Geology

UPSC Geology 2021 — Paper II

All 8 questions from UPSC Civil Services Mains Geology 2021 Paper II (400 marks total). Every stem reproduced in full, with directive-word analysis, marks, word limits, and answer-approach pointers.

8Questions
400Total marks
2021Year
Paper IIPaper

Topics covered

Crystallography, igneous petrology and metamorphism (1)Silicate mineralogy and crystallography (1)Igneous and metamorphic petrology (1)Sedimentary petrology and basin analysis (1)Economic geology, exploration and environmental geology (1)Mineral deposits and national mineral policy (1)Cosmochemistry, mineral chemistry and petroleum geology (1)Environmental geology and natural hazards (1)

A

Q1
50M 150w Compulsory discuss Crystallography, igneous petrology and metamorphism

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (a) How does one designate mirror plane, rotational axes of symmetry and centre of symmetry in Hermann-Mauguin notation? A crystal has one 4-fold axis, four 2-fold axes, five mirror planes and centre of symmetry. What will be its Hermann-Mauguin notation? Show on a stereographic projection diagram the symmetry elements of the above crystal and plot the faces of the form (hkl). (b) Discuss with the help of a suitable diagram the crystallization of a melt having composition Diopside-70 and Anorthite-30 under 1 atmospheric pressure. After complete crystallization, what would be the texture of the rock? (c) Describe 'continuous' and 'discontinuous' reaction series of minerals proposed by Bowen. Why is one series called as 'continuous' and the other as 'discontinuous'? (d) Define 'prograde' and 'retrograde' metamorphism with suitable examples. Discuss the process of metasomatism. (e) Give a brief account of Folk's classification of limestones.

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का लगभग 150 शब्दों में उत्तर दीजिए : (a) हर्मन-मौगुइन नोटेशन में मिरर प्लेन, सममिति के घूर्णी अक्ष और सममिति के केन्द्र को कैसे नामित किया जाता है? एक क्रिस्टल में एक 4-गुणा अक्ष, चार 2-गुणा अक्ष, पाँच मिरर प्लेन और सममिति का केन्द्र होता है। इसका हर्मन-मौगुइन नोटेशन क्या होगा? एक त्रिविम प्रक्षेप (स्टीरियोग्राफिक प्रोजेक्शन) आरेख पर उपर्युक्त क्रिस्टल के सममिति तत्वों को दिखाइए और (hkl) स्वरूप के फलकों को आलेखित कीजिए। (b) समुचित आरेख की सहायता से 1 वायुमण्डलीय दबाव में डायोपसाइड-70 और एनोर्थाइट-30 के गठन वाले गलित (मेल्ट) के क्रिस्टलीभवन पर चर्चा कीजिए। पूर्ण क्रिस्टलीभवन के बाद शैल का गठन क्या होगा? (c) बावेन द्वारा प्रस्तावित खनिजों की 'सतत' और 'असतत' प्रतिक्रिया श्रृंखला का वर्णन कीजिए। एक श्रृंखला को 'सतत' और दूसरे को 'असतत' क्यों कहा जाता है? (d) उपयुक्त उदाहरणों द्वारा 'अग्रगतिक (प्रोग्रेड)' व 'पश्चगतिक (रिट्रोग्रेड)' कायान्तरण को परिभाषित कीजिए। तत्वान्तरण (मेटासोमेटिज्म) की प्रक्रिया पर चर्चा कीजिए। (e) फोक के चुनाश्म के वर्गीकरण का संक्षिप्त वर्णन कीजिए।

Answer approach & key points

(a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (d) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (e) account for: state the phenomenon > the causes in order of weight > conclusion Full marks: Precise technical terminology, accurate diagrams, and specific examples.

