Geography

UPSC Geography 2022 — Paper II

All 8 questions from UPSC Civil Services Mains Geography 2022 Paper II (400 marks total). Every stem reproduced in full, with directive-word analysis, marks, word limits, and answer-approach pointers.

8Questions
400Total marks
2022Year
Paper IIPaper

Topics covered

India map locations and environmental geography (1)Monsoon, energy resources and groundwater (1)Agriculture, water disputes and soils (1)Mineral resources, dryland farming and floods (1)Forest rights, local governance, ports, demography and border disputes (1)Regional disparities, satellite navigation and urban vulnerability (1)Industrial complexes, linguistic states and urban sprawl (1)Agricultural regionalisation, Quad geopolitics and food security (1)

A

Q1
50M 30w Compulsory explain India map locations and environmental geography

(a) On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical / commercial / economic / ecological / environmental / cultural, in no more than 30 words for each entry : 2×10=20 (i) Tarangambadi (ii) Mahe (iii) Bomdila (iv) Dhola Sadiya Bridge (v) Talakaveri (vi) Satkosia (vii) Dholavira (viii) Sonamarg (ix) Maliku Atoll (x) Gangasagar (b) Why has extreme particulate pollution remained a festering issue in Delhi NCR region ? 10 (c) How do physiography and climate of India explain the biological diversity of the country ? 10 (d) The process of desertification leads to soil desiccation and soil loss. Explain. 10

हिंदी में पढ़ें

आपको दिए गए भारत के रेखा मानचित्र पर निम्नलिखित सभी की स्थिति को अंकित कीजिए । अपनी क्यू.सी.ए. पुस्तिका में इन स्थानों में से प्रत्येक का भौतिक / वाणिज्यिक / आर्थिक / पारिस्थितिक / पर्यावरणीय / सांस्कृतिक महत्व अधिकतम 30 शब्दों में लिखिए : 2×10=20 (i) तरंगमबाड़ी (ii) माहे (iii) बोमडिला (iv) ढोला सदिया पुल (v) तला-कावेरी (vi) सतकोसिया (vii) ढोलावीरा (viii) सोनमर्ग (ix) मलिकु एटोल (x) गंगासागर (b) दिल्ली एन.सी.आर. क्षेत्र में चरम कणिकीय प्रदूषण एक लाइलाज विषय क्यों बना हुआ है ? 10 (c) भारत की भौम्याकृति तथा जलवायु देश की जैव-विविधता की व्याख्या कैसे करती है ? 10 (d) मरुस्थलीकरण की प्रक्रिया मृदा जल-शुष्कन तथा मृदा ह्रास को प्रेरित करती है । स्पष्ट कीजिए । 10

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept or mechanism > Diagram > Regional example > Application. (a) map: locate accurately > label > one line on why it matters | (b) account for: state the phenomenon > the causes in order of weight > conclusion | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (d) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Accurate map, precise significance, clear causal chains, specific examples, good structure.

  • Accurate location of all 10 places on map
  • Significance written for each place
  • Significance type identified (e.g., physical, cultural)
  • Adherence to 30-word limit per entry
  • Geographical factors (inversion, topography)
  • Anthropogenic sources (industry, traffic, construction)
  • Agricultural burning (stubble)
  • Institutional or policy failure
  • Variation in physiography (Himalayas, Plateaus, Coast)
  • Variation in climate (tropical to temperate)
  • Link between physical features and habitat diversity
  • Mention of specific biomes or regions
  • Definition of desertification
  • Mechanism of soil desiccation (drying)
  • Mechanism of soil loss (erosion)
  • Link between process and outcome
Q2
50M critically examine Monsoon, energy resources and groundwater

(a) Critically examine the factors affecting the unpredictability of South-West Monsoon system in India. 20 (b) The peninsular location of India provides scope for harnessing non-conventional energy resources. Discuss with examples. 15 (c) Groundwater contamination in the fast expanding urban landscape of India appears to have become a major public health issue. Discuss. 15

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) भारत में दक्षिण-पश्चिमी मानसून प्रणाली की अनिश्चितता को प्रभावित करने वाले कारकों का समालोचनात्मक परीक्षण कीजिए । 20 (b) भारत की प्रायद्वीपीय स्थिति गैर-पारंपरिक ऊर्जा संसाधनों के दोहन के लिए अवसर प्रदान करती है । उदाहरण सहित विवेचना कीजिए । 15 (c) भारत के तीव्र विस्तारित नगरीय परिदृश्य में भूजल-संदूषण एक प्रमुख जन-स्वास्थ्य समस्या बनता प्रतीत होता है । विवेचना कीजिए । 15

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept or mechanism > Diagram > Regional example > Application. (a) examine: intro > how/why with reasoning > evidence > conclusion | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Precise mechanisms, specific Indian examples, clear diagrams, strong causal links.

