Geology

UPSC Geology 2023 — Paper II

All 8 questions from UPSC Civil Services Mains Geology 2023 Paper II (400 marks total). Every stem reproduced in full, with directive-word analysis, marks, word limits, and answer-approach pointers.

8Questions
400Total marks
2023Year
Paper IIPaper

Topics covered

Crystallography, mineralogy, petrology and sedimentary rocks (1)X-ray diffraction, silicate classification and clay mineralogy (1)Phase equilibria, granite petrogenesis and metamorphic phase diagrams (1)Sedimentary petrology, sediment transport and provenance analysis (1)Economic geology, ore deposits, environmental geology and crystal chemistry (1)Banded iron formations, late magmatic and porphyry copper ore deposits (1)Geobotanical exploration, mineral beneficiation and industrial minerals (1)Seismology, environmental geology and volcanic hazards (1)

A

Q1
50M 150w Compulsory explain Crystallography, mineralogy, petrology and sedimentary rocks

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (a) How are the symmetry elements in a crystal of class 6/m 2/m 2/m oriented with respect to its crystallographic axes? (10 marks) (b) Why do some minerals show pleochroism? Explain. (10 marks) (c) Describe the compositional changes in the magnesium-rich magma due to progressive removal of olivine. (10 marks) (d) Given a mafic protolith, what would be the characteristic mineral assemblages in (i) greenschist facies, (ii) amphibolite facies and (iii) granulite facies metamorphism? (10 marks) (e) Explain the diagenetic changes in carbonate rocks. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक प्रश्न का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए : (a) स्फटिक कक्ष 6/m 2/m 2/m के एक स्फटिक में सममिति तत्त्व (सिमेट्री एलिमेंट) इसके स्फटिकीय अक्षों के संदर्भ में कैसे अनुयुक्त (ओरिएन्टेड) हैं? (10 अंक) (b) कुछ खनिज बहुवर्णता (प्लियोक्रोइज्म) क्यों दिखाते हैं? समझाइए। (10 अंक) (c) मैग्नीशियम-समृद्ध मैग्मा में से ओलिविन के लगातार निकलने से होने वाले संयोजनात्मक बदलाव का वर्णन कीजिए। (10 अंक) (d) मैफिक प्रोटोलिथ से (i) ग्रीन्सचिस्ट फेसीज, (ii) एम्फीबोलाइट फेसीज एवं (iii) ग्रैन्यूलाइट फेसीज में कायांतरण होने पर किस तरह के विशिष्ट खनिज समूह बनेंगे? (10 अंक) (e) कार्बोनेट चट्टानों में प्रसायाती (डायजेनेटिक) परिवर्तनों की व्याख्या कीजिए। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Geology, Paper 2. (a) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (d) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (e) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Precise mineral names, correct facies assemblages, clear diagrams/sketches, Indian examples.

  • 6-fold axis along c with perpendicular mirror
  • Three 2-fold axes along the a-axes
  • Three 2-fold axes between the a-axes
  • Total elements: 6, 2-fold, mirrors, centre
  • Anisotropy of absorption along optical directions
  • Colouring ions such as Fe and Ti
  • Dichroic and trichroic minerals
  • Isotropic minerals do not show it
  • MgO and Mg number fall
  • FeO/MgO rises
  • Ni and Cr fall sharply
  • Incompatible oxides rise; cotectic with pyroxene and plagioclase
  • Greenschist: chlorite, actinolite, albite, epidote
  • Amphibolite: hornblende, plagioclase, garnet
  • Granulite: orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, plagioclase
  • Temperature and dehydration trend
  • Marine diagenesis: micritisation, fibrous cement
  • Meteoric diagenesis: dissolution, neomorphism, blocky calcite
  • Burial diagenesis: compaction, stylolites, dolomitisation
  • Effect on porosity
Q2
50M explain X-ray diffraction, silicate classification and clay mineralogy

(a) How does the Bragg equation explain X-ray diffraction from a crystal? (20 marks) (b) How does Si-O polymerism help to classify silicate minerals? Give one example for each of these silicate subclasses. (15 marks) (c) List all major differences among kaolinite, smectite and illite groups of clay minerals. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) एक क्रिस्टल से होने वाले X-किरणों के विवर्तन को ब्रैग समीकरण कैसे समझाता है? (20 अंक) (b) Si-O बहुभाजिकता (पॉलिमेरिज्म) सिलिकेट खनिजों को वर्गीकृत करने में कैसे सहायता करती है? इन सिलिकेट उपवर्गों में से प्रत्येक के लिए एक-एक उदाहरण दीजिए। (15 अंक) (c) क्ले खनिजों के केओलिनाइट, स्मेक्टाइट एवं इल्लाइट वर्गों के बीच की सभी प्रमुख भिन्नताओं को सूचीबद्ध कीजिए। (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Geology, Paper 2. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) compare: paired headings or table > key differences > significance > conclusion Full marks: Complete derivation with diagrams; all subclasses with examples; comprehensive comparison table with Indian context

