Electrical Engineering

UPSC Electrical Engineering 2022 — Paper I

All 8 questions from UPSC Civil Services Mains Electrical Engineering 2022 Paper I (400 marks total). Every stem reproduced in full, with directive-word analysis, marks, word limits, and answer-approach pointers.

8Questions
400Total marks
2022Year
Paper IPaper

Topics covered

Circuit analysis, electronics, machines, op-amp, digital logic (1)Transient analysis, network theorems, Laplace transform, power electronics (1)Common-emitter amplifier and control systems (1)Network convolution and power electronics (1)Digital electronics, transmission lines, machines, communication, network theory (1)Electromagnetic waves, DC-DC converters, network theorems (1)Synchronous motor, probability, Stokes theorem (1)Digital counters, communication systems, transformer efficiency (1)

A

Q1
50M Compulsory solve Circuit analysis, electronics, machines, op-amp, digital logic

(a) For the circuit shown in Figure 1(a), find the V_in, V_S and power supplied by the dependent source. (10 marks) (b) Calculate the forward current caused by 0·8 V forward voltage across the diode with ideality factor of semiconductor material as 1. The reverse saturation current of diode is 12·674 × 10⁻¹³ A at a temperature of 22°C. [Assume Boltzmann constant K = 1·38 × 10⁻²³ JK⁻¹, charge of electron q = 1·6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C] (10 marks) (c) Find the efficiency of a long shunt compound generator rated at 250 kW, 230 V when supplying 75% rated load at rated voltage. The resistances of armature and series field are 0·009 Ω and 0·003 Ω respectively. The shunt field current is 13 A. When the machine is running as a motor at no-load, the armature current is 25 A at rated voltage. (10 marks) (d) An op-amp circuit is shown in Figure 1(d) below. Assume the op-amp to be ideal. (i) Determine I_1, I_2, I_3 and V_X. (ii) If V_0 is not to be lower than −13 V, calculate the maximum allowed value for R_L. (iii) If R_L is varied in the range 100 Ω to 1 kΩ, what is the corresponding change in I_L and in V_0? (10 marks) (e) Explain the parity bit generator and parity bit checker. Realize the even parity bit generator and even parity bit checker using X-OR gate. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) चित्र 1(a) में दर्शाए गए परिपथ के लिए V_in, V_S और आश्रित स्रोत द्वारा आपूर्ति की गई शक्ति के मान ज्ञात कीजिए। (10 अंक) (b) तत्समक गुणांक 1 (एक) वाले अर्धचालक पदार्थ के डायोड के आर-पार 0·8 V अग्र बोल्टता के कारण उत्पन्न अग्र धारा का मान परिकलित कीजिए। 22°C तापमान पर डायोड की उत्क्रम संतृप्ति धारा 12·674 × 10⁻¹³ A है। [बोल्ट्ज़मान स्थिरांक K = 1·38 × 10⁻²³ JK⁻¹, इलेक्ट्रॉन का आवेश q = 1·6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C मान लीजिए] (10 अंक) (c) निर्धारित बोल्टता पर 75% निर्धारित भार की आपूर्ति करते समय 250 kW, 230 V द्वारा निर्धारित मान के एक दीर्घ पार्श्व पथ मिश्र कुंडलित जनित्र की दक्षता ज्ञात कीजिए। आर्मेचर एवं श्रेणी क्षेत्र के प्रतिरोध क्रमशः: 0·009 Ω और 0·003 Ω हैं। पार्श्व (शंट) क्षेत्र की धारा 13 A है। यह मशीन जब बिना किसी भार की मोटर की तरह कार्य करती है तो निर्धारित बोल्टता पर आर्मेचर की धारा 25 A है। (10 अंक) (d) चित्र 1(d) में संक्रियात्मक-प्रवर्धक (op-amp) परिपथ को नीचे दर्शाया गया है। संक्रियात्मक-प्रवर्धक (op-amp) को आदर्श मान लीजिए। (i) I₁, I₂, I₃ और Vₓ के मान ज्ञात कीजिए। (ii) Rₗ के अधिकतम अनुमत मान की गणना कीजिए, जबकि V₀ का मान −13 V से कम न हो। (iii) यदि R_L का मान 100 Ω से 1 kΩ की सीमा में परिवर्तित होता है, तो तदनुसार V_0 तथा I_L में क्या परिवर्तन होगा? (10 अंक) (e) पैरिटी बिट जनित्र व पैरिटी बिट परीक्षक की व्याख्या कीजिए। सम-पैरिटी बिट जनित्र व सम-पैरिटी बिट परीक्षक को X-OR गेट के प्रयोग द्वारा साकार कीजिए। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Solve this multi-part numerical problem by allocating approximately 20% time to each sub-part (a)-(e), with sub-part (d) requiring additional attention for its three sub-sections. Begin with clear circuit diagrams for parts (a) and (d), apply fundamental laws (KCL/KVL, diode equation, generator/motor relations, op-amp virtual ground), show all derivation steps with proper units, and conclude with practical significance of results. For part (e), include truth tables and XOR gate diagrams for parity circuits.

