Law

UPSC Law 2024 — Paper I

All 8 questions from UPSC Civil Services Mains Law 2024 Paper I (400 marks total). Every stem reproduced in full, with directive-word analysis, marks, word limits, and answer-approach pointers.

8Questions
400Total marks
2024Year
Paper IPaper

Topics covered

Constitutional Law - Supreme Court jurisdiction, federalism, civil services, delegation, fundamental rights (1)Constitutional Law - PIL, constitutionalism, President-Council of Ministers relationship (1)Constitutional Law - legislative privileges, minority rights, constitutional amendment (1)Constitutional Law - cooperative federalism, fundamental rights and directive principles, ordinance making power (1)International Law - definition, state recognition, nationality, territorial sea, ECOSOC (1)International Law - peaceful settlement of disputes, economic order, relationship with municipal law (1)International Law - World Bank and IMF, extradition and asylum, intervention (1)International Law - counter-terrorism, nuclear disarmament, statelessness (1)

A

Q1
50M 150w Compulsory critically examine Constitutional Law - Supreme Court jurisdiction, federalism, civil services, delegation, fundamental rights

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (a) Examine the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to criminal matters. (10 marks) (b) The Parliament or any State Legislature should keep within the domain assigned to it and not encroach upon the other's subject. Critically examine. (10 marks) (c) "Every person who is a member of civil service of the Union holds office during the pleasure of the President." Is there any exception to this rule? Describe. (10 marks) (d) The Indian Constitution permits delegation but imposes specific restrictions to ensure alignment with the Parent Act and protect legislative intent. Examine with illustrations. (10 marks) (e) "A law is void only to the extent of inconsistency or contravention with the relevant Fundamental Right." Explain with the help of decided cases. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक प्रश्न का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए : (a) उच्च न्यायालयों से आपराधिक मामलों में आने वाली अपीलों के संबंध में उच्चतम न्यायालय की अपीलीय अधिकारिता का परीक्षण कीजिए। (10 अंक) (b) संसद अथवा किसी राज्य विधायिका को अपने निर्धारित कार्यक्षेत्र में ही रहना चाहिए तथा अन्यों के विषयक्षेत्र में अतिक्रमण नहीं करना चाहिए। आलोचनात्मक परीक्षण कीजिए। (10 अंक) (c) "प्रत्येक व्यक्ति, जो संघ की सिविल सेवा का सदस्य है, राष्ट्रपति के प्रसादपर्यंत पद धारित करता है।" क्या इस नियम का कोई अपवाद है? वर्णन कीजिए। (10 अंक) (d) भारतीय संविधान प्रत्यायोजन की अनुमति तो देता है, लेकिन साथ ही मूल विधि से सरेखन एवं विधायी आशय को सुरक्षित रखने हेतु विशेष प्रतिबंध भी आरोपित करता है। दृष्टांतों की सहायता से परीक्षण कीजिए। (10 अंक) (e) "सुसंगत मूलभूत अधिकार के उल्लंघन में अथवा असंगत होने की सीमा तक ही कोई विधि शून्य होगी।" निर्णीत वादों की सहायता से स्पष्ट कीजिए। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Issue > Rule: statute or Article > Authority > Application and conclusion. (a) examine: intro > how/why with reasoning > evidence > conclusion | (b) critically evaluate: positives > negatives/limits > conditions/safeguards > conclusion | (c) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (d) examine: intro > how/why with reasoning > evidence > conclusion | (e) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Precise citation of Articles and cases; clear application of doctrine; balanced analysis.