  • Notation of axes, m, centre of symmetry and n/m
  • Crystal symbol 4/m 2/m 2/m (4/mmm), ditetragonal dipyramidal
  • Stereographic projection of symmetry elements and 16 faces of {hkl}
  • Binary eutectic system with eutectic near 1,274 °C and about 58 per cent diopside
  • Diopside crystallises first; liquid moves to the eutectic; then both crystallise together
  • Final texture: early diopside in eutectic intergrowth (about 29 and 71 per cent by lever rule)
  • Discontinuous series: olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite
  • Continuous series: Ca-rich to Na-rich plagioclase
  • Reason for the names: structure change versus compositional change; convergence to K-feldspar, muscovite, quartz
  • Prograde: increasing grade, dehydration, example sequence
  • Retrograde: decreasing grade, hydration, examples
  • Metasomatism: change of bulk composition by fluids without melting, with examples
  • Allochems: intraclasts, ooids, fossils, pellets
  • Matrix: micrite versus sparite
  • Names (biomicrite, oosparite, etc.), micrite and biolithite classes, energy interpretation
Q2
50M describe Silicate mineralogy and crystallography

(a) Give the classification scheme of silicate minerals on the basis of atomic structure, Si : O ratio and number of shared oxygen. Give suitable examples of each class. (20 marks) (b) Define 'birefringence' and 'extinction angle' in minerals. How does one proceed to measure extinction angle of a mineral under microscope? Substantiate your answer with suitable sketches. (20 marks) (c) Define 'twin plane', 'twin axis' and 'composition plane' in crystals. State different types of twinning observed in feldspars. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) परमाणु संरचना, Si : O अनुपात और साझा ऑक्सीजन की संख्या के आधार पर सिलिकेट खनिजों की वर्गीकरण योजना दीजिए। प्रत्येक वर्ग का उपयुक्त उदाहरण दीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) खनिजों में 'द्विवर्तन' और 'विलुप्ति कोण' को परिभाषित कीजिए। सूक्ष्मदर्शी द्वारा किसी खनिज के विलुप्ति कोण को नापने की प्रक्रिया बताइए। उपयुक्त रेखाचित्रों से अपने उत्तर की पुष्टि कीजिए। (20 अंक) (c) क्रिस्टल में 'युग्म तल', 'युग्म अक्ष' और 'संयोजन तल' को परिभाषित कीजिए। फेल्डस्पार में पाये जाने वाले विभिन्न प्रकार के यमलन (ट्विनिंग) का वर्णन कीजिए। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

(a) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (b) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (c) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example Full marks: Precise definitions, correct Si:O ratios, clear sketches, and named Indian examples.

  • Seven classes: neso-, soro-, cyclo-, ino- (single, double), phyllo-, tectosilicates
  • Si:O ratio and number of shared oxygens for each class
  • Examples for each class
  • Birefringence defined (max minus min refractive index) and its link to interference colour
  • Extinction angle defined relative to cleavage, edge or twin plane; types of extinction
  • Stepwise measurement procedure with stage readings
  • Definitions of twin plane, twin axis and composition plane
  • Feldspar twins: Carlsbad, Baveno, Manebach
  • Albite and pericline (polysynthetic) twins; microcline cross-hatching
Q3
50M discuss Igneous and metamorphic petrology

(a) Discuss briefly the processes of magma generation in the Earth's interior. How is grain size of an igneous rock related to the rate of cooling of magma? Discuss the role of fractional crystallization and assimilation in magmatic differentiation. (20 marks) (b) Describe with suitable sketches four different types of structures/textures found in metamorphic rocks and add brief notes on their origin. (20 marks) (c) Define 'migmatite'. How does the process of migmatization help to understand the origin of granites? (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) पृथ्वी के आन्तरिक भाग में मैग्मा उत्पत्ति की प्रक्रियाओं की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए। आग्नेय शैलों के कणों का आकार मैग्मा के ठंडे होने की दर से किस प्रकार सम्बन्धित है? मैग्मीय विभेदन में भिन्नात्मक क्रिस्टलीभवन और स्वांगीकरण की भूमिका की विवेचना कीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) उपयुक्त रेखाचित्रों द्वारा कायान्तरित शैलों में पायी जाने वाली चार संरचनाओं/गठनों का वर्णन कीजिए तथा उनकी उत्पत्ति पर संक्षिप्ट टिप्पणी कीजिए। (20 अंक) (c) 'मिग्मेटाइट' को परिभाषित कीजिए। मिग्मेटाइजेशन की प्रक्रिया किस प्रकार ग्रेनाइट की उत्पत्ति को समझने में मददगार होती है? (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Geology Paper 2: Define > Process > Field/Petrographic Evidence > Indian Example. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example Full marks: All parts with Indian examples, precise mineral composition, and clear sketches/diagrams.