  • Part (a): Correct application of KCL/KVL to find V_in, V_S and power from dependent source; identification of controlling variable for dependent source
  • Part (b): Accurate calculation of thermal voltage V_T at 22°C (295K), correct substitution in diode equation I = I_s[exp(V/nV_T) - 1] with ideality factor n=1
  • Part (c): Proper calculation of armature current, series field drop, and efficiency for long shunt compound generator; correct treatment of no-load motor data for rotational losses
  • Part (d)(i)-(iii): Application of ideal op-amp assumptions (virtual short, zero input current); correct nodal analysis for I_1, I_2, I_3, V_X; determination of R_L(max) from saturation limit; analysis of load regulation
  • Part (e): Clear explanation of parity generation and checking for error detection; complete realization using XOR gates with proper logic diagrams and truth tables for even parity
  • Consistent use of proper units (V, A, Ω, W) and significant figures throughout all numerical calculations
  • Clear circuit diagrams for parts (a), (d), and (e) with labeled components and current/voltage polarities
  • Physical interpretation of results: power flow direction, diode conduction regime, generator efficiency implications, op-amp operating limits, and parity scheme applications in data communication
Q2
50M solve Transient analysis, network theorems, Laplace transform, power electronics

(a) (i) For the circuit shown in Figure 2(a)(i), initial current through the coil is zero. The switch is closed at time t = 0. Find the time domain expression of current flowing through the coil for t ≥ 0. How long will it take for the coil current to reach 95% of its final value and what is the final value of this current? (10 marks) (ii) Obtain the Thevenin's equivalent of the network shown in Figure 2(a)(ii), across the terminals XY. (10 marks) (b) (i) Determine the Inverse Laplace Transform of the following function: F(s) = (s³ + 7s² + 14s + 11)/(s³ + 6s² + 11s + 6) (6 marks) (ii) Find the initial and final value of the current whose Laplace Transform is given below: I(s) = 0.32/[s(s² + 2.42s + 0.672)] (4 marks) (iii) Solve the following differential equation: d²i/dt² + di/dt = t² + 2t. Given that i(0-) = 4 and (di/dt)₀₋ = -2. (10 marks) (c) A single phase AC bridge rectifier as shown in Figure 2(c) is operating at firing delay angle α = 45°. The thyristor T₃ gets damaged and behaves as an open circuit. Calculate the value of load resistance R if load current is 3·1556 A. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) (i) चित्र 2(a)(i) में दर्शाए गए परिपथ में कुंडली की प्रारंभिक धारा शून्य है। परिपथ की कुंजी (स्विच) t = 0 पर बंद की जाती है। t ≥ 0 के लिए कुंडली में प्रवाहित होने वाली धारा का काल क्षेत्र व्यंजक ज्ञात कीजिए। कुंडली में प्रवाहित धारा को इसके अंतिम मान के 95% मान तक पहुँचने में कितना समय लगेगा, और इस धारा का अंतिम मान क्या होगा? (10 अंक) (ii) चित्र 2(a)(ii) में दर्शाए गए परिपथ (नेटवर्क) में अंतस्थ (टर्मिनल) XY के मध्य थेवेनिन समतुल्य प्राप्त कीजिए। (10 अंक) (b) (i) निम्नलिखित फलन का व्युत्क्रम (इनवर्स) लाप्लास रूपांतरण ज्ञात कीजिए: F(s) = (s³ + 7s² + 14s + 11)/(s³ + 6s² + 11s + 6) (6 अंक) (ii) धारा, जिसका लाप्लास रूपान्तरण नीचे दिया गया है, के प्रारम्भिक तथा अन्तिम मान ज्ञात कीजिए: I(s) = 0.32/[s(s² + 2.42s + 0.672)] (4 अंक) (iii) निम्नलिखित अवकल समीकरण को हल कीजिए: d²i/dt² + di/dt = t² + 2t। दिया गया है कि i(0-) = 4 और (di/dt)₀₋ = -2 है। (10 अंक) (c) चित्र 2(c) में दर्शाए गए एकल कला ए.सी. सेतु दिष्टकारी का प्रचालन α = 45° फायरिंग विलम्ब कोण पर होता है। थायरिस्टर T₃ में दोष के कारण वह विद्युत (खुला) परिपथ की तरह व्यवहार करता है। यदि भार विद्युत धारा 3.1556 A हो, तो भार प्रतिरोध R का मान परिकलित कीजिए। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Solve this multi-part numerical problem by allocating time proportionally to marks: approximately 40% on part (a) [20 marks], 40% on part (b) [20 marks], and 20% on part (c) [10 marks]. Begin with clear circuit diagrams for (a)(i), (a)(ii) and (c), then proceed with systematic mathematical derivations. For transient analysis in (a)(i), establish the differential equation and apply initial conditions. For Thevenin's equivalent in (a)(ii), show open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current calculations. In part (b), demonstrate partial fraction expansion for (i), apply Initial and Final Value Theorems correctly for (ii), and use Laplace transforms to solve the differential equation in (iii). Conclude with practical interpretations of time constants, steady-state values, and fault implications in power electronics.

