Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science

UPSC Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science 2021 — Paper II

All 8 questions from UPSC Civil Services Mains Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science 2021 Paper II (400 marks total). Every stem reproduced in full, with directive-word analysis, marks, word limits, and answer-approach pointers.

8Questions
400Total marks
2021Year
Paper IIPaper

Topics covered

Animal anatomy, diseases, public health, milk handling, meat processing (1)Ruminant anatomy, bone fractures, animal welfare (1)Disease control, ghee manufacture, food-borne disease epidemiology (1)Leather processing, poultry housing, mastitis in dairy cattle (1)Embryonic development, poultry nutrition, veterolegal science, dairy packaging, meat quality (1)Dairy plant sanitation, avian anatomy, international trade regulations (1)Toxicology, meat science, wool grading (1)Pharmacology, butter processing, egg microbiology (1)

A

Q1
50M 150w Compulsory discuss Animal anatomy, diseases, public health, milk handling, meat processing

Discuss the following in about 150 words each: (a) Histology of endocrine and exocrine pancreas (10 marks) (b) Monday morning sickness in equines and its management (10 marks) (c) Socio-economic impact of zoonotic diseases on public health (10 marks) (d) Collection and transportation of raw milk (10 marks) (e) Grading and fabrication of sheep carcass (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक की लगभग 150 शब्दों में विवेचना कीजिए : (a) एण्डोक्राइन एवं एक्सोक्राइन अग्नाशय का उत्तक-विज्ञान (10 अंक) (b) घोड़ों में मंडे मॉर्निंग सिकनेस तथा उसका प्रबंधन (10 अंक) (c) पशुजन्य रोगों का जन स्वास्थ्य पर सामाजिक-आर्थिक प्रभाव (10 अंक) (d) कच्चे दूध का संग्रहण एवं परिवहन (10 अंक) (e) भेड़ के शव की ग्रेडिंग एवं फेब्रिकेशन (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: UPSC Veterinary Science Paper 2. (a) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) analyse: intro > causes > effects > stakeholders/linkages > way forward | (d) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (e) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance Full marks: Accurate, specific, and well-structured answers with all key points

  • Exocrine: Acinar cells, zymogen granules, centroacinar cells
  • Exocrine: Duct system (intercalated, intralobular, interlobular)
  • Endocrine: Islets of Langerhans, A, B, D, PP cells
  • Endocrine: Vascular nature, lack of ducts
  • Definition: exertional rhabdomyolysis (azoturia, tying-up) after exercise following rest on full grain
  • Aetiology: glycogen build-up during rest, carbohydrate-rich feed, vitamin E and selenium deficiency, inherited defects
  • Signs: stiffness, sweating, muscle pain, myoglobinuria (dark urine), recumbency
  • Management: stop exercise, analgesics, muscle relaxants, intravenous fluids
  • Definition of zoonotic diseases
  • Economic impact: Loss of livestock, trade restrictions
  • Social impact: Public health burden, mortality
  • Examples: Rabies, Brucellosis, Anthrax
  • Collection: Milking hygiene, cooling, storage
  • Transportation: Insulated tankers, temperature control
  • Quality control: Testing for antibiotics, somatic cell count
  • Regulatory compliance: FSSAI or local dairy regulations
  • Grading: Based on fat cover, conformation, weight
  • Fabrication: Primal cuts (loin, leg, shoulder, neck)
  • Sub-primal cuts: Specific cuts from primals
  • Yield: Percentage of meat, bone, fat
Q2
50M enumerate Ruminant anatomy, bone fractures, animal welfare

(a) Enumerate the different compartments of ruminal stomach. Explain the topographic anatomy of rumen and reticulum in relation to causation of diaphragmatic hernia. (20 marks) (b) Discuss the classification, fixation techniques, complications and management of long bone fractures in animals. (20 marks) (c) Discuss the role of SPCA in animal welfare. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) जुगाली करने वाले जानवरों के पेट के विभिन्न भागों का निरूपण (इन्यूमेरेट) कीजिए। डायाफ्रामिक हर्निया के कारण के संबंध में रूमेन और रेटिकुलम की स्थलाकृतिक शरीर-रचना की व्याख्या कीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) जानवरों में लंबी हड्डियों के फ्रैक्चर के वर्गीकरण, निर्धारण तकनीकों, जटिलताओं एवं प्रबंधन की चर्चा कीजिए। (20 अंक) (c) पशु कल्याण के लिए एस० पी० सी० ए० की भूमिका का वर्णन कीजिए। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