  • Reflection from lattice planes of spacing d
  • Path difference 2d sinθ and nλ = 2d sinθ
  • Condition λ ≤ 2d; worked example
  • Powder and single-crystal applications
  • SiO4 tetrahedron and bridging oxygens
  • Nesosilicate to tectosilicate classes with Si:O ratios
  • One correct example for each
  • Effect on properties and weathering
  • Structure 1:1 versus 2:1
  • Interlayer and layer charge
  • Basal spacing, swelling and CEC
  • Origin and uses
Q3
50M describe Phase equilibria, granite petrogenesis and metamorphic phase diagrams

(a) Describe the changes in crystallized solid composition in albite-anorthite system at 1 atm pressure during cooling of a liquid of An₅₀ composition from 1500 °C temperature. (20 marks) (b) How is a granite defined? Discuss petrogenesis of a calc-alkaline peraluminous granite. (15 marks) (c) What are the assumptions involved for plotting quartz-bearing metamorphic rocks of basaltic composition in an ACF triangular diagram? (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) 1 वातावरण दबाव (1 atm प्रेशर) में An₅₀ संयोजन के द्रव में 1500 °C तापमान से ठंडे हो रहे एल्बाइट-एनोर्थाइट तंत्र के अंदर क्रिस्टलीकृत ठोस संयोजनात्मक बदलाव का वर्णन कीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) ग्रेनाइट को कैसे परिभाषित किया जाता है? एक कैल्क-एल्कलाइन परएल्यूमिनस ग्रेनाइट की शैलोत्पत्ति (पेट्रोजेनेसिस) पर चर्चा कीजिए। (15 अंक) (c) बेसाल्टिक संयोजन वाली क्वार्ट्ज-युक्त कायांतरित चट्टानों को एक ए० सी० एफ० त्रिकोणीय चित्र में दर्शाने के लिए कौन-सी मान्यताएँ शामिल हैं? (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

(a) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Precise, factually correct, with specific examples and diagrams.

  • Complete solid solution, lens-shaped loop, no eutectic
  • Liquidus about 1450 °C with first solid about An80–85
  • Tie lines and lever-rule calculation at several temperatures
  • Solidus about 1280 °C with last liquid about An10; zoning in fractional crystallisation
  • IUGS QAPF definition of granite
  • Peraluminous: A/CNK > 1 and minerals
  • Source: partial melting of metapelite or greywacke
  • Heat source, fractionation and Indian example
  • Quartz in excess so SiO2 is not plotted
  • Water and CO2 abundant and mobile
  • Alkalis taken up in feldspar, hence A minus (Na2O + K2O)
  • Apatite correction, Fe–Mg substitution and equilibrium
Q4
50M discuss Sedimentary petrology, sediment transport and provenance analysis

(a) Classify the conglomerate rocks on the basis of clast composition and grain-matrix ratio and discuss their genetic importance. (20 marks) (b) Briefly describe the mechanisms of gravity-controlled sediment flows and write about their characteristic features in the rocks. (15 marks) (c) Explain mineral-based techniques to decipher the source terrains and transport history of sediments. Give a list of minerals diagnostic of igneous and metamorphic provenances. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) क्लास्ट संघटन और ग्रेन-मैट्रिक्स अनुपात के आधार पर संगुटिका (कांग्लोमरेट) चट्टानों का वर्गीकरण कीजिए और उनके आनुवंशिक महत्व पर चर्चा कीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) गुरुत्व नियंत्रित अवसाद प्रवाह की क्रियाविधियों का संक्षेप में वर्णन कीजिए और चट्टानों में उनकी विशिष्ट विशेषताओं के बारे में लिखिए। (15 अंक) (c) तलछटों के स्रोत भूभाग (टेरेन) और परिवहन इतिहास को समझने के लिए खनिज-आधारित तकनीकों की व्याख्या कीजिए। आग्नेय और कायांतरित स्रोतों के निदानात्मक खनिजों की एक सूची दीजिए। (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Geology Paper 2: Define > Process > Field/Petrographic Evidence > Indian Example. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Precise classification, mechanisms, and mineral lists with named Indian examples and stratigraphic context.