  • For (a)(i): Derive i(t) = (V/R)(1 - e^(-t/τ)) for RL circuit, calculate time constant τ = L/R, determine 95% settling time as t = 3τ, and state final value I_final = V/R
  • For (a)(ii): Calculate Thevenin voltage V_TH using mesh/nodal analysis and Thevenin resistance R_TH by deactivating independent sources, presenting equivalent circuit with values
  • For (b)(i): Perform polynomial long division to make F(s) proper, factor denominator (s+1)(s+2)(s+3), apply partial fraction expansion, and obtain inverse Laplace transform
  • For (b)(ii): Verify applicability of Initial Value Theorem (proper rational function) and Final Value Theorem (poles in LHP), then apply limits as s→∞ and s→0
  • For (b)(iii): Take Laplace transform of differential equation, apply initial conditions i(0-) = 4 and i'(0-) = -2, solve for I(s), decompose by partial fractions, and invert to get i(t)
  • For (c): Analyze single-phase bridge rectifier with T₃ open (fault condition), determine conduction pattern with only two thyristors firing, derive average output voltage V_o = (V_m/π)(1+cosα) for half-wave equivalent, and solve for R = V_o/I_o
Q3
50M derive Common-emitter amplifier and control systems

A common-emitter amplifier circuit is shown in Figure 3(a). Neglect r_x and r_o and assume the current source to be ideal. (i) Derive an expression for the midband gain. (ii) Derive expressions for the break frequencies caused by C_E and C_C. (iii) Give an expression for the amplifier voltage gain A(s). (iv) For R_sig = R_C = R_L = 10 kΩ, β = 100 and I = 1 mA, find the value of the midband gain. (v) Select values for C_E and C_C to place the two break frequencies a decade apart and to obtain a lower 3 dB frequency of 100 Hz while minimizing the total capacitance. (vi) Sketch a Bode plot for the gain magnitude and estimate the frequency at which the gain becomes unity. (b)(i) Apply the Routh-Hurwitz (R-H) criterion to the polynomial P(s) = s⁴ + 4s³ + 8s² + 12s + 15 in order to determine the number of roots, with positive real parts, with zero real parts and with negative real parts. Also, state about the stability of the system represented by P(s). (b)(ii) For the network shown in the Figure 3(b)(ii), find the impulse response. (c) A 4-pole single phase 50 Hz induction motor is having values of R₂ and X₂ equal to 0·02 ohm and 0·5 ohm respectively. Calculate the slip for maximum torque and the speed corresponding to maximum torque. Stator resistance and leakage reactance are to be neglected.

हिंदी में पढ़ें

चित्र 3(a) में एक उभयनिष्ठ-उत्सर्जक प्रवर्धक (कॉमन-एमिटर एम्पलीफायर) परिपथ दर्शाया गया है । rₓ और r₀ की उपेक्षा करते हुए तथा धारा स्रोत को आदर्श मान लीजिए । (i) मध्य-बैंड लाभिधि (मिडबैंड गेन) के व्यंजक की व्युत्पत्ति कीजिए । (ii) Cᴇ और Cᴄ के कारण विच्छेद आवृत्ति (ब्रेक फ्रीक्वेंसी) के व्यंजकों की व्युत्पत्ति कीजिए । (iii) प्रवर्धक की वोल्टता लाभिधि A(s) का व्यंजक दीजिए । (iv) R_sig = R_C = R_L = 10 kΩ, β = 100 और I = 1 mA के लिए मध्य-बैंड लाभिधि का मान ज्ञात कीजिए । (v) संपूर्ण धारिता का मान कम-से-कम रखते हुए C_E और C_C के मान का चुनाव कीजिए, जबकि दोनों विच्छेद आवृत्तियाँ एक दशक दूर हों तथा निचली 3 dB आवृत्ति 100 Hz हो । (vi) लाभिधि आयाम के लिए बोड प्लॉट का रेखांकन कीजिए तथा एकक लाभिधि के लिए आवृत्ति का आकलन कीजिए । (b)(i) बहुपद P(s) = s⁴ + 4s³ + 8s² + 12s + 15 में राउथ-हरविट्ज मापदंड का प्रयोग करते हुए ज्ञात कीजिए कि बहुपद के कितने मूल धनात्मक वास्तविक भाग, शून्य वास्तविक भाग तथा ऋणात्मक वास्तविक भाग वाले हैं। साथ ही साथ बहुपद P(s) द्वारा प्रदर्शित तंत्र के स्थायित्व के बारे में भी टिप्पणी कीजिए । (b)(ii) चित्र 3(b)(ii) में दर्शाए गए जाल (नेटवर्क) की आवेग (अधिस्पंद) अनुक्रिया ज्ञात कीजिए । (c) एक 4-पोल, एकल कला, 50 Hz प्रेरण मोटर में R₂ और X₂ के मान क्रमशः 0·02 ओह तथा 0·5 ओह है । अधिकतम बल-आघूर्ण के लिए सर्पण का मान तथा अधिकतम बल-आघूर्ण की स्थिति में गति परिकलित कीजिए । स्टेटर का प्रतिरोध तथा रिसन प्रतिघात (लीकेज रिएक्टेंस) नगण्य मान लीजिए ।

Answer approach & key points

Derive expressions systematically across all sub-parts, allocating approximately 35% time to part (a) covering amplifier analysis, 25% to Routh-Hurwitz and impulse response in part (b), and 15% to induction motor calculations in part (c). Begin with small-signal equivalent circuit construction for the common-emitter amplifier, proceed through frequency response analysis with proper pole-zero identification, then apply R-H criterion with complete array construction, solve for network impulse response using Laplace transforms, and conclude with torque-slip characteristics for the induction motor. Ensure all sketches include labeled axes and critical frequency points.