  • Article 134(1)(a)–(b) appeals as of right (reversal of acquittal to death; withdrawn case with death sentence)
  • Article 134(1)(c) certificate and Article 134A; substantial question of law
  • Article 134(2) and the 1970 Enlargement Act (life/10 years); BNSS equivalent of CrPC s.379
  • Article 132 constitutional question and Article 136 special leave, exercised sparingly (Pritam Singh)
  • Article 246 and Seventh Schedule; residuary power (Article 248, Entry 97)
  • Doctrines: pith and substance (Prafulla Kumar, Balsara), colourable legislation (Gajapati Narayan Deo), repugnancy (Article 254)
  • Parliament's power over State List: Articles 249, 250, 252, 253, 356/357
  • Critical assessment: centralising tilt, flexible judicial interpretation, cooperative federalism
  • Article 310(1) and its qualification 'except as expressly provided'
  • Constitutional functionaries with protected tenure (judges, CAG, CEC, PSC members)
  • Article 310(2) compensation; Article 311(1) and (2) safeguards (Parshotam Lal Dhingra)
  • Second proviso to Article 311(2) and Tulsiram Patel; judicial review
  • Permissibility and necessity; no express bar
  • Essential legislative function doctrine (Delhi Laws Act, Harishankar Bagla); excessive delegation (Hamdard Dawakhana) vs guided delegation (Gwalior Rayon)
  • Ultra vires grounds: substantive and procedural; Henry VIII clauses (Jalan Trading)
  • Controls: judicial review (P. Krishnamurthy), laying, committees
  • Article 13(1) and (2) text
  • Severability (A.K. Gopalan, R.M.D.C.)
  • Doctrine of eclipse (Bhikaji Narain; Keshavan Madhava Menon)
  • Post-Constitution laws: Deep Chand, Mahendra Lal Jaini; Ambica Mills (citizens vs non-citizens); reading down
Q2
50M elaborate Constitutional Law - PIL, constitutionalism, President-Council of Ministers relationship

(a) The concept of Public Interest Litigation is an exception to the rule of 'locus standi'. Elaborate in the light of its evolution, aims and objects in India with the help of leading cases. Also discuss its drawbacks. (20 marks) (b) "Constitutionalism is the concept of limited government under a Fundamental Law." In the light of this, differentiate between distinctive features of Constitution and Constitutionalism. (15 marks) (c) Discuss the relationship between the President and the Council of Ministers under the parliamentary form of government in India. Explain with the help of relevant constitutional provisions. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) लोक हित वाद की अवधारणा 'लोकस स्टैंडी' के नियम का अपवाद है। भारत में अग्रणी वादों की सहायता से इसके विकास, उद्देश्यों तथा लक्ष्यों के संदर्भ में विस्तृत कीजिए। इसकी कमियों का भी वर्णन कीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) "संविधानवाद एक मूल विधि के अंतर्गत सीमित शासन की अवधारणा है।" इसके आलोक में, संविधान तथा संविधानवाद की सुस्पष्ट विशेषताओं के मध्य अंतर स्थापित कीजिए। (15 अंक) (c) भारत में संसदीय शासन-प्रणाली के अन्तर्गत राष्ट्रपति तथा मंत्रिपरिषद् के मध्य सम्बन्धों की विवेचना कीजिए। सुसंगत संवैधानिक प्रावधानों की सहायता से स्पष्ट कीजिए। (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Issue > Rule > Authority > Application. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) compare: paired headings or point-wise contrast > key differences > significance > conclusion | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Precise legal citations, clear differentiation, balanced analysis with specific examples

  • Traditional locus standi and its relaxation; representative and citizen standing (S.P. Gupta, 1981)
  • Evolution and leading cases: Hussainara Khatoon, Sunil Batra, Bandhua Mukti Morcha, Olga Tellis, M.C. Mehta, Vishaka; epistolary jurisdiction
  • Aims: access to justice (Article 39A), enforcement of rights, accountability, continuing mandamus
  • Drawbacks and safeguards: misuse, overreach, docket burden; Janata Dal v. Chowdhary, Balwant Singh Chaufal guidelines
  • Definitions: Constitution as legal framework; constitutionalism as limited government (Friedrich, Wheare)
  • Distinctive features: document vs ideology; power allocation vs limitation; amendment vs limits (basic structure)
  • Indian practice: Kesavananda, Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain, Minerva Mills, I.R. Coelho, S.R. Bommai
  • Constitution without constitutionalism (Emergency 1975–77) and restorative 44th Amendment
  • Articles 53, 74 (42nd and 44th Amendments), 74(2), 75, 77, 78
  • Judicial interpretation: Ram Jawaya Kapur, U.N.R. Rao, Shamsher Singh, S.R. Bommai
  • Areas of presidential judgment: appointment of PM in hung House, dismissal, dissolution, reconsideration, pocket veto
  • Nature of relationship: constitutional head vs real executive; rights to be informed, encourage, warn
Q3
50M comment Constitutional Law - legislative privileges, minority rights, constitutional amendment

