Paper I — Q3
(a) Describe causes of different types of anoestrus in dairy cows and suggest their remedial measures. (15 marks) (b) Describe…
(a) Describe causes of different types of anoestrus in dairy cows and suggest their remedial measures. (15 marks) (b) Describe the mechanism of respiration in poultry. (10 marks) (c) How to calculate the protein requirement of growing calves? Discuss. (15 marks) (d) Describe the importance of calorie : protein ratio in poultry. (10 marks)
हिंदी में प्रश्न पढ़ें
(a) दुधारु गायों में विभिन्न प्रकार की मदहीनता के कारणों का वर्णन कीजिए एवं उनके उपचार के उपायों को सुझाइये । (15 अंक) (b) कुक्कुट (पक्षियों) में श्वसन क्रियाविधि की व्याख्या कीजिये । (10 अंक) (c) बढ़ते बछड़ों में प्रोटीन की आवश्यकता की गणना किस प्रकार की जाती है उसकी विवेचना कीजिये । (15 अंक) (d) पक्षियों में ऊर्जा : प्रोटीन अनुपात के महत्व का वर्णन कीजिये । (10 अंक)
Directive word: Describe
This question asks you to describe. The directive word signals the depth of analysis expected, the structure of your answer, and the weight of evidence you must bring.
See our UPSC directive words guide for a full breakdown of how to respond to each command word.
How this answer will be evaluated
Approach
The question demands descriptive treatment across four sub-parts with varying marks. Allocate approximately 35-40% time/words to part (a) on anoestrus (15 marks), 25% each to parts (c) on calf protein calculation (15 marks) and (b) on poultry respiration (10 marks), and 15% to part (d) on calorie:protein ratio (10 marks). Structure with brief introductions for each part, systematic descriptive coverage of mechanisms/causes/calculations, and integrated remedial measures or implications where asked. Use diagrams for respiratory mechanism and calculation steps.
Key points expected
- Part (a): Classification of anoestrus types (true, silent, postpartum, seasonal) with specific causes—nutritional (negative energy balance, mineral deficiency), managerial (poor heat detection, bull management), pathological (ovarian hypoplasia, cystic ovaries, endometritis), and physiological (lactation stress, high yielding genetic selection)
- Part (a): Remedial measures—nutritional correction (flushing, bypass fat, mineral supplementation), hormonal therapy (GnRH, PGF2α, CIDR-based Ovsynch protocols), management interventions (synchronization programs, bull exposure, photoperiod manipulation)
- Part (b): Unique avian respiratory anatomy—air sac system (9 air sacs), unidirectional airflow through parabronchi, cross-current gas exchange mechanism; mechanics of inspiration/expiration with costal and sternal rib movement, role of abdominal muscles
- Part (c): Protein requirement calculation methodology—factorial approach: maintenance (endogenous urinary nitrogen × 6.25), growth (protein deposition ÷ biological value), with correction for digestibility (DCP) and amino acid balance; reference to NRC/ICAR standards for dairy calves
- Part (d): Calorie:protein ratio significance—energy-protein balance for optimal growth and feed efficiency, consequences of imbalance (fatty liver, ascites, poor FCR), ideal ratios for different poultry categories (starter, grower, finisher), heat stress modifications
- Part (d): Practical implications—formulation strategies using ME:CP ratios, Indian feed ingredient constraints (groundnut cake vs. soybean meal), economic optimization in commercial broiler operations
Evaluation rubric
| Dimension | Weight | Max marks | Excellent | Average | Poor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demand-directive understanding | 20% | 10 | Demonstrates precise understanding of 'describe' directive across all parts—detailed narrative coverage for (a) anoestrus types and remedies, (b) step-by-step respiratory mechanism, (c) systematic calculation methodology with 'discuss' elaboration, and (d) functional significance of nutrient ratio; no confusion between 'how to calculate' and mere definition | Addresses all directives but with uneven depth—adequate description for high-mark parts but superficial treatment of (b) or (d); may conflate 'describe' with 'list' or miss the 'discuss' requirement in (c) | Misinterprets directives—lists causes without describing mechanisms, skips calculation steps in (c), or provides only definition without functional importance in (d); significant mismatch between question demand and response type |
| Content depth & accuracy | 25% | 12.5 | Displays specialist veterinary knowledge—accurate hormonal pathways (GnRH-PGF2α cascade), precise air sac anatomy with correct terminology (mesobronchus, paleopulmonic vs. neopulmonic parabronchi), correct factorial equations for protein with biological value corrections, and scientifically valid CP:ME ratios for Indian conditions | Generally accurate content with minor errors—correct anoestrus classification but outdated hormonal protocols, basic respiratory description without air sac detail, simplified protein calculation missing endogenous losses, or generic ratio values without poultry-specific context | Substantial factual errors—confusion between anoestrus and metritis, mammalian vs. avian respiratory mechanics, gross miscalculation of protein requirements, or incorrect energy-protein relationships; indicates poor subject mastery |
| Structure & flow | 20% | 10 | Clear four-part architecture with visible sub-headings; logical progression within each part—(a) from classification to causes to remedies, (b) anatomical basis to mechanical process, (c) formula to worked example to discussion, (d) concept to application; smooth transitions and balanced length proportional to marks | Identifiable structure but uneven organization—parts present but internal logic weak (e.g., causes and remedies not matched by anoestrus type), missing sub-headings causing reader fatigue, or disproportionate length (overlong on familiar topics, rushed on technical ones) | Poorly organized or fragmented—no clear part separation, random information sequencing, severe imbalance (e.g., 80% on anoestrus ignoring other parts), or stream-of-consciousness writing without paragraph breaks |
| Examples / case-law / data | 20% | 10 | Integrates relevant Indian data—NDRI Karnal studies on anoestrus prevalence in Murrah buffaloes, ICAR feeding standards for calf protein requirements, commercial broiler performance data from Venkateshwara or Suguna Hatcheries on CP:ME optimization; cites specific hormonal protocols (Ovsynch, Cosynch) with success rates | Limited or generic examples—mentions 'high yielding crossbreds' without breed names, 'poultry farms' without specificity, or NRC standards without Indian adaptation; examples present but not tightly integrated with technical content | No examples or irrelevant ones—uses cattle data for poultry sections, cites obsolete research, or provides anecdotal 'village-level' observations without scientific validity; demonstrates failure to connect theory with Indian livestock sector reality |
| Conclusion & analytical edge | 15% | 7.5 | Synthesizes across parts where possible—links nutritional anoestrus management with calf protein nutrition, connects respiratory efficiency with energy-protein ratio optimization; offers forward-looking remarks on precision livestock technologies, genomics in fertility management, or climate-resilient feeding strategies | Brief part-specific conclusions without synthesis—separate closing sentences for each sub-part summarizing main points, but no cross-cutting insight or future orientation; competent but unambitious ending | Abrupt ending or missing conclusions—stops at last technical point without summary, or provides generic 'thus we see' statements adding no value; no evidence of analytical reflection on the interconnectedness of reproductive physiology, nutrition, and production efficiency |
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