  • Small-signal equivalent circuit of common-emitter amplifier with r_π, g_m, and neglecting r_x and r_o as specified; correct identification of input and output resistances
  • Midband gain expression: A_M = -g_m(R_C||R_L) · [r_π/(R_sig+r_π)] with proper sign convention for inverting amplifier
  • Break frequency expressions: ω_L1 = 1/[C_E(R_E||(r_π+R_sig)/(1+β))] for emitter bypass and ω_L2 = 1/[C_C(R_C+R_L)] for coupling capacitor
  • Complete transfer function A(s) = A_M · s²/[(s+ω_L1)(s+ω_L2)] showing second-order high-pass characteristic
  • Numerical calculation: g_m = I_C/V_T = 40 mA/V, r_π = β/g_m = 2.5 kΩ, yielding A_M ≈ -160 V/V or 44 dB
  • Capacitor selection: C_E and C_C values satisfying ω_L2 = 10ω_L1 with f_L = 100 Hz, minimizing C_total = C_E + C_C
  • Routh-Hurwitz array construction showing no sign changes in first column, two pairs of complex conjugate roots with negative real parts, indicating marginal stability with oscillatory response
  • Induction motor: s_maxT = R₂/X₂ = 0.04, n_maxT = n_s(1-s_maxT) = 1440 rpm for 4-pole 50 Hz machine
Q4
50M solve Network convolution and power electronics

For the network shown in Figure 4(a)(i) and its excitation function shown in Figure 4(a)(ii), find the response v(t) using convolution by: (i) 's' domain approach. (ii) time domain analytical approach. (iii) graphical convolution approach. (b)(i) A 240 V, 50 Hz single phase supply is connected to a full controlled converter to control the speed of a 10 kW, 220 V separately excited dc motor. The rated current of motor at full load is 25 A, armature resistance is 0·4 ohm and machine constant is 0·3 V/rpm. Calculate the speed of motor when converter is operating at an angle α = 50°, assuming continuous armature current. (b)(ii) Describe the performance requirements of a chopper circuit that can perform the chopping functions in any modulation technique. (c) The amplifier shown in Figure 4(c) is biased to operate at I_D = 1 mA and g_m = 1 mA/V. Neglecting r_o, (i) determine the midband gain. (ii) determine the value of C_S that places f_L at 10 Hz.

हिंदी में पढ़ें

चित्र 4(a)(i) में दर्शाए गए संजाल और चित्र 4(a)(ii) में दर्शाए गए इसके उत्तेजक फलन के लिए संवलन का प्रयोग करते हुए, निम्नलिखित विधियों से अनुक्रिया v(t) ज्ञात कीजिए : (i) 's' क्षेत्र पद्धति (ii) काल क्षेत्र विश्लेषण पद्धति (iii) चित्रात्मक संवलन पद्धति (b)(i) एक 240 V, 50 Hz एकल कला आपूर्ति संयोजित एक पूर्ण नियंत्रित परिवर्तक द्वारा एक 10 kW, 220 V, अन्यतः उत्तेजित दिष धारा मोटर की चाल को नियंत्रित किया जाता है । मोटर की पूर्ण भार पर निर्धारित धारा 25 A, आर्मेचर का प्रतिरोध 0·4 Ω व मशीन स्थिरांक 0·3 V/rpm है । जब परिवर्तक का α = 50° कोण पर परिचालन किया जाता है तो मोटर की चाल की गणना, आर्मेचर में सतत धारा प्रवाह मानकर कीजिए । (b)(ii) एक अंतरायिक (चॉपर) परिपथ की कार्यकरण आवश्यकताओं का वर्णन कीजिए ताकि यह किसी मॉडुलन तकनीक में अंतरायि (चॉपिंग) कार्य कर सके । (c) चित्र 4(c) में दर्शाया गया प्रवर्धक, I_D = 1 mA और g_m = 1 mA/V पर कार्य करने हेतु अभिनति (बायस) है । r_o की उपेक्षा करते हुए (i) मध्य-बैंड लब्धि ज्ञात कीजिए । (ii) f_L को 10 Hz पर रखने हेतु C_S का मान ज्ञात कीजिए ।

Answer approach & key points

Solve this multi-part problem by allocating approximately 35% time to part (a) covering all three convolution approaches, 30% to part (b) including both the numerical calculation and chopper description, and 35% to part (c) for amplifier analysis. Begin with a brief statement of the network parameters and circuit configurations, then present systematic derivations for each sub-part with clear sectional headings, and conclude with verification of results against physical constraints.