  • Mechanism of ITCZ and pressure gradient
  • Role of El Niño/La Niña (ENSO)
  • Impact of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)
  • Influence of Western Disturbances
  • Solar energy potential (high insolation)
  • Wind energy (coastal/peninsular winds)
  • Tidal energy (coastal geography)
  • Geothermal potential (plate tectonics)
  • Sources: industrial effluents, sewage
  • Sources: agricultural chemicals (nitrates)
  • Health impacts: cancer, kidney failure
  • Urban expansion role: over-extraction
Q3
50M evaluate Agriculture, water disputes and soils

(a) Discuss the recent changes brought about in institutional frameworks of agriculture in India. Evaluate its impact on the agrarian economy of the country. 20 (b) Discuss the continuing disputes on water sharing between the riparian states of North-West India. 15 (c) Soils of India, are clear reflections of the structure and process. Comment. 15

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) भारत में कृषि क्षेत्र में संस्थागत तंत्रों में लाए गए अभिनव परिवर्तनों की विवेचना कीजिए । देश की कृषि अर्थव्यवस्था पर इसके प्रभाव का मूल्यांकन कीजिए । 20 (b) भारत के उत्तरी-पश्चिमी नदी-बहाव के राज्यों में जल-विभाजन पर होने वाले निरंतर विवाद की विवेचना कीजिए । 15 (c) भारत की मृदा, संरचना तथा प्रक्रमों का स्पष्ट प्रतिबिंब है । टिप्पणी कीजिए । 15

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept or mechanism > Diagram > Regional example > Application. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) comment: context > arguments both sides > judgment > close Full marks: Precise mechanisms, named examples, balanced evaluation, clear diagrams

  • Name specific institutional changes (e.g., e-NAM, PM-KISAN)
  • Explain mechanism of changes (e.g., digital market linkage)
  • Evaluate impact on agrarian economy (e.g., market access)
  • Evaluation of differential impact across regions and farm sizes
  • Identify specific rivers (Indus, Ravi, Sutlej, Beas)
  • Name the riparian states involved (Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan)
  • Explain the nature of disputes (allocation, usage, pollution)
  • Mention the role of Inter-State Water Disputes Act
  • Define 'structure' (parent material, climate, relief)
  • Define 'process' (weathering, leaching, accumulation)
  • Link specific Indian soils to these factors (e.g., Alluvial)
  • Judgment on the validity of the statement
Q4
50M discuss Mineral resources, dryland farming and floods

(a) India is bestowed with rich mineral resources due to its geological structure. Correlate the above statement with large mineral belts of India. 20 (b) Discuss the importance of 'Dry-land' farming in the drought-prone regions of India. 15 (c) Incidence of extreme rainfall events and flash floods in recent times have led to devastating consequences for people living in low-lying areas and flood plains of the country. Discuss. 15

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) भारत की भूगर्भिक संरचना समृद्ध खनिज संसाधन प्रदान करती है । उपर्युक्त कथन को भारत के बृहद् खनिज क्षेत्रों से सहसंबद्धित कीजिए । 20 (b) भारत के सूखा-प्रवण क्षेत्रों में 'शुष्क-भूमि' कृषि के महत्व की विवेचना कीजिए । 15 (c) हाल के समय में चरम अतिवृष्टि तथा आकस्मिक बाढ़ की घटनाएँ देश के निचले क्षेत्रों तथा बाढ़ मैदान में रहने वाले लोगों के लिए विनाशकारी परिणाम प्रस्तुत करती हैं । विवेचना कीजिए । 15

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept or mechanism > Diagram > Regional example > Application. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Precise geographical names, clear causal chains, and labelled diagrams.

