Civil Engineering 2022 Paper II 50 marks 250 words Analyse
Q7
Answer the following questions in about 250 words each: (a) Analyse the growth of communalism in India during the freedom struggle. What were its social and political implications? (15 marks) (b) Examine the role of the Indian diaspora in India's economic development. How can their potential be better utilized? (15 marks)
Directive word: Analyse
This question asks you to analyse. The directive word signals the depth of analysis expected, the structure of your answer, and the weight of evidence you must bring.
See our UPSC directive words guide for a full breakdown of how to respond to each command word.
How this answer will be evaluated
Approach
The directive 'analyse' for part (a) and 'examine' for part (b) demand a structured, evidence-based breakdown of causes, manifestations, and implications rather than mere description. Allocate approximately 125 words to each sub-part, with part (a) tracing communalism's evolution from late 19th century (Syed Ahmed Khan, Hindu-Muslim divergence) through 1920s-40s (Communal Award, Direct Action Day), and part (b) covering remittances, FDI, knowledge transfer, and policy recommendations like PIO-OCI merger. Structure each part with brief context, analytical body addressing 'why' and 'how', and a concluding implication or forward-looking suggestion.
Key points expected
- For (a): Identifies key phases—late 19th century (Urdu-Hindi controversy, Aligarh Movement), 1905-20 (Bengal partition, Lucknow Pact, Khilafat), 1920s-37 (separate electorates, Communal Award), 1940-47 (Pakistan Resolution, Direct Action Day, partition violence)
- For (a): Analyses social implications (communal riots, refugee crisis, identity polarization) and political implications (delayed independence, partition, weakened secular nationalism, institutionalized minority safeguards)
- For (b): Quantifies diaspora contribution—remittances ($125B+ annually, world's largest), FDI inflows, startup ecosystem participation, knowledge networks (STEM professionals, IIT alumni)
- For (b): Evaluates utilization gaps—brain drain vs. brain gain, policy barriers, investment climate constraints, limited diaspora participation in governance
- For (b): Proposes measures—diaspora bonds, NRI investment windows, skill partnerships (VAJRA faculty scheme), electoral participation, leveraging Gulf remittances for infrastructure
Evaluation rubric
| Dimension | Weight | Max marks | Excellent | Average | Poor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Concept correctness | 25% | 7.5 | For (a): Accurately distinguishes communalism from religious identity, correctly identifies Syed Ahmed Khan's two-nation theory seeds, Morley-Minto reforms' separate electorates as structural turning point, and Jinnah's 14 Points; for (b): Correctly defines diaspora (NRIs + PIOs), distinguishes remittance types (workers' vs. investment), and accurately cites Pravasi Bharatiya Divas, VAJRA, and SWAMITVA schemes | Mixes communalism with religious revivalism or conflates diaspora with only NRIs; vague on chronology or schemes; minor factual errors on Communal Award year or remittance figures | Fundamental confusion: treats communalism as purely British conspiracy without Indian agency, or equates diaspora only with Silicon Valley CEOs; major historical errors (e.g., dates partition to 1946) |
| Numerical accuracy | 15% | 4.5 | For (b): Provides current data—India as top remittance recipient ($125 billion in 2023 per World Bank), 32 million diaspora (largest globally), FDI contribution ~$80 billion cumulative; for (a): cites specific figures where relevant (1946 Calcutta riots: 4,000+ dead, 10 million refugees in partition) | Round figures without sources ('billions in remittances'); approximate dates; no specific data on diaspora states (Kerala, Punjab, Gujarat dominance) | Invented statistics or orders of magnitude errors; confuses diaspora population with NRI numbers; no quantitative grounding for claims |
| Diagram quality | 10% | 3 | Includes one schematic: for (a) a timeline/chronology of communalism phases with key events (1877-1947), or for (b) a flow diagram showing diaspora contribution channels (remittances → consumption/investment; FDI → sectors; knowledge → innovation); properly labeled, enhances explanation | Attempted diagram but poorly labeled, or generic table without analytical value; diagram not integrated with text | No diagram where one would strengthen answer; or irrelevant sketch (e.g., map of India without diaspora relevance) |
| Step-by-step derivation | 25% | 7.5 | For (a): Logically derives communalism's growth—economic competition (middle class jobs), political representation (separate electorates as institutionalization), cultural differentiation (Hindi-Urdu, cow protection), culminating in Pakistan demand; for (b): Derives utilization potential from current constraints—remittance dependency vs. productive investment, skill mismatch, policy gaps → specific recommendations | Lists factors without causal linkage; jumps between events without showing progression; recommendations not derived from analysis | Random facts without structure; no derivation of 'how communalism grew' or 'why diaspora potential underutilized'; conclusion unsupported by preceding analysis |
| Practical interpretation | 25% | 7.5 | For (a): Connects to contemporary relevance—communalism's institutional legacy in Indian politics (personal laws, Article 370 abrogation context), and lessons for current pluralism; for (b): Grounded policy suggestions—diaspora bonds for infrastructure (like Israel's), state-level diaspora engagement (Kerala's Loka Kerala Sabha model), addressing Gulf diaspora welfare protection | Generic conclusion ('communalism was bad', 'diaspora should help'); no specific policy or contemporary link; vague on implementation | No practical takeaway; purely historical narrative without implications; or unrealistic suggestions ignoring regulatory constraints (e.g., dual citizenship without constitutional amendment discussion) |
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