  • Three routes to melting: decompression, flux and heat transfer
  • Grain size inversely related to cooling rate (phaneritic, aphanitic, porphyritic)
  • Fractional crystallization (Bowen's series) and assimilation treated as separate processes
  • Four valid metamorphic structures or textures named correctly
  • Origin of each in terms of stress, temperature and recrystallization
  • A sketch for each
  • Migmatite defined as a mixed rock of unmelted rock and leucosome
  • Formation by partial melting (anatexis) of crust
  • Link showing granitic melt can form from crust (S-type granite)
Q4
50M describe Sedimentary petrology and basin analysis

(a) What is provenance? How can we use clastic quartz, feldspars and lithic grains in provenance interpretation of sandstones? (20 marks) (b) Define a 'sedimentary facies model'. Illustrate with neat sketches the sedimentary facies and association facies likely to develop in a meandering fluvial depositional environment. (20 marks) (c) Describe the genesis of any four sedimentary structures which have significance for palaeocurrent analysis. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) उद्गम क्षेत्र क्या होता है? खंडज क्वार्ट्ज, फेल्डस्पार और शैली कणों का उपयोग हम किस प्रकार से बालूकाश्म के उद्गम क्षेत्र निर्वचन में कर सकते हैं? (20 अंक) (b) 'अवसादी फेसीज मॉडल' को परिभाषित कीजिए। एक विसर्पी नदीय निक्षेपण पर्यावरण से बनने वाली अवसादी फेसीज व साहचर्य फेसीज को स्वच्छ चित्रों से समझाइए। (20 अंक) (c) किन्हीं चार अवसादी संरचनाओं की उत्पत्ति का वर्णन कीजिए, जिनका पुराप्रवाह विश्लेषण में महत्व है। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Geology Paper 2: Define > Process > Field/Petrographic Evidence > Indian Example. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance Full marks: Precise definitions, clear QFL/facies/structure explanations, labelled sketches, named Indian examples with age.

  • Provenance defined as source-area composition, setting, relief and climate
  • Quartz types, feldspar types and lithic types linked to specific source rocks
  • Use of Dickinson QFL ternary diagrams to assign tectonic provenance
  • Facies model defined as an idealised, predictive summary of an environment
  • Fining-upward association: channel lag, point bar, levee and crevasse splay, floodplain
  • Neat sketches (plan view and vertical log)
  • Four valid directional structures named
  • Genesis of each by flow type and bedform migration
  • How each indicates current direction

B

Q5
50M 150w Compulsory calculate Economic geology, exploration and environmental geology

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (a) Lead (Pb) mineralization zone is drawn in the given diagram with nomenclature. The related data is also provided in the table. Calculate the average grade of lead (Pb) in percentage. Scale : 1"=10' Sample No. | Zone of Influence, L (ft) | Width, W (ft) | W × L (ft²) | % Pb S-1 | 6·0 | 3·5 | 21·00 | 7·1 S-2 | 7·5 | 2·5 | 18·75 | 7·5 S-3 | 10·0 | 3·0 | 30·00 | 6·9 S-4 | 12·5 | 3·5 | 43·75 | 8·9 (b) Describe the geological nature of coal deposits of Jharia (Jharkhand) and comment on their economic potential. (c) What are geophysical methods of exploration? How is gravity method useful in mapping the metallic ores? (d) Define 'trace element'. Discuss the possible ways that a trace element can enter into a mineral structure. (e) State the sea level changes in Late Pleistocene period with possible causes. Add a note on anthropogenic causes occurred in last two centuries.