  • Identify Aravalli and Chotanagpur mineral belts
  • Link geological age (Precambrian) to mineral concentration
  • Explain the mechanism of mineral formation
  • Provide a labelled sketch map of belts
  • Define dry-land farming (rainfed agriculture)
  • Identify specific drought-prone regions (e.g., Deccan)
  • Explain soil moisture conservation techniques
  • Link physical cause (low rain) to human consequence
  • Identify specific low-lying areas (e.g., Mumbai, Assam)
  • Explain the mechanism of flash floods
  • Detail human consequences (displacement, loss)
  • Link physical cause to human impact

B

Q5
50M 150w Compulsory discuss Forest rights, local governance, ports, demography and border disputes

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each : 10×5=50 (a) Discuss the impact of Forest Rights Act, 2006 on the local forest communities in India. 10 (b) Can the Panchayat Raj institutions play a role in grassroot level planning in India ? If yes, discuss how. 10 (c) Discuss the significance of new ports on the Western Coast of India on the external trade of the country. 10 (d) How would decline in Total Fertility Rate (TFR) below the replacement level, in many states of India affect the future population structure of the country ? 10 (e) Kalapani dispute has opened a new front on the India-Nepal international border. Explain. 10

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक प्रश्न का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए : 10×5=50 (a) भारत में स्थानीय वन-जीवी समुदायों पर वन अधिकार अधिनियम, 2006 के प्रभाव की विवेचना कीजिए । 10 (b) क्या पंचायत राज संस्थान भारत में आधारभूत स्तर पर नियोजन में एक भूमिका निभा सकते हैं ? यदि हाँ तो कैसे, विवेचना कीजिए । 10 (c) देश के बाह्य व्यापार में भारत के पश्चिमी तट पर स्थित नवीन बंदरगाहों के महत्व की विवेचना कीजिए । 10 (d) भारत के अनेक राज्यों में प्रतिस्थापन स्तर से नीचे के कुल प्रजनन दर (TFR) में पतन भविष्य में कैसे देश की जनसंख्या संरचना को प्रभावित कर सकता है ? 10 (e) कालापानी विवाद से भारत-नेपाल की अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सीमा पर एक नया मोर्चा खुल गया है । स्पष्ट कीजिए । 10

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept or mechanism > Diagram > Regional example > Application. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (d) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (e) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: All musts met, 3+ credits, 1+ bonus, precise Indian places, clear mechanism

  • Define Forest Rights Act, 2006 (FRA) purpose
  • Explain mechanism of Forest Rights Committee (FRC)
  • Link physical forest access to human livelihood
  • Name specific Indian tribal community or state
  • Define Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRI) structure
  • Explain mechanism of grassroots planning
  • Link local resource to development outcome
  • Name specific Indian state or district
  • Define Western Coast ports' location
  • Explain mechanism of trade facilitation
  • Link port infrastructure to economic growth
  • Name specific Western Coast port
  • Define Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
  • Explain mechanism of population structure change
  • Link demographic shift to economic impact
  • Name specific Indian state with low TFR
  • Define Kalapani dispute context
  • Explain mechanism of border conflict
  • Link geographical feature to political tension
  • Name specific border location
Q6
50M critically examine Regional disparities, satellite navigation and urban vulnerability

(a) Why do disparities in development and incomes between regions persist in large countries like India ? How does the recent ADP plan address the issue ? 20 (b) Critically examine the role of IRNSS-NavIC programme on the satellite navigation system of India. 15 (c) Examine the role of high population concentration in Indian slums in making them more vulnerable during pandemic conditions like the COVID-19. 15

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) भारत जैसे बृहद् देशों में प्रदेशों में विकास तथा आय में असमानता क्यों पाई जाती है ? अभिनव ए.डी.पी. योजना इस विषय का निदान किस प्रकार करती है ? 20 (b) भारतीय उपग्रह नेविगेशन प्रणाली में आई.आर.एन.एस.एस.-नाविक योजना की भूमिका का समालोचनात्मक परीक्षण कीजिए । 15 (c) भारतीय मलिन बस्तियों में अत्यधिक जनसंख्या संकेन्द्रण की भूमिका का परीक्षण कीजिए जो उन्हें कोविड-19 जैसी महामारी के समय अधिक सुभेद्य बनाती है। 15

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept or mechanism > Diagram > Regional example > Application. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) critically evaluate: positives > negatives/limits > conditions/safeguards > conclusion | (c) examine: intro > how/why with reasoning > evidence > conclusion Full marks: Precise causal chains, specific Indian examples, and clear diagrams.

