Geology

UPSC Geology 2021 — Paper I

All 8 questions from UPSC Civil Services Mains Geology 2021 Paper I (400 marks total). Every stem reproduced in full, with directive-word analysis, marks, word limits, and answer-approach pointers.

8Questions
400Total marks
2021Year
Paper IPaper

Topics covered

Physical geology, GIS, remote sensing and structural geology (1)Plate tectonics, geomorphology and structural geology (1)Geomorphology and structural geology (1)Structural geology and remote sensing (1)Paleontology, stratigraphy, hydrogeology and engineering geology (1)Paleontology, Indian stratigraphy and hydrogeology (1)Indian stratigraphy, paleontology and engineering geology (1)Hydrogeology, micropaleontology and paleontology (1)

A

Q1
50M 150w Compulsory explain Physical geology, GIS, remote sensing and structural geology

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (a) Explain what is ring of fire? How many plates and geographic areas are associated with ring of fire? (10 marks) (b) What is Geographic Information System (GIS)? Explain the concepts, components and functions of GIS. (10 marks) (c) Discuss stereoscopy and its advantages in aerial photo interpretation. Add a note on elements of photo interpretation. (10 marks) (d) What is stereographic projection in structural geology? Discuss its types, nomenclature and different types of geological plotting technique in a stereonet. (10 marks) (e) Discuss stress and strain ellipsoids using neat diagrams. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक प्रश्न का लगभग 150 शब्दों में उत्तर लिखिए : (a) अग्नि वलय (रिंग ऑफ फायर) क्या है, व्याख्या कीजिए । अग्नि वलय के साथ कितनी स्थलमंडलीय प्लेटें और भौगोलिक क्षेत्र संबद्ध हैं ? (10 अंक) (b) भौगोलिक सूचना तंत्र (जी. आई. एस.) क्या है ? भौगोलिक सूचना तंत्र की संकल्पना, घटक तथा कार्यों का वर्णन करें । (10 अंक) (c) त्रिविम (स्टीरियोस्कोपी) और उसकी वायव फोटो व्याख्या की उपयोगिता पर चर्चा करें । फोटो व्याख्या (फोटो इंटरप्रिटेशन) के तत्वों पर एक टिप्पणी कीजिए । (10 अंक) (d) संरचनात्मक भूविज्ञान में त्रिविम प्रक्षेपण क्या है ? इनके प्रकार नामपद्धति और विभिन्न प्रकार की भूवैज्ञानिक आलेखन तकनीक (प्लॉटिंग टैक्निक) की एक त्रिविमजाल (स्टीरियोनेट) में चर्चा कीजिए । (10 अंक) (e) स्वच्छ आरेखों का उपयोग करके प्रतिबल और तनाव दीर्घवृत्ताभों पर चर्चा कीजिए । (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Geology Paper 1: Define > Process > Field/Petrographic Evidence > Indian Example. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (d) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (e) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Precise definitions, complete lists, neat diagrams, specific Indian examples.

  • Define Ring of Fire: horseshoe belt around the Pacific, subduction, most volcanoes and earthquakes
  • Plates: Pacific, Nazca, Cocos, Juan de Fuca, North and South American, Philippine, Eurasian, Indo-Australian
  • Geographic areas: Andes, Central America, Cascades and Alaska, Kamchatka, Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, New Zealand
  • Definition of GIS
  • Concepts: georeference, layers (vector and raster), attributes, spatial analysis
  • Components (hardware, software, data, people, methods) and functions (input, storage, analysis, output)
  • Stereoscopy: overlapping photos, 60 and 20–30 per cent overlap, three-dimensional model
  • Advantages: relief, slope, height and dip measurement, structure mapping
  • Elements: tone, texture, pattern, shape, size, shadow, site, association
  • Definition: projection of planes and lines on the lower hemisphere
  • Types: equal-angle (Wulff) and equal-area (Schmidt) nets
  • Plotting: plane as great circle, pole, line as point, intersection, contouring of poles
  • Stress ellipsoid with principal stresses σ1 ≥ σ2 ≥ σ3
  • Strain ellipsoid with principal stretches X ≥ Y ≥ Z from deformation of a sphere
  • Shapes: Flinn diagram, prolate, oblate, plane strain, link to structures
Q2
50M discuss Plate tectonics, geomorphology and structural geology