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का लगभग 150 शब्दों में उत्तर दीजिए : (a) नामकरण के साथ दिए गए आरेख में सीसा (Pb) खनिजीभवन क्षेत्र दर्शाया गया है। इससे सम्बन्धित आँकड़े भी तालिका में दिए गए हैं। प्रतिशत में सीसे (Pb) के औसत ग्रेड की गणना कीजिए। पैमाना : 1"=10' नमूना संख्या | प्रभाव-क्षेत्र, L (ft) | चौड़ाई, W (ft) | W × L (ft²) | सीसा % S-1 | 6·0 | 3·5 | 21·00 | 7·1 S-2 | 7·5 | 2·5 | 18·75 | 7·5 S-3 | 10·0 | 3·0 | 30·00 | 6·9 S-4 | 12·5 | 3·5 | 43·75 | 8·9 (b) झरिया (झारखण्ड) के कोयला निष्क्षेपों की भूवैज्ञानिक प्रकृति का वर्णन कीजिए तथा उनकी आर्थिक क्षमता पर टिप्पणी कीजिए। (c) अन्वेषण की भूभौतिक विधियाँ क्या हैं? धात्विक अयस्कों के मानचित्रण में गुरुत्वाकर्षण विधि किस प्रकार उपयोगी है? (d) 'सूक्ष्मात्रिक तत्व' को परिभाषित कीजिए। उन सम्भावित तरीकों पर चर्चा कीजिए, जिनसे एक सूक्ष्मात्रिक तत्व खनिज संरचना में प्रवेश कर सकता है। (e) प्लीस्टोसीन काल के अन्त में समुद्र की सतह में होने वाले परिवर्तनों को सम्भावित कारणों सहित समझाइए। पिछली दो शताब्दियों में मानवजनित कारणों पर टिप्पणी कीजिए।

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Geology Paper 2: Define > Process > Field/Petrographic Evidence > Indian Example. (a) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (d) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (e) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary Full marks: Precise data usage, named Indian examples, correct technical terminology.

  • Area-weighted average used, not a simple mean
  • Correct sum of areas (113.50 ft²) and sum of area × grade (886.10)
  • Final grade 7.81% Pb
  • Gondwana Barakar coal measures of Early Permian age in a faulted basin of the Damodar Valley
  • Seam-bearing sequence and structure including faults and intrusives
  • Economic role: prime coking coal, with fire and subsidence constraints
  • Main methods listed with the physical property each measures
  • Gravity method principle: density contrast and gravity anomaly
  • Corrections and interpretation: Bouguer anomaly for dense ore bodies
  • Trace element defined as less than 0.1% by weight
  • Diadochic substitution by similar charge and ionic radius
  • Other modes such as interstitial sites or defects
  • Glacio-eustatic fall of about 120 m at the Last Glacial Maximum and later rise
  • Causes: ice volume, thermal expansion, isostasy
  • Anthropogenic causes: CO₂ warming, melt and thermal expansion, land-water changes
Q6
50M explain Mineral deposits and national mineral policy

(a) Give the modern classification of mineral deposits and explain in brief the residual and mechanical concentration deposits with suitable examples. (20 marks) (b) Stating the premise of National Mineral Policy, give the outline of strategic, critical and essential minerals citing Indian examples. (20 marks) (c) Give the mode of occurrence, distribution and uses of manganese deposits of India. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) खनिज निक्षेपों का आधुनिक वर्गीकरण दीजिए तथा अवशिष्ट और यांत्रिक सांद्रण निक्षेपों की उपयुक्त उदाहरणों सहित संक्षेप में व्याख्या कीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) राष्ट्रीय खनिज नीति के आधार को स्पष्ट करते हुए एवं भारतीय उदाहरण देते हुए सामरिक, महत्वपूर्ण और आवश्यक खनिजों की रूपरेखा दीजिए। (20 अंक) (c) भारत के मैंगनीज निक्षेपों के प्राप्ति स्वरूप, वितरण और उपयोगिता का वर्णन कीजिए। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: UPSC Geology Paper 2. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) examine: intro > how/why with reasoning > evidence > conclusion | (c) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance Full marks: Precise definitions, named Indian examples, clear distinctions, and relevant sketches.