(a) "Article 194, which is an exact reproduction of Article 105, deals with the State Legislatures and their members and committees." On this background, comment that both the Articles are complementary to each other and should be read together. (20 marks) (b) Who are 'minorities'? The Constitution of India protects the rights and interests of minorities to the extent that the rights conferred to them to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice are not absolute and are subject to reasonable restrictions. Discuss with the help of decided case laws. (15 marks) (c) Discuss the procedure of amending the Constitution. Are there any restrictions also in this regard? Support your answer with the help of relevant Supreme Court judgments. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) "अनुच्छेद 194, जो कि अनुच्छेद 105 का सटीक प्रत्युपादन है, राज्य विधायिकाओं तथा उनके सदस्यों एवं समितियों से सम्बन्धित है।" इस पृष्ठभूमि में टिप्पणी कीजिए कि ये दोनों ही अनुच्छेद एक-दूसरे के पूरक हैं तथा इन्हें साथ-साथ पढ़ा जाना चाहिए। (20 अंक) (b) 'अल्पसंख्यक' कौन हैं? भारत का संविधान अल्पसंख्यकों के अधिकारों तथा हितों को उस सीमा तक संरक्षित करता है कि उन्हें अपनी पसंद के शैक्षणिक संस्थान स्थापित करने तथा प्रशासित करने के प्रदत्त अधिकार आत्यंतिक नहीं हैं तथा युक्तियुक्त प्रतिबन्धों के अधीन हैं। निर्णीत वाद विधि की सहायता से विवेचना कीजिए। (15 अंक) (c) संविधान के संशोधन की प्रक्रिया का वर्णन कीजिए। क्या इस सम्बन्ध में कोई प्रतिबन्ध भी हैं? अपने उत्तर के समर्थन में उच्चतम न्यायालय के सुसंगत निर्णय भी लिखिए। (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Issue > Rule > Authority > Application. (a) comment: context > arguments both sides > judgment > close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Precise legal analysis with accurate citations and clear application of doctrine

  • Parallel clauses (1)–(4): freedom of speech, immunity, other privileges (44th Amendment reference), extension to non-members
  • Shared limits: subject to Constitution and fundamental rights (M.S.M. Sharma; Keshav Singh reference)
  • Parallel jurisprudence: Tej Kiran Jain, Raja Ram Pal, Amarinder Singh, Sita Soren (2024) overruling P.V. Narasimha Rao
  • Companion provisions (Articles 118/208, 122/212) and the codification debate
  • Definition: religious and linguistic minorities; state as unit (T.M.A. Pai); NCM Act notification including Jains (2014)
  • Article 30(1), 30(1A), 30(2) and link to Article 29
  • Cases on regulation: Kerala Education Bill, Sidhajbhai Sabhai, St. Xavier's, T.M.A. Pai, Islamic Academy, P.A. Inamdar, Malankara, Pramati
  • AMU v. Naresh Agarwal (2024) on minority character; conclusion on balance
  • Article 368 procedure: special majority, state ratification for listed matters, mandatory Presidential assent
  • Three modes of amendment including simple majority outside Article 368
  • Judicial evolution: Shankari Prasad, Sajjan Singh, Golak Nath, Kesavananda (basic structure), Indira Gandhi, Minerva Mills, Waman Rao
  • Later applications: Kihoto Hollohan, L. Chandra Kumar, I.R. Coelho, NJAC (2015), Janhit Abhiyan (2022)
Q4
50M elaborate Constitutional Law - cooperative federalism, fundamental rights and directive principles, ordinance making power