(a) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Precise anatomical/clinical terminology, complete coverage of all required dimensions, specific examples, correct species attribution

  • List four compartments: rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
  • Describe reticulum position against diaphragm (heart area)
  • Explain rumen position in left cranial abdomen
  • Link anatomical position to diaphragmatic hernia causation
  • Classify fractures (open/closed, transverse/oblique/spiral)
  • Describe internal fixation (plates, screws, pins)
  • Describe external fixation (casts, splints, external fixators)
  • List complications (non-union, malunion, infection)
  • Define SPCA (Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals)
  • Describe enforcement of anti-cruelty laws
  • Mention rescue and rehabilitation services
  • Reference public education and awareness programs
Q3
50M discuss Disease control, ghee manufacture, food-borne disease epidemiology

(a) What are zero disease concept and herd immunity? Discuss in detail about chemoprophylaxis. (20 marks) (b) Discuss the various methods of Ghee manufacture along with their merits and demerits. Write down the FSSAI and Agmark standards of Ghee. (15 marks) (c) Discuss the epidemiological principles, methods of investigation and control of food-borne diseases. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) शून्य रोग अवधारणा (जीरो डिजीज कांसेप्ट) और हर्ड इम्युनिटी क्या हैं? रसायन-रोगनिरोध (कीमoprophylaxis) के बारे में विस्तार से चर्चा कीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) घी निर्माण की विभिन्न विधियों के साथ-साथ उनके गुण व दोषों की विवेचना कीजिए। घी के एफ० एस० एस० ए० आई० एवं एगमार्क मानकों के बारे में लिखिए। (15 अंक) (c) खाद्यजनित रोगों के महामारी-विज्ञान के सिद्धांतों, उनकी जाँच एवं नियंत्रण के तरीकों को विस्तारपूर्वक वर्णित कीजिए। (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: UPSC Mains Subjective. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Comprehensive, specific, and well-structured with all required elements.

  • Define zero disease concept (eradication)
  • Define herd immunity (threshold)
  • Define chemoprophylaxis (preventive drug use)
  • Examples: isometamidium (trypanosomiasis), monensin (coccidiosis), tetracycline (anaplasmosis)
  • List methods (e.g., traditional, industrial)
  • Merits and demerits of methods
  • FSSAI standards for Ghee
  • Agmark standards for Ghee
  • Epidemiological principles (e.g., chain of infection)
  • Methods of investigation (e.g., outbreak investigation)
  • Control measures (e.g., hygiene, pasteurization)
Q4
50M discuss Leather processing, poultry housing, mastitis in dairy cattle

(a) Discuss the various methods of preservation of hides and skin. Elaborate the different steps involved in conversion of hides and skin into leather. (20 marks) (b) Discuss the different housing systems for poultry and their merits and demerits. (10 marks) (c) Discuss in detail the etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis and control of mastitis in a high-yielding crossbred Jersey cow. (20 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) खाल एवं त्वचा के संरक्षण के विभिन्न तरीकों की चर्चा कीजिए। खाल एवं त्वचा को चमड़े में बदलने में शामिल विभिन्न चरणों का विस्तार से वर्णन कीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) कुक्कुट (पोल्ट्री) पालन के लिए विभिन्न आवास व्यवस्थाओं (प्रणालियों) का वर्णन कीजिए और उनके गुण व दोषों पर चर्चा कीजिए। (10 अंक) (c) अधिक उत्पादकता (दुध) वाली क्रॉसब्रीड जर्सी गायों में थनैला (मास्टाइटिस) की इटियोलॉजी, रोगजनन, लक्षण, निदान और नियंत्रण के बारे में विस्तार से चर्चा कीजिए। (20 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: UPSC Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science Paper 2. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Comprehensive coverage of all sub-parts with specific technical terms and logical flow.