(a) What are lithospheric plates? Discuss the theory of plate tectonics. Which plates were involved when a major earthquake caused tsunami in Indian Ocean in 2004? (20 marks) (b) Discuss the geomorphic processes. Cite any four aggradational and four degradational land forms associated with fluvial processes. (15 marks) (c) What does attitude of a bed mean? Define strike, dip direction and dip amount of a bed and explain how these are represented on a map for vertical, horizontal and inclined strata. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) स्थलमंडलीय प्लेटें क्या हैं ? प्लेट विवर्तनिक के सिद्धांत पर चर्चा कीजिए । हिंदमहासागर में 2004 के महाभूकंप के कारण आई भूकंपीसिंधु तरंग (सुनामी) में कौन सी स्थलमंडलीय प्लेटें शामिल थीं ? (20 अंक) (b) भूआकृतिक प्रक्रियाओं पर चर्चा कीजिए । जलीय प्रक्रियाओं से संबंधित कोई चार तलोच्चन और चार तलावचन स्थलरूपों को उद्धृत करें । (15 अंक) (c) एक संस्तर की अभिवृत्ति का क्या अर्थ है ? एक संस्तर की नतिलंब, नतिदिशा और नतिसंख्या (डिप अमाउंट) को परिभाषित कीजिए और स्पष्ट कीजिए कैसे इनके ऊर्ध्वाधर क्षैतिज एवं आनत स्तरों को मानचित्र पर दर्शाया जाता है ? (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

(a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Precise definitions, clear explanations, accurate identification of plates and landforms, and correct map representations with standard symbols.

  • Definition of lithospheric plates and the main plates
  • Theory: plate boundaries (divergent, convergent, transform), driving forces, evidence
  • 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake: Indian plate subducting beneath the Burma microplate (Sunda plate)
  • Endogenic and exogenic processes; gradation
  • Fluvial work: erosion, transport, deposition
  • Four degradational and four aggradational landforms named
  • Attitude, strike, dip direction and dip amount defined
  • Map symbols for strike-dip, horizontal and vertical beds
  • Outcrop patterns for horizontal, vertical and inclined beds
Q3
50M explain Geomorphology and structural geology

(a) What are the fundamental concepts used in Geomorphological studies? Explain the concept "little of the earth's topography is older than Tertiary and most of it no older than Pleistocene"? (20 marks) (b) What is isostacy and what are the different theories put forward to explain this concept? (15 marks) (c) What is a fold domain? Discuss any eight types of folds depending on the closure of fold domain. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) भूआकृतिक अध्ययन में कौन सी मौलिक संकल्पनाओं का उपयोग होता है ? "पृथ्वी की स्थलाकृति में से कुछ ही तृतीय (टर्शरी) से पुरानी हैं और इनमें से अधिकांश प्लेस्टोसीन से पुरानी नहीं हैं", इस संकल्पना की व्याख्या करें । (20 अंक) (b) समस्थिति क्या है और इस संकल्पना की व्याख्या में कौन कौन से विभिन्न सिद्धांत दिए गए हैं ? (15 अंक) (c) वलन क्षेत्र क्या है ? वलन क्षेत्र के बंद होने के आधार पर कोई भी आठ प्रकार के वलन की व्याख्या करें । (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Geology Paper 1: Define > Process > Field/Petrographic Evidence > Indian Example. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Precise definitions, clear causal chains, specific Indian examples, and accurate sketches.