(a) In recent years, the concept of 'Cooperative Federalism' has played a pivotal role in constitutional governance of the nation but at the same time it comes across various challenges as well. Elaborate. (20 marks) (b) "The Fundamental Rights are not an end in themselves but are the means to an end. The end is specified in the Directive Principles." Analyze the statement. (15 marks) (c) "The ordinance making power of the President and the Governors is a unique feature of the Indian Constitution but it balances on a razor-sharp edge between pragmatic governance and potential over-reach." Critically examine with the help of decided case laws. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) हाल के वर्षों में 'सहकारी संघवाद' की अवधारणा ने राष्ट्र के संवैधानिक शासन में महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई है, परन्तु साथ ही इसे विभिन्न चुनौतियों का भी सामना करना पड़ा है। विस्तारित कीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) "मूलभूत अधिकार अपने आप में साध्य नहीं हैं, बल्कि साध्य के साधन के रूप में हैं। साध्य निर्देशक तत्त्वों में विनिर्दिष्ट किया गया है।" उक्त कथन का विश्लेषण कीजिए। (15 अंक) (c) "राष्ट्रपति तथा राज्यपालों की अध्यादेश जारी करने की शक्ति भारतीय संविधान की एक अनन्य विशेषता है, लेकिन यह व्यावहारिक शासन तथा संभावित अतिसंविधान के बीच धारदार संतुलन पर टिकी हुई है।" निर्णीत वाद विधि की सहायता से आलोचनात्मक परीक्षण कीजिए। (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Issue > Rule > Authority > Application. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) analyse: intro > causes > effects > stakeholders/linkages > way forward | (c) critically evaluate: positives > negatives/limits > conditions/safeguards > conclusion Full marks: Precise Article/Case citations, balanced analysis, clear structure, no generic statements.

  • Concept and constitutional character (quasi-federal; West Bengal v. Union, 1962)
  • Instruments: Inter-State Council, Zonal Councils, GST Council, NITI Aayog, Finance Commission transfers, Articles 256–258A
  • Judicial affirmation: S.R. Bommai, Mohit Minerals (2022), NCT Delhi cases (2018, 2023)
  • Challenges: cesses/surcharges, GST compensation end, borrowing limits (Kerala suit), Governors and assent (TN Governor 2025; Presidential Reference opinion Nov 2025), central agencies, uniform policies; reforms (Sarkaria, Punchhi)
  • Nature of Parts III and IV; Article 37; Preambular goals
  • Evolution: Champakam Dorairajan, Kerala Education Bill (harmonious construction), Kesavananda and Article 31C, Minerva Mills (balance as basic feature)
  • DPSP enriching FRs: education (Article 21A), livelihood, equal pay, legal aid, environment
  • Recent clarification: Property Owners Association (2024) on Article 39(b); critical analysis of the means–end formulation
  • Articles 123 and 213: conditions, effect, limits, laying and lapse
  • Justifications: urgency when legislature not in session; examples
  • Judicial checks: R.C. Cooper, A.K. Roy, T. Venkata Reddy, D.C. Wadhwa (re-promulgation), Krishna Kumar Singh (2017)
  • Critique: use for major policy, bypassing Rajya Sabha, need for restraint

B

Q5
50M 150w Compulsory define International Law - definition, state recognition, nationality, territorial sea, ECOSOC

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (a) Define International Law. Enumerate its weaknesses and give suggestions for improvement. (10 marks) (b) What is State recognition? Draw a distinction between recognition de jure and de facto. (10 marks) (c) Examine the importance of nationality and discuss the modes of acquisition of nationality. (10 marks) (d) Distinguish between the concept of territorial sea and inland water. Comment on the breadth of territorial sea that is internationally accepted. (10 marks) (e) Examine the importance of 'the Economic and Social Council' as a principal organ of the United Nations. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक प्रश्न का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए : (a) अंतर्राष्ट्रीय विधि को परिभाषित कीजिए। इसकी कमियों को इंगित कीजिए तथा उनमें सुधार हेतु सुझाव दीजिए। (10 अंक) (b) राज्य मान्यता क्या है? विधित: (डी जुरे) मान्यता तथा वस्तुत: (डी फैक्टो) मान्यता के मध्य अंतर स्थापित कीजिए। (10 अंक) (c) राष्ट्रीयता के महत्व का परीक्षण कीजिए तथा राष्ट्रीयता के अधिग्रहण के तरीकों का वर्णन कीजिए। (10 अंक) (d) राजक्षेत्रीय समुद्र तथा अंतर्देशीय जल की अवधारणा के मध्य अंतर स्थापित कीजिए। अंतर्राष्ट्रीय रूप से स्वीकृत राजक्षेत्रीय समुद्र की चौड़ाई पर टिप्पणी कीजिए। (10 अंक) (e) संयुक्त राष्ट्र के प्रमुख अंग के रूप में 'आर्थिक तथा सामाजिक परिषद' के महत्व का परीक्षण कीजिए। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Issue > Rule > Authority > Application. (a) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) examine: intro > how/why with reasoning > evidence > conclusion | (d) compare: paired headings or point-wise contrast > key differences > significance > conclusion | (e) examine: intro > how/why with reasoning > evidence > conclusion Full marks: Precise legal definitions, specific citations, clear distinctions, and well-reasoned arguments.