  • Salt, dry, and chemical preservation methods
  • Liming and deliming process
  • Tanning agents (vegetable vs mineral)
  • Finishing and dressing steps
  • Deep litter system description
  • Battery cage system description
  • Comparison of labor and space requirements
  • Impact on bird welfare and production
  • Etiology: Staph. aureus, Strep. agalactiae
  • Pathogenesis: Infection route and inflammation
  • Clinical signs: Swelling, heat, pain, clots
  • Diagnosis: CMT, somatic cell count, culture

B

Q5
50M 150w Compulsory discuss Embryonic development, poultry nutrition, veterolegal science, dairy packaging, meat quality

Discuss the following in about 150 words each: (a) Development of bone, fat and muscle tissues in mammalian embryo (10 marks) (b) Vitamin B complex deficiency in poultry (10 marks) (c) Determination of time of death (TOD) in animals in veterolegal cases (10 marks) (d) Packaging of milk and milk products (10 marks) (e) Eating quality of meat (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक की लगभग 150 शब्दों में विवेचना कीजिए : (a) स्तनधारी भ्रूण में अस्थि, वसा एवं मांसपेशियों के उतकों का विकास (10 अंक) (b) कुक्कुट (पोल्ट्री) में विटामिन बी० कॉम्प्लेक्स की कमी (10 अंक) (c) पशुचिकित्सा-कानूनी मामलों में पशुओं की मृत्यु के समय (टी० ओ० डी०) का निर्धारण (10 अंक) (d) दुध और दुध उत्पादों की पैकेजिंग (10 अंक) (e) मांस की खाने योग्य गुणवत्ता (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: UPSC Veterinary Science Standard. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (d) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (e) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Precise terminology, clear distinction between parts, and specific examples.

  • Mesenchymal origin of all three tissues
  • Ossification types: intramembranous vs endochondral
  • Myoblast fusion into myotubes
  • Adipose differentiation from mesenchyme
  • Specific signs: star-gazing polyneuritis (B1), curled-toe paralysis (B2)
  • Growth retardation and poor feed conversion
  • Dietary causes: corn-based rations
  • Treatment: B-complex injections or feed supplementation
  • Algor mortis (body temperature drop)
  • Rigor mortis (onset and duration)
  • Gastric content analysis (digestion stage)
  • Insect succession (forensic entomology)
  • Aseptic packaging (Tetra Pak) for UHT milk
  • Glass and HDPE for pasteurized milk
  • Vacuum packaging for cheese/butter
  • Labeling requirements (FSSAI standards)
  • Tenderness (marbling, muscle fiber type)
  • Juiciness (water-holding capacity)
  • Flavor (lipid oxidation, Maillard reaction)
  • Color (myoglobin state)
Q6
50M describe Dairy plant sanitation, avian anatomy, international trade regulations

(a) Describe in detail about the cleaning and sanitation of dairy plant for processing of clean and safe milk. (20 marks) (b) Describe the various modifications in musculo-skeletal system of fowl which help them in flight. (15 marks) (c) Discuss the role of OIE, WTO and sanitary and phytosanitary measures needed in improving the international trade in foods of animal origin. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) स्वच्छ और सुरक्षित दूध के प्रसंस्करण के लिए डेयरी संयंत्र की सफाई एवं स्वच्छता के बारे में विस्तारपूर्वक वर्णन कीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) मुर्गी के मांसपेशीय एवं कंकालीय प्रणाली में विभिन्न संशोधनों का वर्णन कीजिए, जो कि उन्हें उड़ान में मदद करते हैं। (15 अंक) (c) पशुओं द्वारा उत्पन्न खाद्य पदार्थों के अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार में सुधार के लिए आवश्यक ओ। आइ। ई।, डब्ल्यू। टी। ओ। तथा स्वच्छता एवं पादप-स्वच्छता (फाइटोसैनिटरी) उपायों की भूमिका पर चर्चा कीजिए। (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: UPSC Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science Paper 2. (a) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Comprehensive, accurate, and well-structured answers with specific technical terms and examples.