  • Thornbury's principles (uniformitarianism, structure, process, stages, complexity, climate)
  • Explanation of the Tertiary–Pleistocene concept using denudation rates
  • Examples: young mountains, glacial landforms, sea-level change, and exceptions on cratons
  • Definition of isostasy and level of compensation
  • Airy and Pratt theories with the Airy root formula
  • Heiskanen and Vening Meinesz theories; evidence from gravity and rebound
  • Definition of fold domain
  • Classification by interlimb angle (gentle, open, close, tight, isoclinal)
  • Further closure types: mushroom, chevron, box
Q4
50M describe Structural geology and remote sensing

(a) What are hanging wall and footwall of a fault? Describe the different classes of faults based on relative movement of walls. (20 marks) (b) (i) What are atmospheric windows in Remote sensing? (ii) What are spectral reflectance curves? Explain how clear water, dry soil and healthy vegetation can be demarcated using spectral reflectance curves with neat sketches. (15 marks) (c) Define drainage pattern, Drainage texture and Drainage anomaly. Also give their general classification. Discuss the significance of those in geological interpretation of aerial photos and satellite images. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) एक भ्रंश की उपरिभित्त और आधारभित्त क्या है ? भित्तियों की सापेक्ष गति के आधार पर विभिन्न वर्ग के भ्रंशों का वर्णन करें । (20 अंक) (b) (i) सुदूर संवेदन में वायुमंडलीय खिड़कियाँ (विंडोस) क्या हैं ? (ii) स्पेक्ट्रमी परावर्तन वक्र क्या हैं ? कैसे स्वच्छ जल, सूखी मिट्टी और घनी वनस्पति को स्पेक्ट्रमी परावर्तन वक्र की सहायता से रेखांकित किया जा सकता है, इसकी संचित व्याख्या करें । (15 अंक) (c) जल निकासी प्रतिरूप, जल निकासी बनावट तथा जल निकासी विसंगति को परिभाषित कीजिए । उनका सामान्य वर्गीकरण कीजिए । हवाई चित्रों और उपग्रह चित्रों (सैटेलाइट इमेजेस) की भूवैज्ञानिक व्याख्या में उनके महत्व पर चर्चा कीजिए । (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Geology Paper 1: Define > Process > Field/Petrographic Evidence > Indian Example. (a) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (b(i)) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (b(ii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example Full marks: Comprehensive definitions, accurate classifications, clear diagrams, and specific Indian examples.

  • Hanging wall and footwall defined
  • Dip-slip faults (normal, reverse, thrust; graben and horst)
  • Strike-slip (dextral, sinistral), oblique-slip and rotational faults
  • Definition: wavelength ranges transmitted with little atmospheric absorption
  • Absorbers: water vapour, carbon dioxide, ozone
  • Main windows: visible–NIR, SWIR, thermal infrared, microwave
  • Spectral reflectance curve defined as reflectance against wavelength
  • Curve features of clear water, dry soil and healthy vegetation
  • Demarcation in red and near-infrared bands, with sketches
  • Definitions of pattern, texture and anomaly
  • Classification of patterns (dendritic, trellis, rectangular, radial, etc.) and texture (fine, medium, coarse)
  • Geological significance: lithology, structure, permeability, faults, folds, domes

B

Q5
50M 150w Compulsory discuss Paleontology, stratigraphy, hydrogeology and engineering geology

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (a) What are megafossils? Give names of any three age-diagnostic megafossils indicating their significance in Indian stratigraphy. (10 marks) (b) What is paleogeography? Discuss various tools employed in paleogeographic reconstruction. (10 marks) (c) Define lithostratigraphy. Enlist diagnostic properties of lithostratigraphic units giving example from Indian stratigraphy. (10 marks) (d) Discuss characteristics of confined and unconfined aquifers. (10 marks) (e) Discuss briefly characteristics of earthquake resistant structures. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक प्रश्न का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए । (a) महाजीवाश्म क्या हैं ? किन्हीं तीन आयु सूचक महाजीवाश्मों के नाम दीजिए तथा भारतीय स्तरिकी में उनका महत्व रेखांकित कीजिए । (10 अंक) (b) पुराभूगोल क्या है ? पुराभौगोलिक पुनर्निर्माण में नियोजित विभिन्न उपकरणों की चर्चा कीजिए । (10 अंक) (c) अश्मस्तरिकी (लिथोस्ट्रैटिग्राफी) को परिभाषित कीजिए । अश्मस्तरिक एकक के लक्षणिक गुणों को सूचीबद्ध कर उनके भारतीय स्तरिकी में उदाहरण दें । (10 अंक) (d) परिरुद्ध और अपरिरुद्ध जलभृतों की विशेषताओं पर चर्चा कीजिए । (10 अंक) (e) भूकंपरोधी संरचनाओं की विशेषताओं पर संक्षेप में चर्चा कीजिए । (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Geology Paper 1: Define > Process > Field/Petrographic Evidence > Indian Example. (a) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (d) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (e) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Precise definitions, specific Indian examples, clear causal chains, and relevant sketches/diagrams.