  • Genetic classification into endogenic and exogenic deposits with sub-types
  • Residual concentration by weathering and leaching (laterite, bauxite, nickel)
  • Mechanical concentration (placers) by density sorting
  • Premise of NMP 2019: security, sustainable development, transparency and investment
  • Strategic, critical and essential minerals distinguished by purpose and supply risk
  • Indian examples under each category
  • Mode of occurrence: gondite, kodurite and Iron Ore Group bedded deposits
  • State-wise distribution led by Odisha, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh
  • Uses: ferro-alloys in steel, batteries and chemicals
Q7
50M state Cosmochemistry, mineral chemistry and petroleum geology

(a) State the characteristic features of cosmic abundance of elements. What are the bases of estimation of cosmic abundance of elements? (20 marks) (b) Discuss briefly with examples about different types of chemical bonds observed in natural minerals. (10 marks) (c) Describe briefly the geology, structure and mode of occurrence of hydrocarbons in western oil fields of India. (20 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) तत्वों की ब्रह्मांडीय बहुलायत की विशेषताएं बताइए। तत्वों की ब्रह्मांडीय बहुलायत के आकलन का क्या आधार है? (20 अंक) (b) प्राकृतिक खनिजों में पाए जाने वाले विभिन्न प्रकार के रासायनिक बंधों के बारे में उदाहरण सहित संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए। (10 अंक) (c) भारत के पश्चिमी तेल-क्षेत्रों में हाइड्रोकार्बन के भूविज्ञान, संरचना और प्राप्ति स्वरूप का संक्षिप्त वर्णन कीजिए। (20 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Geology, Paper 2. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance Full marks: Precise definitions, correct mineral examples, and specific Indian basin details (Barmer/Jaisalmer) with structural context.

  • H and He about 98% by mass, with a steep fall of abundance up to Z about 45
  • Oddo-Harkins rule, iron peak and scarcity of Li, Be and B
  • Bases of estimation: solar and stellar spectra, meteorites (CI chondrites), solar wind and cosmic rays
  • Ionic, covalent and metallic bonds with mineral examples
  • Van der Waals and hydrogen bonds with examples
  • Link between bond type and properties
  • Mumbai Offshore and Cambay basins named with rift or shelf setting
  • Source, reservoir and seal rocks (Cambay Shale, L-III limestone and others)
  • Structure and traps: faulted anticline of Mumbai High and fault blocks of Cambay
Q8
50M describe Environmental geology and natural hazards

(a) How is unscientific development of catchments situated in mountainous regions responsible for increased threat of floods in plains? (10 marks) (b) Describe various types of radioactive wastes. Write an account on various methods of their disposal. (20 marks) (c) What is meant by waterlogging? Describe in detail the remedial measures of waterlogging and salinity. (20 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) मैदानी क्षेत्रों में बाढ़ के बढ़ते खतरे के लिए पर्वतीय क्षेत्रों में स्थित जलग्रहण क्षेत्रों का अवैज्ञानिक विकास किस प्रकार जिम्मेदार है? (10 अंक) (b) विभिन्न प्रकार के रेडियोधर्मी अपशिष्टों का वर्णन कीजिए। इनके निपटान की विभिन्न विधियों का विवरण दीजिए। (20 अंक) (c) जलभराव से क्या तात्पर्य है? जलभराव व लवणता के उपचारात्मक उपायों का विस्तृत वर्णन कीजिए। (20 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

(a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance Full marks: Precise causal links, specific technical terms, and Indian examples.

  • Deforestation and slope disturbance raising runoff and erosion
  • Sediment load causing aggradation and loss of channel capacity in the plains
  • Floodplain encroachment and wetland loss, with landslide or debris surges
  • Classes by activity, heat and half-life: very low, low, intermediate and high-level
  • Disposal by class: near-surface, vault storage and vitrification
  • Deep geological repository for HLW with multi-barrier design
  • Waterlogging defined as water table in or near the root zone, with causes
  • Link of waterlogging to salinity and sodicity through capillary rise
  • Remedies: drainage, canal and water management, biological and chemical measures

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