  • Physical/geographic causes of disparity (terrain, climate)
  • Economic causes (infrastructure, industrial base)
  • ADP's specific mechanism (3Cs, delta ranking on 49 KPIs across five themes)
  • Linkage between ADP and specific regional gap
  • Technical role (regional coverage, accuracy)
  • Strategic role (sovereignty, defense independence)
  • Civilian application (agriculture, disaster management)
  • Critical limitation (e.g., regional vs global, cost)
  • Physical factor: overcrowding/density
  • Infrastructure factor: lack of water/sanitation
  • Social factor: inability to practice social distancing
  • Economic factor: informal work, no leave
Q7
50M discuss Industrial complexes, linguistic states and urban sprawl

(a) Discuss the salient characteristics of industrial complexes of Western India. Examine the impact of SEZ policy on the region. 20 (b) Discuss the emergence of linguistic regions and states in India. 15 (c) What are the drivers of urban sprawl around the major cities of the country ? How have new investments in transport projects supported sprawl development ? 15

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) पश्चिमी भारत के औद्योगिक संकुलों की मुख्य विशेषताओं की विवेचना कीजिए। इस क्षेत्र पर एस.ई.जेड. नीति के प्रभाव का परीक्षण कीजिए। 20 (b) भारत में भाषायी क्षेत्रों तथा राज्यों के उद्भव की विवेचना कीजिए। 15 (c) देश के प्रमुख नगरों के सीमांत पर शहरी फैलाव के प्रेरक क्या हैं ? परिवहन परियोजनाओं में नए निवेश ने कैसे शहरी फैलाव को समर्थन प्रदान किया है ? 15

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept or mechanism > Diagram > Regional example > Application. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Comprehensive, specific, well-structured, with diagrams and data.

  • Identify specific complexes (e.g., Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Bhavnagar)
  • Explain SEZ policy mechanism (tax holidays, infrastructure)
  • Link physical geography to industrial location
  • Provide balanced assessment of SEZ impact
  • Explain the process of linguistic reorganization
  • Identify key linguistic regions (e.g., Hindi, Dravidian)
  • Link linguistic identity to political demands
  • Provide specific examples of state formation
Q8
50M illustrate Agricultural regionalisation, Quad geopolitics and food security

(a) How do agro-climatic and land capability indicators assist in macro-agricultural regionalisation of India ? Illustrate with an appropriate map. 20 (b) Discuss the geopolitical significance of Quad in the Indo-Pacific realm with reference to marine trade in the region. 15 (c) Evaluate the role of the National Food Security Act, 2013 in providing access of food to the poor in India. 15

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) भारत में बृहद्-कृषि प्रादेशीकरण में कृषि-जलवायु तथा भूमि क्षमता के सूचकांक कैसे सहायक होते हैं ? उपयुक्त मानचित्र सहित स्पष्ट कीजिए। 20 (b) हिंद-प्रशांत परिमंडल में क्षेत्र के समुद्री व्यापार के संदर्भ में क्वाड के भू-राजनीतिक महत्व की विवेचना कीजिए। 15 (c) भारत के गरीबों को खाद्य उपलब्ध कराने में राष्ट्रीय खाद्य सुरक्षा अधिनियम, 2013 की भूमिका का मूल्यांकन कीजिए। 15

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept or mechanism > Diagram > Regional example > Application. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) evaluate: criteria > evidence > balanced judgment Full marks: Comprehensive, well-structured, with clear mechanisms, diagrams, and specific examples.

  • Define agro-climatic and land capability indicators
  • Explain the mechanism of regionalisation using these indicators
  • Illustrate with an appropriate map of India
  • Link physical cause to human consequence
  • Define the Quad and its members
  • Explain the geopolitical significance in the Indo-Pacific
  • Reference marine trade in the region
  • Balanced view of limits (non-military grouping, ASEAN centrality concerns)
  • Define the National Food Security Act, 2013
  • Explain its role in providing food access
  • Provide evidence of its impact
  • Offer a balanced judgment

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