  • Oligomictic versus polymictic
  • Orthoconglomerate versus paraconglomerate, 15% matrix
  • Intraformational versus extraformational
  • Genetic significance and Indian examples
  • Turbidity current and Bouma sequence
  • Debris flow, matrix-supported beds
  • Grain flow and inverse grading
  • Fluidised flow, dish and pillar structures
  • Heavy mineral analysis and ZTR index
  • Grain shape and surface texture
  • Single-grain dating and chemistry
  • Lists of igneous and metamorphic diagnostic minerals

B

Q5
50M 150w Compulsory explain Economic geology, ore deposits, environmental geology and crystal chemistry

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (a) Explain the process of manganese nodules formation and give their major occurrences in the world. (10 marks) (b) Describe the formation of replacement textures in ore minerals and give the criterion of their recognition. (10 marks) (c) Explain the Kriging method for estimating ore reserve. (10 marks) (d) Discuss environmental impacts of urbanization and their mitigations with special reference to land and water. (10 marks) (e) How does coordination number depend on the ratio of ionic radii in a crystal? (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक प्रश्न का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए : (a) मैंगनीज पिंडों के निर्माण की प्रक्रिया की व्याख्या कीजिए और ये विश्व में प्रमुखता से कहाँ-कहाँ पाये जाते हैं, बताइए। (10 अंक) (b) अयस्क खनिजों में प्रतिस्थापन बनावट के निर्माण का वर्णन कीजिए तथा उनकी पहचान के मानक दीजिए। (10 अंक) (c) खनिज भंडार का आकलन करने के लिए क्रिगिंग विधि का वर्णन कीजिए। (10 अंक) (d) भूमि और जल के विशेष संदर्भ में शहरीकरण से पर्यावरण पर पड़ने वाले प्रभावों एवं उनके प्रशमन (मिटिगेशन) पर चर्चा कीजिए। (10 अंक) (e) स्फटिक में समन्वयांक किस प्रकार आयनिक त्रिज्या के अनुपात पर निर्भर करता है? (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Geology, Paper 2. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (d) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (e) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Precise, with Indian examples and diagrams.

  • Nucleus and concentric growth on the deep-sea floor
  • Hydrogenetic versus diagenetic formation with rates
  • Controls: low sedimentation, oxic water
  • Occurrences: CCZ, Peru Basin, Central Indian Ocean Basin
  • Replacement by dissolution and deposition
  • Pseudomorphs, rims, relics, atoll textures
  • Examples such as martite and supergene sulphides
  • Criteria: embayed contacts, relics, preserved structures
  • Weighted average and BLUE property
  • Semivariogram with nugget, sill, range
  • Kriging equations and variance
  • Types and advantages
  • Land impacts: sealing, subsidence, landslides, waste
  • Water impacts: floods, depletion, pollution
  • Mitigation: planning, zoning, recharge, treatment
  • Indian examples
  • Radius ratio r+/r-
  • Pauling ranges for CN 3, 4, 6, 8
  • Worked examples: NaCl, CsCl
  • Limits of the rules
Q6
50M describe Banded iron formations, late magmatic and porphyry copper ore deposits

(a) Describe the formation of Banded Iron Formation (BIF) during Precambrian metallogenic epoch. Write a note on the Indian BIF deposits. (20 marks) (b) Discuss the late magmatic ore-forming processes. What are the salient field characters of such ore deposits? (15 marks) (c) Describe the origin of porphyry copper deposits. Give the geological setup of one porphyry copper deposit of India. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) प्रिकैम्ब्रियन धातुजन्य युग के दौरान पटित लोह शैलसमूह (बी० आई० एफ०) के गठन का वर्णन कीजिए। भारत के बी० आई० एफ० निक्षेप (डिपोजिट्स) पर एक टिप्पणी लिखिए। (20 अंक) (b) पश्च मैग्मीय (लेट मैग्मेटिक) अयस्क उत्पत्ति प्रक्रियाओं की चर्चा कीजिए। ऐसे अयस्क निक्षेपों के मुख्य क्षेत्रीय लक्षण क्या हैं? (15 अंक) (c) पोर्फिरी ताँबा निक्षेपों की उत्पत्ति का वर्णन कीजिए। भारत के एक पोर्फिरी ताँबे के निक्षेप की भूवैज्ञानिक संरचना दीजिए। (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Geology Paper 2: Define > Process > Field/Petrographic Evidence > Indian Example. (a) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance Full marks: Precise process, field evidence, and named Indian examples with stratigraphic age.