  • Define megafossils and index fossils
  • Three examples (Glossopteris, ammonites, Nummulites) with age and Indian occurrence
  • Significance: dating, correlation, environment
  • Definition of palaeogeography
  • Tools: facies and isopach maps, palaeocurrents, fossils, palaeomagnetism
  • Climatic indicators, isotopes and plate reconstruction
  • Definition and hierarchy (supergroup to bed)
  • Diagnostic properties: lithology, colour, texture, structures, thickness, position
  • Indian examples: Vindhyan, Gondwana, Siwalik, Deccan Traps
  • Unconfined aquifer: water table, direct recharge, specific yield
  • Confined aquifer: bounded by impermeable layers, piezometric surface, artesian wells
  • Contrast in storage coefficient, recharge and pollution risk
  • Regular, symmetric plan and low, light structure
  • Ductile materials and detailing, shear walls, bracing, seismic joints
  • Sound foundation and site choice; Indian codes
Q6
50M discuss Paleontology, Indian stratigraphy and hydrogeology

(a) Discuss the evolutionary trends in the lineage of equidae and give any two examples of their Indian occurrences. (20 marks) (b) Describe Cenozoic stratigraphy of Kuchh basin. Comment on its fossil content and depositional environment. (15 marks) (c) Discuss briefly as to why artificial recharge is essentially required in confined aquifers. Explain with suitable diagrams a typical injection well for roof-top harvesting of water. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) अश्ववंश के विकासवादी रूझान की चर्चा कीजिए और उनकी भारत में पाये जाने के कोई दो उदाहरण दीजिए । (20 अंक) (b) कच्छ घाटी के नूतन काल की स्तरिकी (सीनोजोइक स्ट्रैटिग्राफी) का वर्णन कीजिए । इसके जीवाश्म अंश और निक्षेपण पर्यावरण पर टिप्पणी कीजिए । (15 अंक) (c) परिरुद्ध जलभृतों में कृत्रिम पुनर्भरण अनिवार्य रूप से क्यों आवश्यक है, संक्षेप में चर्चा करें । छत के जल संचयन के लिये एक विशिष्ट अंतःक्षेपण कूप का उपयुक्त रेखाचित्रों सहित वर्णन कीजिए । (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: UPSC Geology Paper 1. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Comprehensive, specific, and well-structured answers with all required elements and diagrams.

  • Lineage: Hyracotherium, Mesohippus, Merychippus, Pliohippus, Equus with ages
  • Trends: size increase, limb lengthening, toe reduction, brachydont to hypsodont teeth, skull and brain change
  • Two Indian occurrences (Hipparion in Siwaliks, Equus in Siwalik or Narmada deposits)
  • Succession from Matanomadh (Palaeocene) to Miocene formations, with lithology
  • Fossil content: larger foraminifera, corals, molluscs, echinoids
  • Depositional environment: shallow marine, lagoonal, transgression and regression
  • Reasons: distant outcrop recharge, falling piezometric head, subsidence, salinity
  • Roof-top system: gutters, first-flush diverter, settling tank, filter bed
  • Injection well: casing, screen, gravel pack, seal; maintenance
Q7
50M describe Indian stratigraphy, paleontology and engineering geology