  • For 4(a): Derive impulse response h(t) from network in Figure 4(a)(i), then apply convolution integral v(t) = ∫e(τ)h(t-τ)dτ using s-domain (Laplace), direct time-domain integration, and graphical superposition methods
  • For 4(b)(i): Calculate average output voltage V_d = (2V_m/π)cosα, determine back EMF E_b = V_d - I_aR_a, and solve for motor speed N = E_b/Kφ using given 240V supply, α=50°, and motor parameters
  • For 4(b)(ii): Specify chopper requirements including fast switching capability, proper gate drive isolation, snubber circuits for dv/dt protection, current limiting, and EMI filtering for PWM/variable frequency operation
  • For 4(c)(i): Analyze CS amplifier midband gain A_M = -g_m(R_D||R_L) using given g_m = 1mA/V and appropriate load resistance from Figure 4(c)
  • For 4(c)(ii): Calculate source bypass capacitor C_S using f_L = 1/(2πR_S'C_S) where R_S' is equivalent resistance seen by C_S, targeting f_L = 10Hz

B

Q5
50M Compulsory solve Digital electronics, transmission lines, machines, communication, network theory

(a) The diagram of Master-Slave S-R flip-flop and the waveform applied to the Master flip-flop is shown in Figure 5(a). Draw the waveform that appears at the output of Slave flip-flop. 10 marks (b) An ideal lossless λ/4 extension line of Z₀ = 60 Ω is terminated with a load resistance of 60 Ω. Find the value of Z_in. 10 marks (c) The power supplied to a 3-phase induction motor is 40 kW and the corresponding stator losses are 1·5 kW. Calculate the net (shaft) mechanical power developed and the rotor Cu loss, when the slip is 0·04 pu. What will be the net power developed if the speed of the above motor is reduced to 40% of the synchronous speed by means of external rotor resistance, assuming the torque and stator losses remain unaltered ? Friction and windage losses may be assumed to be 0·8 kW. 10 marks (d) An audio frequency signal 10 sin (2π × 500 t) is used to amplitude modulate a carrier of 50 sin (2π × 10⁵ t). Determine : (i) the modulation index (ii) the amplitude of each sideband frequency (iii) the bandwidth required (iv) total power delivered to the load of 500 Ω (v) and draw the frequency spectrum. 10 marks (e) For a two-port network, the currents I₁ and I₂ are as given below : I₁ = 2V₁ – V₂, I₂ = – V₁ + 2V₂. Find the transmission and hybrid parameters of the network. 10 marks

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) एक मास्टर-स्लेव S-R फ्लिप-फ्लॉप व उसके मास्टर फ्लिप-फ्लॉप पर अनुप्रयुक्त तरंग रूप का आरेख चित्र 5(a) में दर्शाया गया है । स्लेव फ्लिप-फ्लॉप के निर्गम पर प्रकट होने वाले तरंग रूप का आरेखण कीजिए । 10 अंक (b) Z₀ = 60 Ω वाली एक आदर्श क्षयहीन λ/4 विस्तार लाइन एक 60 Ω के भार प्रतिरोध के साथ अंतस्थ होती है । Z_in का मान ज्ञात कीजिए । 10 अंक (c) एक त्रि-कला प्रेरण मोटर को 40 kW शक्ति की आपूर्ति की जा रही है, तदनुसार स्टेटर में 1·5 kW शक्ति हानि होती है । जब सर्पण 0·04 pu हो, तो रोटर में ताम्र हानि व उत्पन्न शुद्ध (शैफ्ट) यांत्रिक शक्ति की गणना कीजिए । यदि उपर्युक्त मोटर की गति को बाह्य रोटर प्रतिरोध की सहायता से तुल्यकालिक गति के 40% तक कम कर दिया जाए, तो बल-आघूर्ण व स्टेटर हानि को अपरिवर्तित मान कर, उत्पन्न शुद्ध शक्ति का मान क्या होगा ? यांत्रिक घर्षण हानि व वायु घर्षण हानि को 0·8 kW मान लीजिए । 10 अंक (d) एक वाहक 50 sin (2π × 10⁵ t) का एक श्रव्य आवृत्ति संकेत 10 sin (2π × 500 t) के द्वारा आयाम मॉडुलन किया जाता है । निर्धारित कीजिए : (i) मॉडुलन सूचकांक (ii) प्रत्येक पार्श्व बैंड आवृत्ति का आयाम (iii) आवश्यक बैंड विस्तार (iv) 500 Ω भार को प्रदत्त पूर्ण शक्ति (v) तथा आवृत्ति स्पेक्ट्रम का आरेखण कीजिए । 10 अंक (e) एक द्वि-प्रद्वार जालक्रम के लिए धारा I₁ व I₂ के मान निम्न प्रकार हैं : I₁ = 2V₁ – V₂, I₂ = – V₁ + 2V₂ । जालक्रम के संचरण व संकर प्राचल ज्ञात कीजिए । 10 अंक

Answer approach & key points

Solve all five sub-parts systematically, allocating approximately 20% time to each part given equal 10-mark weighting. For (a), clearly show the master-slave timing relationship with proper edge triggering; for (b)-(e), present formulas first, then substitution, then final numerical answers with units. Use separate sections for each sub-part with clear labels.