  • Definitions (Oppenheim, Starke/Brierly) and sources (Article 38 ICJ Statute)
  • Weaknesses: no central legislature or enforcement, consent-based ICJ jurisdiction, veto, vague custom, power politics
  • Suggestions: optional clause acceptance, ILC codification, ICC and accountability, UNSC reform, domestic implementation
  • Balanced note on compliance in practice
  • Meaning; Montevideo criteria; declaratory vs constitutive theories
  • De jure: full, final; de facto: provisional, based on effective control, withdrawable
  • Legal effects in municipal courts: Luther v. Sagor (1921); UK–Soviet 1921/1924 example; retroactivity
  • Premature recognition; Tinoco arbitration; recognition vs UN membership
  • Definition and importance: diplomatic protection, jurisdiction, rights and duties; Nottebohm genuine link
  • International framework: Hague Convention 1930 Art. 1, UDHR Art. 15, statelessness conventions
  • Modes: birth (jus soli/jus sanguinis), descent, registration, naturalisation, incorporation of territory, marriage, adoption
  • Indian law: Citizenship Act 1955 ss. 3–7; 1986 and 2003 amendments; 2019 amendment (s.6B)
  • Internal waters: landward of baseline, full sovereignty, no innocent passage (except Article 8(2))
  • Territorial sea: up to 12 nm, sovereignty subject to innocent passage; airspace, seabed and subsoil (Article 2)
  • Evolution from cannon-shot/3-mile rule to UNCLOS Article 3; baselines (Articles 5, 7; Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries)
  • Related zones (contiguous zone, EEZ) and Indian Maritime Zones Act 1976
  • Charter basis (Articles 61–72), composition (54 members, 3-year terms)
  • Functions: studies and recommendations, coordination of specialised agencies, functional and regional commissions, NGO consultative status
  • Role in development: HLPF and SDG follow-up, humanitarian affairs segment
  • Limitations and reform: recommendatory powers, overlap, 2005 reforms
Q6
50M explain International Law - peaceful settlement of disputes, economic order, relationship with municipal law

(a) Peaceful settlement of international disputes has been developed on the principles of International Law concerning friendly relations and cooperations among States. Explain. (20 marks) (b) The present world 'Economic Order' is supposed to be granted by the operation of free market forces propelled by free competition and enterprises, based on free movement of goods and services including technology. Elucidate. (15 marks) (c) International Law and Municipal Law are two branches of unified knowledge of law, which are applicable to human community in someway or the other. Elaborate with the help of prevalent theories. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) अंतर्राष्ट्रीय विवादों का शांतिपूर्ण निपटारा राज्यों के मैत्रीपूर्ण संबंध एवं परस्पर सहयोग संबंधी अंतर्राष्ट्रीय विधि के सिद्धांतों पर विकसित हुआ है। व्याख्या कीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) वर्तमान विश्व 'आर्थिक व्यवस्था', मुक्त बाजार शक्तियों द्वारा संचालित, मुक्त प्रतिस्पर्द्धा द्वारा उद्देलित तथा वस्तुओं एवं सेवाओं के मुक्त संचालन, जिसमें तकनीकी भी सम्मिलित है, पर आधारित उद्यमों द्वारा अनुमित किया जाता है। स्पष्ट कीजिए। (15 अंक) (c) अंतर्राष्ट्रीय विधि एवं राष्ट्रीय विधि, विधि के एकीकृत ज्ञान की दो शाखाएं हैं, जो कि मानव समुदाय पर किसी-न-किसी रूप से लागू होती हैं। प्रचलित सिद्धांतों की सहायता से विस्तारित कीजिए। (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Issue > Rule: statute or Article > Authority > Application and conclusion. (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Precise citation of Articles/Statutes, clear distinction of theories, specific examples, and logical flow.