  • Definition, composition and age range
  • Anoxic Fe2+ ocean, oxidation by photosynthesis or photoferrotrophs
  • Banding and end of BIF deposition; Algoma and Superior types
  • Indian deposits: Singhbhum–Odisha, Bailadila, Dharwar, Goa
  • Residual liquid segregation and accumulation
  • Filter-pressing and injection
  • Liquid immiscibility
  • Field characters; Indian examples
  • Subduction-related hydrous calc-alkaline magma
  • Fluid exsolution and stockwork fracturing
  • Alteration zoning: potassic, phyllic, argillic, propylitic
  • Malanjkhand host rock, ore and alteration
Q7
50M explain Geobotanical exploration, mineral beneficiation and industrial minerals

(a) Give an account of external changes in flora due to the presence of anomalous concentration of base metal in a terrain. (20 marks) (b) Explain the principle for flotation as a benefication technique. Name various parameters that regulate the flotation process. Explain frothing method giving appropriate examples. (15 marks) (c) What do you understand by the term 'industrial minerals'? Give examples of any five industrial minerals, their sources, compositions and uses in the industry. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) एक भूभाग में मूल धातुओं के असामान्य सांद्रण की मौजूदगी के कारण वनस्पति में हुए बाहरी परिवर्तनों का एक विवरण दीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) प्लवन (फ्लोटेशन) के सिद्धांत को एक सज्जीकरण (बेनिफिकेशन) तकनीक के रूप में समझाइए। प्लवन प्रक्रिया को नियंत्रित करने वाले विभिन्न प्राचलों के नाम बताइए। यथोचित उदाहरण देते हुए झाग-कारक (फ्रोथिंग) विधि को समझाइए। (15 अंक) (c) 'औद्योगिक खनिज' शब्द से आपका क्या तात्पर्य है? किन्हीं पाँच औद्योगिक खनिजों के उदाहरण, उनके स्रोत, संयोजन और उद्योग में उपयोगों को बताइए। (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Geology Paper 2: Define > Process > Field/Petrographic Evidence > Indian Example. (a) account for: state the phenomenon > the causes in order of weight > conclusion | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example Full marks: Precise definitions, specific Indian examples, clear causal chains, and accurate technical terminology throughout.

  • Metal uptake and toxic effects on plants
  • Chlorosis, stunting, abnormal colour, community change
  • Indicator plants and metallophytes with examples
  • Use in exploration and limitations
  • Differential wettability and air bubble attachment
  • Collectors, frothers, modifiers
  • Parameters: particle size, pulp density, pH, aeration, reagent dose
  • Examples: Rampura Agucha Pb–Zn, Malanjkhand Cu
  • Definition: non-metallic, non-fuel minerals used for properties
  • Five correct examples
  • Composition and Indian sources
  • Industrial uses
Q8
50M discuss Seismology, environmental geology and volcanic hazards

(a) Discuss the causes of various seismic discontinuities in the upper mantle. (20 marks) (b) Discuss the composition, source, types, environmental hazard and utility of fly ash. (15 marks) (c) Discuss the hazards in active volcanic terrain during and after eruption. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) ऊपरी प्रावार (मेंटल) में विभिन्न भूकंपीय विच्छिन्नताओं (डिस्कन्टिन्यूटीज) के कारणों पर चर्चा कीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) उड़न राख (फ्लाई ऐश) के संयोजन, स्रोत, प्रकार, पर्यावरणीय दुष्परिणाम और उपयोग पर चर्चा कीजिए। (15 अंक) (c) सक्रिय ज्वालामुखी क्षेत्र में ज्वालामुखी विस्फोट के दौरान तथा उसके पश्चात् होने वाले खतरों पर चर्चा कीजिए। (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Geology Paper 2: Define > Process > Field/Petrographic Evidence > Indian Example. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Precise mineralogy, named Indian examples, clear causal chains, labelled diagrams.

  • Moho: compositional change
  • LAB and low-velocity zone: partial melt and hydration
  • 410 km: olivine to wadsleyite, exothermic; 520 km: to ringwoodite
  • 660 km: ringwoodite to bridgmanite plus ferropericlase, endothermic, effect on slabs
  • Source: pulverised coal combustion, precipitators
  • Composition: SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO
  • Class F and Class C under ASTM C618
  • Hazards and uses
  • During: pyroclastic flows, lava, tephra, gases, lahars
  • Tsunami and edifice collapse
  • After: secondary lahars, climate cooling, health and livelihood
  • Monitoring and mitigation; Indian context

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