  • (a) Master-Slave S-R flip-flop: Correct identification of level-triggered master and edge-triggered slave operation; output changes only on falling edge of clock; proper handling of S=R=1 forbidden state
  • (b) Quarter-wave transformer: Application of Z_in = Z₀²/Z_L formula; recognition that matched load (Z_L = Z₀) yields Z_in = Z₀ = 60 Ω regardless of line length
  • (c) Induction motor power flow: Air-gap power P_g = P_in - P_stator = 38.5 kW; rotor Cu loss = sP_g = 1.54 kW; P_mech = (1-s)P_g = 36.96 kW; shaft power = P_mech - P_fw = 36.16 kW; at new slip s' = 0.6, maintaining same torque implies same P_g, hence new rotor Cu loss = 23.1 kW and new shaft power calculation
  • (d) AM modulation: m = A_m/A_c = 0.2; sideband amplitude = mA_c/2 = 5 V; bandwidth = 2f_m = 1 kHz; total power = P_c(1 + m²/2) with P_c = A_c²/(2R) = 2.5 W giving 2.55 W; frequency spectrum showing carrier at 100 kHz and sidebands at 99.5 kHz and 100.5 kHz
  • (e) Two-port parameters: From given Y-parameters (y11=2, y12=-1, y21=-1, y22=2 S), derive ABCD parameters [A=-2, B=-1Ω, C=-3S, D=-2] and h-parameters [h11=0.5Ω, h12=0.5, h21=-0.5, h22=1.5S] using standard conversion formulas
Q6
50M solve Electromagnetic waves, DC-DC converters, network theorems

(a) The plane wave E = 30 cos (ωt – z) aₓ V/m in air normally hits a lossless medium (μ = μ₀, ε = 4ε₀) at z = 0. (i) Find reflection coefficient (Γ), transmission coefficient (τ), standing wave ratio (S). (ii) Calculate the reflected electric and magnetic fields. 20 marks (b) Determine the value of inductance L, capacitance C and duty cycle of a buck regulator shown in Figure 6(b). The input voltage is 16 V, output voltage is 4 V, and ripple voltage (peak-to-peak) is 30 mV. The regulator is operating at 20 kHz switching frequency and peak-to-peak ripple current in inductance is 0·75 A. 20 marks (c) Using the superposition theorem find the voltage 'V' across the 5 Ω resistance in the circuit as shown in Figure 6(c). 10 marks

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) वायु में एक समतल तरंग E = 30 cos (ωt – z) aₓ V/m एक क्षयहीन माध्यम (μ = μ₀, ε = 4ε₀) से लम्बवत् z = 0 पर टकराती है । (i) परावर्तन गुणांक (Γ), संचरण गुणांक (τ) व अप्रगामी तरंग अनुपात (S) का मान ज्ञात कीजिए । (ii) परावर्तित विद्युत-क्षेत्र व चुंबकीय क्षेत्र की गणना कीजिए । 20 अंक (b) चित्र 6(b) में दर्शाए गए प्रतिकारी नियंत्रक (बक रेगुलेटर) के लिए प्रेरकत्व L, धारिता C व उपयोगिता अनुपात का मान निर्धारण कीजिए । परिपथ की निवेश वोल्टता 16 V, निर्गम वोल्टता 4 V, व ऊर्मिका वोल्टता (चरमांतर) 30 mV है । नियामक (रेगुलेटर) का प्रचालन 20 kHz स्विचिंग आवृत्ति पर होता है व प्रेरकत्व में चरमांतर ऊर्मिका धारा का मान 0·75 A है । 20 अंक (c) चित्र 6(c) में दर्शाए गए परिपथ में अध्यारोपण प्रमेय की सहायता से 5 Ω प्रतिरोध पर वोल्टता 'V' का मान ज्ञात कीजिए । 10 अंक

Answer approach & key points

Solve this multi-part numerical problem by allocating time proportionally to marks: approximately 40% for part (a) on wave reflection, 40% for part (b) on buck converter design, and 20% for part (c) on superposition theorem. Begin each part with clear identification of given parameters, apply relevant formulas with proper unit handling, show all intermediate calculations, and conclude with boxed final answers. For parts (a) and (b), include neatly labeled diagrams showing wave propagation and converter topology respectively.