(a) Describe stratigraphy and depositional environment of Gondwana Supergroup and discuss why only certain intervals of Gondwana succession are rich in coal seam? (20 marks) (b) What are trace fossils? Describe the modes of preservation of trace fossils and comment on their geological significance. (15 marks) (c) Describe various types of Dam with suitable sketches. Comment on the geological conditions required for site selection for each type of Dam. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) गोंडवाना शैल महासमूह की स्तरिकी और निक्षेपण पर्यावरण का वर्णन कीजिए तथा क्यों गोंडवाना अनुक्रम के कुछ ही अंतराल कोयला सीम में समृद्ध हैं इस पर चर्चा कीजिए । (20 अंक) (b) अनुरेख जीवाश्म क्या हैं ? अनुरेख जीवाश्मों के संरक्षण के तरीकों का वर्णन कीजिए और उनके भूवैज्ञानिक महत्व पर टिप्पणी कीजिए । (15 अंक) (c) विभिन्न प्रकार के बांधों का उपयुक्त रेखाचित्रों सहित वर्णन कीजिए । प्रत्येक प्रकार के बांध के स्थल (साइट) के चयन के लिये आवश्यक भूवैज्ञानिक परिस्थितियों पर टिप्पणी कीजिए । (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Geology Paper 1: Define > Process > Field/Petrographic Evidence > Indian Example. (a) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance Full marks: Precise stratigraphy, named Indian examples, clear causal links, accurate sketches, specific geological conditions.

  • Succession: Talchir, Karharbari, Barakar, Barren Measures, Raniganj, Panchet and Upper Gondwana
  • Depositional environments: glacial, fluvial, lacustrine, swampy, semi-arid
  • Coal only in Barakar–Raniganj: warm humid climate, Glossopteris flora, balanced subsidence, reducing conditions
  • Definition: record of activity (tracks, trails, burrows, borings, coprolites)
  • Preservation: epirelief and hyporelief, full-relief fillings, borings
  • Significance: environment (ichnofacies), behaviour, way-up, sedimentation, Cambrian boundary
  • Types: gravity, arch, buttress, embankment
  • Site conditions for each (foundation rock, valley shape, abutments)
  • General conditions: faults, leakage, landslides, seismicity
Q8
50M discuss Hydrogeology, micropaleontology and paleontology

(a) Give a brief account of sources of groundwater pollution in India and discuss the management of groundwater resources. (20 marks) (b) What are microfossils? Discuss the application of microfossils in petroleum exploration. (15 marks) (c) What are mass extinctions? Comment on the various hypothesis proposed for the causes of Permian-Triassic mass extinction. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) भारत में भूजल प्रदूषण के स्रोतों का संक्षेप में विवरण दें और भूजल संपदा प्रबंधन पर चर्चा कीजिए । (20 अंक) (b) सूक्ष्म जीवाश्म क्या हैं ? सूक्ष्म जीवाश्मों का खनिज तेल के उत्खनन में अनुप्रयोग पर चर्चा कीजिए । (15 अंक) (c) सामूहिक विलुप्तियाँ क्या हैं ? परमियन-ट्रायसिक महाविलुप्ति के कारणों के लिये प्रस्तावित विभिन्न परिकल्पनाओं पर टिप्पणी कीजिए । (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Geology Paper 1: Define > Process > Field/Petrographic Evidence > Indian Example. (a) account for: state the phenomenon > the causes in order of weight > conclusion | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) comment: context > arguments both sides > judgment > close Full marks: Precise definitions, specific Indian examples, clear causal chains, and balanced discussion of hypotheses.

  • Natural sources: fluoride, arsenic, uranium, salinity with Indian regions
  • Human sources: fertiliser and pesticide, industry, sewage, landfills, mining, seawater intrusion
  • Management: monitoring, source control, recharge, demand management, treatment, Atal Bhujal Yojana
  • Definition and main groups (foraminifera, ostracods, nannofossils, palynomorphs)
  • Why useful in drilling: survive cuttings, abundant
  • Applications: biostratigraphy, environment and depth, source rock maturity, sequence stratigraphy
  • Definition and the Big Five
  • Permian–Triassic event: about 252 Ma, around 90 per cent of marine species lost
  • Hypotheses: Siberian Traps volcanism, anoxia, methane release, sea-level fall, impact

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