  • Charter Articles 2(3), 2(4), 33; Friendly Relations Declaration (1970) and Manila Declaration (1982)
  • Chapter VI mechanisms: Security Council (Articles 34–38), General Assembly, regional arrangements (Article 52)
  • Diplomatic means (negotiation, good offices, mediation, enquiry, conciliation) and legal means (arbitration, ICJ, UNCLOS Part XV) with examples
  • Limits: consent, veto, non-compliance (South China Sea award; Indus Waters Treaty in abeyance 2025)
  • Bretton Woods institutions and GATT/WTO; comparative advantage
  • Legal pillars: GATT (MFN, national treatment), GATS, TRIMs/BITs, TRIPS technology provisions, competition law
  • Critique: NIEO, Charter of Economic Rights and Duties, technology barriers, Doha TRIPS declaration, COVID waiver
  • Recent trends: Appellate Body paralysis, industrial policies, tariff wars, friend-shoring; developing-country positions
  • Monism (Kelsen, Lauterpacht) and dualism (Triepel, Anzilotti)
  • Transformation, adoption/incorporation, delegation and coordination theories; VCLT Article 27
  • State practice: UK (Trendtex), US (Medellín)
  • India: Articles 51(c), 73, 253; Maganbhai, Jolly George Varghese, Gramophone Co., Vishaka, PUCL, Puttaswamy
Q7
50M discuss International Law - World Bank and IMF, extradition and asylum, intervention

(a) Following 'World War II' destruction, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund emerged as two historic institutions to promote economic recovery and to build a global monetary system to ensure economic stability around the world. Discuss at length. (20 marks) (b) Discuss the law on extradition. The procedure for granting asylum and approving extradition requests differ significantly. Explain. (15 marks) (c) What is intervention? Discuss the intervention on humanitarian grounds and the intervention due to self-defence. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) 'द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध' में हुए विनाश के उपरांत विश्व में आर्थिक स्थिरता सुनिश्चित किए जाने हेतु आर्थिक पुनःप्राप्ति को बढ़ावा देने एवं एक वैश्विक मौद्रिक प्रणाली का निर्माण करने के लिए विश्व बैंक और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मुद्रा कोष, दो ऐतिहासिक संस्थानों, का अभ्युदय हुआ। विस्तृत वर्णन कीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) प्रत्यर्पण संबंधी विधि का वर्णन कीजिए। शरण देने की प्रक्रिया और प्रत्यर्पण आवेदन की मंजूरी प्रक्रिया में महत्वपूर्ण भिन्नता है। व्याख्या कीजिए। (15 अंक) (c) हस्तक्षेप क्या है? मानवीय आधारों पर हस्तक्षेप तथा आत्म-प्रतिरक्षा के कारण हुए हस्तक्षेप का वर्णन कीजिए। (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Issue > Rule: statute or Article > Authority > Application and conclusion. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Precise legal/institutional references, clear distinctions, balanced analysis, no factual errors