  • Part (a)(i): Calculate intrinsic impedances η₁ = 377Ω (air) and η₂ = 188.5Ω (dielectric), then Γ = (η₂-η₁)/(η₂+η₁) = -0.333, τ = 1+Γ = 0.667, and S = (1+|Γ|)/(1-|Γ|) = 2
  • Part (a)(ii): Derive reflected field Eᵣ = -10 cos(ωt+z) aₓ V/m and Hᵣ = Eᵣ/η₁ = -26.53 cos(ωt+z) aᵧ mA/m; transmitted field Eₜ = 20 cos(ωt-2z) aₓ V/m with wavenumber change
  • Part (b): Calculate duty cycle D = Vₒ/Vᵢₙ = 4/16 = 0.25; inductance L = Vₒ(1-D)/(fₛ×ΔIₗ) = 0.5 mH; capacitance C = ΔVₒ/(8L×fₛ²×ΔVₒ) or using C = (1-D)/(8L×fₛ²×(ΔVₒ/Vₒ)) yielding approximately 31.25 μF
  • Part (c): Apply superposition by considering 10V source alone (with 5A open) then 5A source alone (with 10V short), calculate contributions through 2Ω and 3Ω resistances, sum to find V = 10V contribution + 5A contribution across 5Ω
  • Verify boundary conditions at z=0 for part (a): tangential E and H continuity; verify ripple current and voltage specifications are met in part (b) design
Q7
50M calculate Synchronous motor, probability, Stokes theorem

(a) A three-phase, 5 kW, 440 V, 6 pole, star connected synchronous motor having negligible stator resistance and synchronous reactance of 6 Ω is operated at 0·8 rated power factor lagging. Calculate the following : (i) Torque angle at full load (ii) Pull-out torque (iii) Armature current and power factor at half the rated torque (20 marks) (b) X and Y are two independent random variables with probability density functions given by f_X(x) = {1/4 for -2 ≤ x ≤ 2 {0 otherwise and f_Y(y) = {A e^{-3y} for 0 ≤ y < ∞ {0 otherwise . (i) Determine A. (ii) Determine the probability density function of Z = 3X + 4Y. (20 marks) (c) Evaluate both sides of Stokes theorem for the field H = (2ρz a_ρ + 3z sin φ a_φ − 4ρ cos φ a_z) A/m and for the open surface defined by z = 1, 0 < ρ < 2m, 0° < φ < 45°. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) एक त्रि-कला, 5 kW, 440 V, 6 ध्रुवीय, तारा संयोजित तुल्यकालिक मोटर का परिचालन निर्धारित 0·8 पश्चगामी शक्ति गुणांक पर होता है। मोटर के स्टेटर का प्रतिरोध नगण्य है और तुल्यकालिक प्रतिघात 6 Ω है। निम्नलिखित की गणना कीजिए : (i) पूर्ण भार पर बल-आघूर्ण कोण (ii) विकर्षण बल-आघूर्ण (iii) अर्ध निर्धारित बल-आघूर्ण पर आर्मेचर धारा व शक्ति गुणांक (20 marks) (b) X और Y दो स्वतंत्र यादृच्छिक परिवर्ती हैं, जिनके प्रायिकता घनत्व फलन नीचे दिए गए हैं : f_X(x) = {1/4 -2 ≤ x ≤ 2 के लिए {0 अन्यथा और f_Y(y) = {A e^{-3y} 0 ≤ y < ∞ के लिए {0 अन्यथा | (i) A निर्धारित कीजिए। (ii) Z = 3X + 4Y का प्रायिकता घनत्व फलन निर्धारित कीजिए। (20 marks) (c) एक क्षेत्र H = (2ρz a_ρ + 3z sin φ a_φ − 4ρ cos φ a_z) A/m व विवृत सतह जो z = 1, 0 < ρ < 2m, 0° < φ < 45° द्वारा परिभाषित है, के लिए स्टोक्स प्रमेय के दोनों पक्षों का मूल्यांकन कीजिए । (10 marks)

Answer approach & key points

Calculate the required quantities for all three parts systematically. For part (a), apply the cylindrical rotor synchronous motor power equations and phasor diagram; allocate ~40% time (20 marks). For part (b), use probability normalization for A, then convolution/characteristic function for Z = 3X + 4Y; allocate ~40% time (20 marks). For part (c), verify Stokes theorem by computing both line integral and surface integral in cylindrical coordinates; allocate ~20% time (10 marks). Present clear final answers with units.

  • Part (a)(i): Correct application of power equation P = (3VE_f/X_s)sinδ to find torque angle δ at 0.8 pf lagging, with proper phasor diagram construction
  • Part (a)(ii): Calculation of pull-out torque using T_max = (3VE_f)/(X_s·ω_s) with synchronous speed ω_s = 4πf/P rad/s
  • Part (a)(iii): Determination of new excitation voltage E_f at half torque, then solving for armature current and power factor using modified power equation
  • Part (b)(i): Normalization of f_Y(y) to find A = 3, verifying ∫f_Y(y)dy = 1 over 0 to ∞
  • Part (b)(ii): Derivation of PDF of Z = 3X + 4Y using convolution of transformed variables or characteristic functions, with correct limits for -6 ≤ 3X ≤ 6 and 0 ≤ 4Y < ∞
  • Part (c): Verification of Stokes theorem with correct curl computation in cylindrical coordinates, proper surface integral over z=1, 0<ρ<2, 0°<φ<45°, and matching line integral around the boundary contour
Q8
50M solve Digital counters, communication systems, transformer efficiency

