अंक) (c) सत्यापित कीजिये कि एक वृत्ताकार बेलन के इर्द-गिर्द एक तरल के अपरिवर्ती प्रवाह का सम्मिश्र विभव w = ik log (z-ia)/(z+ia) है, जहाँ समतल y = 0 एक दृढ़ सीमा है। बेलन की एकक लम्बाई (यूनिट लैंथ) पर तरल द्वारा लगाये गये बल को भी ज्ञात कीजिये। (20 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

(a) derive: given > assumptions > stepwise derivation > result > check | (b) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (c) justify: claim > 3-4 reasons > evidence > conclusion Full marks: Complete derivations with all steps shown, correct final answers, and clear justification of methods.

  • Identify A, B, C coefficients from the PDE
  • Solve the characteristic equation for m
  • Define new variables ξ and η
  • State the general solution in terms of ξ, η
  • State the RK4 formulas for k1, k2, k3, k4
  • Perform calculation for the first step (x=0 to 0.1)
  • Perform calculation for the second step (x=0.1 to 0.2)
  • Maintain four decimal places in all calculations

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