  • Bretton Woods (1944): purposes of IMF (Article I) and IBRD
  • IMF: par value system, 1971 collapse, Jamaica/Second Amendment, surveillance, quotas, SDRs (2021 allocation), lending facilities and conditionality
  • World Bank Group: IBRD, IDA, IFC, MIGA, ICSID; shift from reconstruction to development
  • Assessment: contributions, India's experience (1981, 1991), criticisms (governance, conditionality) and reforms (quota reviews, Evolution Roadmap)
  • Extradition: definition, no general duty without treaty, aut dedere aut judicare; principles (double criminality, specialty, political offence, nationals, human rights bars)
  • Indian Extradition Act 1962: procedure (ss. 5, 7, 8), restrictions (s.31), death penalty (s.34C); examples (Nirav Modi, Mallya, Tahawwur Rana 2025)
  • Asylum: territorial vs diplomatic; UDHR Art. 14, Refugee Convention, non-refoulement; Asylum and Haya de la Torre cases
  • Differences in initiation, nature, test and outcome; India's position (non-party; Immigration and Foreigners Act 2025; Article 21)
  • Definition (Oppenheim; Nicaragua 1986); Articles 2(4), 2(7); Friendly Relations Declaration
  • Humanitarian intervention: examples (1971, 1979, Kosovo 1999), legality debate, R2P (2005 paras 138–139), Libya 2011
  • Self-defence: Article 51, necessity and proportionality (Caroline), armed attack threshold, collective self-defence, Oil Platforms
  • Contested areas: anticipatory self-defence, non-State actors (Wall, DRC v. Uganda, 'unwilling or unable'); Indian practice (2016, 2019, 2025)
Q8
50M critically analyse International Law - counter-terrorism, nuclear disarmament, statelessness

(a) Describe the constitution of United Nations Security Council's 'Counter-Terrorism Committee'. To what extent has this Committee been effective in countering terrorism across international borders? Critically analyze. (20 marks) (b) What do you understand by nuclear disarmament? Do you agree with the opinion that Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) has been successful in achieving its objects? Critically examine. (15 marks) (c) What is statelessness? A stateless person is often subjected to a number of human rights violation. What are the impediments that people face due to statelessness? Elaborate the human rights issues that are connected to statelessness. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद की 'आतंकवाद-विरोधी समिति' के गठन का वर्णन कीजिए। अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सीमाओं पर आतंकवाद का मुकाबला करने में यह समिति किस सीमा तक प्रभावी रही है? आलोचनात्मक विश्लेषण कीजिए। (20 अंक) (b) परमाणु निरस्त्रीकरण से आप क्या समझते हैं? क्या आपकी राय में व्यापक परमाणु परीक्षण प्रतिबंध संधि (सी. टी. बी. टी.) अपने उद्देश्यों को प्राप्त करने में सफल रही है? आलोचनात्मक परीक्षण कीजिए। (15 अंक) (c) विराष्ट्रिकता क्या है? एक राष्ट्रिकताहीन व्यक्ति को प्रायः अनेक मानवाधिकार उल्लंघनों का सामना करना पड़ता है। विराष्ट्रिकता के कारण व्यक्ति को किन बाधाओं का सामना करना पड़ता है? विराष्ट्रिकता से संबंधित मानवाधिकार के मुद्दों को विस्तार से समझाइए। (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Issue > Rule: statute or Article > Authority > Application and conclusion. (a) analyse: intro > causes > effects > stakeholders/linkages > way forward | (b) examine: intro > how/why with reasoning > evidence > conclusion | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Comprehensive, well-structured, and critically analytical answers with precise legal references and examples.

  • Establishment by Resolution 1373 (2001) under Chapter VII; membership (all 15 Council members); obligations on States
  • CTED (Resolution 1535, 2004); later mandates (1624, 2178, 2396, 2462); monitoring tools
  • Achievements: legislative harmonisation, capacity building, coordination with 1267 sanctions and FATF
  • Limits: no enforcement, politicised listings/holds, lack of definition (CCIT); India's role (chair 2011–12, 2022; Delhi Declaration)
  • Disarmament vs non-proliferation; NPT Article VI; ICJ 1996 advisory opinion
  • CTBT aims and verification (IMS, CTBTO); normative success and testing moratoria
  • Failure to enter into force: Annex II states (US, China, Egypt, Iran, Israel unratified; India, Pakistan, DPRK unsigned); Russia's de-ratification (2023); DPRK tests
  • India's position (discrimination, moratorium, NFU); TPNW (2021); balanced verdict
  • Definition (1954 Convention Article 1); 1961 Convention; causes
  • Right to nationality: UDHR 15, ICCPR 24(3), CRC 7–8, CEDAW 9
  • Impediments: documentation, movement, education, work, property, political rights; detention, trafficking, refoulement
  • Examples and remedies: Rohingya, Bidoon, Assam NRC (2019), Chakma-Hajong (NHRC v. Arunachal); #IBelong, Global Alliance (2024)

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