  • Pre-operational cleaning (CIP) and post-operational cleaning
  • Sanitation of bulk milk cooling and storage tanks
  • Sanitation of processing equipment (pasteurizers, homogenizers)
  • Sanitation of packaging lines and final product contact surfaces
  • Lightweight, hollow (pneumatic) bones with air sacs
  • Fused vertebrae (synsacrum) for a rigid trunk
  • Keel (carina) on the sternum for flight muscle attachment
  • Modification of forelimbs into wings with modified digits
Q7
50M discuss Toxicology, meat science, wool grading

(a) Write about the risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms and management of organophosphorus poisoning in dairy animals. (20 marks) (b) Discuss the steps involved in conversion of muscle into meat and the factors affecting meat quality. (20 marks) (c) Discuss the various systems of wool grading. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) दूध उत्पादक पशुओं में ऑर्गेनोफॉस्फोरस विषाक्तता के जोखिम कारक, रोगजनन, नैदानिक लक्षण एवं प्रबंधन के बारे में लिखिए। (20 अंक) (b) मांसपेशियों को मांस में बदलने के लिए शामिल चरणों एवं मांस की गुणवत्ता को प्रभावित करने वाले कारकों पर चर्चा कीजिए। (20 अंक) (c) उन ग्रेडिंग की विभिन्न प्रणालियों पर चर्चा कीजिए। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Define > Physiology or aetiology > Signs > Diagnosis and management. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Comprehensive, accurate, and well-structured answers with specific examples and correct terminology.

  • Identify risk factors (e.g., accidental ingestion, contaminated feed)
  • Explain pathogenesis: inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
  • List clinical symptoms: salivation, muscle tremors, respiratory distress
  • Detail management: Atropine and oximes (e.g., pralidoxime) administration
  • Describe post-mortem changes: rigor mortis, aging, refrigeration
  • Explain the biochemical basis of rigor mortis (ATP depletion)
  • Identify factors affecting meat quality (pH, temperature, breed)
  • Discuss the impact of aging on tenderness and flavor
  • Define wool grading and its importance
  • Describe the micron count system (e.g., 17-20 micron fine wool)
  • Explain the staple length and strength criteria
  • Mention the role of crimp and color in grading
Q8
50M discuss Pharmacology, butter processing, egg microbiology

(a) Classify diuretics with examples on the basis of efficacy and also write down their mechanism of action. (20 marks) (b) Discuss in detail about the processing of butter along with flow diagram. Enumerate the defects encountered in stored butter. (20 marks) (c) Explain the antimicrobial components of shell eggs and discuss the different types of microbial spoilage of shell eggs. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) प्रभावोत्पादकता (एफिकेसी) के आधार पर मूत्रवर्धकों को उदाहरण सहित वर्गीकृत कीजिए तथा उनकी क्रियाविधि भी लिखिए। (20 अंक) (b) मक्खन के प्रसंस्करण के बारे में प्रवाह आरेख (फ्लो डायग्राम) के साथ विस्तार से चर्चा कीजिए। भंडारित मक्खन में आने वाली खराबियों के बारे में लिखिए। (20 अंक) (c) शेल अंडों के रोगाणुरोधी घटकों (कॉम्पोनेंट) की व्याख्या कीजिए एवं शेल अंडों की विभिन्न प्रकार की माइक्रोबियल खराबी (स्पॉइलेज) की चर्चा कीजिए। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

(a) compare: paired headings or table > key differences > significance > conclusion | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Comprehensive classification, detailed processing flow, and precise identification of antimicrobial agents.

  • Classification based on efficacy (high, medium, low)
  • Specific examples for each efficacy class
  • Mechanism of action for each class
  • Comparison of efficacy levels
  • Step-by-step processing flow (Churning, Washing, Salting, Moulding)
  • Flow diagram of butter processing
  • Enumeration of defects in stored butter
  • Description of specific defects (Rancidity, mould, leaky body)
  • Antimicrobial components (Lysozyme, Ovotransferrin, IgY)
  • Types of microbial spoilage (Bacterial, Fungal)
  • Specific spoilage organisms (Pseudomonas, Proteus, Serratia)
  • Mechanism of antimicrobial action

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