(a) (i) Differentiate between the functions of Decade counter and BCD counter with example. (10 marks) (ii) Draw the diagram of cascading BCD adders to add two three-digit decimal numbers. Also explain the function of this adder with suitable example. (10 marks) (b) (i) A DSB-SC signal is transmitted over a noisy channel, with the power spectral density of the noise being as shown in Figure 8(b)(i). The message bandwidth is 4 kHz and the carrier frequency is 200 kHz. Assuming that the average power of the modulated wave is 10 watts, find the output signal-to-noise ratio of the receiver. (10 marks) Figure 8(b)(i) (ii) Consider the system shown in Figure 8(b)(ii). The signal x(t) is defined by : x(t) = A cos 2π f_c t The low-pass filter has unity gain in the passband and bandwidth W, where f_c < W. The noise n(t) is white with two-sided power spectral density 1/2 N_0. Determine the signal-to-noise ratio of y(t). (10 marks) Figure 8(b)(ii) (c) A single phase transformer, 2400/240 V, 10 kVA, 50 Hz has core loss of 153 W and full load copper loss of 224 W. Find all day efficiency for the following loading cycle : 25% overload for 2 hours, full load for 6 hours, half load for 8 hours, quarter load for 4 hours and no load for 4 hours. All loads are at unity p.f. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) (i) दशक गणित्र (डेकड काउंटर) और बी.सी.डी. गणित्र की कार्यप्रणालियों में उदाहरण सहित अंतर स्पष्ट कीजिए । (10 marks) (ii) तीन अंक के दो दशमिक अंकों का योग करने के लिए बी.सी.डी. योजकों के सोपानन का आरेख बनाइए । इस योजक की कार्यप्रणाली की भी उदाहरण सहित व्याख्या कीजिए । (10 marks) (b) (i) एक डी.एस.बी.-एस.सी. (DSB-SC) संकेत, जिसके रव (नॉइज) का शक्ति स्पेक्ट्रमी (पावर स्पेक्ट्रल) घनत्व चित्र 8(b)(i) में दर्शाया गया है, एक रव युक्त वाहिका से प्रेषित किया जाता है । संदेश का बैंड विस्तार 4 kHz तथा वाहक आवृत्ति 200 kHz है । मॉडुलित तरंग की औसत शक्ति 10 W मानते हुए, अभिग्राही का निर्गत संकेत-रव अनुपात ज्ञात कीजिए । (10 marks) चित्र 8(b)(i) (ii) चित्र 8(b)(ii) में दर्शाए गए तंत्र के संदर्भ में संदेश x(t) को x(t) = A cos 2π f_{c}t द्वारा परिभाषित किया गया है । पारक बैंड में निम्न-पारक फिल्टर की लंबि एकक है व बैंड विस्तार W, जहाँ f_{c} < W है । सफेद शब्द n(t) का द्वि-पार्श्व शक्ति स्पेक्ट्रमी घनत्व $\frac{1}{2}N_{0}$ है । y(t) के संकेत-शब्द अनुपात का निर्धारण कीजिए । (10 marks) चित्र 8(b)(ii) (c) एक 2400/240 V, 10 kVA, 50 Hz परिणामित्र की क्रोड हानि 153 W तथा पूर्ण भार पर इसकी ताम्र हानि 224 W है । निम्नलिखित भार चक्र की दशा के लिए पूर्ण दिवस दक्षता ज्ञात कीजिए : 25% अधिभार 2 घंटे के लिए, पूर्ण भार 6 घंटे के लिए, अर्थ भार 8 घंटे के लिए, एक-चौथाई भार 4 घंटे के लिए, बिना किसी भार के 4 घंटे के लिए । सभी भार एकक शक्ति गुणक पर हैं । (10 marks)

Answer approach & key points

Solve all four sub-parts systematically, allocating approximately 25% time to each part given equal 10-mark weighting. Begin with clear conceptual definitions for (a)(i), followed by diagram construction for (a)(ii). For (b), apply communication theory formulas with careful PSD integration. For (c), compute energy losses over the loading cycle methodically. Present derivations stepwise with units at each stage.

  • Clear distinction: Decade counter counts 0-9 then resets (MOD-10), while BCD counter outputs valid 4-bit BCD codes (0000-1001) for each decimal digit; example showing 7490 vs 4518 IC applications
  • Cascaded BCD adder diagram showing three 4-bit BCD adder blocks with carry propagation between stages; example computation like 456 + 789 = 1245 demonstrating decimal correction
  • DSB-SC SNR calculation: noise power integration over 196-204 kHz band, output SNR = (Si/ni) × (2/1) for coherent detection, correct handling of triangular PSD shape
  • Coherent detector analysis: pre-filter noise power = N₀W, post-filter signal power = A²/4, SNR₀ = A²/(2N₀W) with proper bandwidth considerations
  • All-day efficiency: energy output = Σ(kVA×time×pf) × 2400/240, energy losses = 153W×24h + 224W×[(1.25)²×2 + 1²×6 + 0.5²×8 + 0.25²×4] hours, final percentage calculation
  • Proper unit handling throughout (W, kWh, dB where applicable) and verification of numerical reasonableness

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