Medical Science

UPSC Medical Science 2023 — Paper II

All 8 questions from UPSC Civil Services Mains Medical Science 2023 Paper II (400 marks total). Every stem reproduced in full, with directive-word analysis, marks, word limits, and answer-approach pointers.

8Questions
400Total marks
2023Year
Paper IIPaper

Topics covered

Dengue, schizophrenia, IMNCI, immunization, lichen planus (1)Meningitis, congenital cyanotic heart disease, seborrheic dermatitis (1)Chronic renal failure, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, psoriasis (1)Asthma case study, severe acute malnutrition, acute abdomen imaging (1)Clinical medicine and public health (1)Obstetrics, vascular surgery and public health (1)Radiology, biochemistry and gynecology (1)Malaria elimination, obstetrics and surgery (1)

A

Q1
50M Compulsory outline Dengue, schizophrenia, IMNCI, immunization, lichen planus

(a) (i) Enlist the clinical features of dengue fever. (ii) Outline the management of a patient with dengue haemorrhagic fever. (5+5=10 marks) (b) Write the symptoms of schizophrenia. (10 marks) (c) (i) What is the full form of IMNCI and what are its objectives? (ii) What are the components of integrated care provided under IMNCI? (4+6=10 marks) (d) State the immunization schedule under the National Immunization Programme for infants and children. (10 marks) (e) A 40-year-old male presented with multiple itchy, violaceous, flat-topped papules over skin for last one year. He also complained of burning sensation in mouth. (i) Diagnose this condition. (ii) What are the oral findings which can be associated with this condition? (iii) Outline its management. (2+3+5=10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(क) (i) डेंगू ज्वर की रोगलाक्षणिक विशेषताओं की सूची प्रस्तुत कीजिए। (ii) डेंगू रक्तस्रावी ज्वर के रोगी के प्रबंधन की रूपरेखा प्रस्तुत कीजिए। (5+5=10) (ख) विखण्डित मनस्कता (सिज़ोफ्रेनिया) के लक्षण लिखिए। (10) (ग) (i) आई० एम० एन० सी० आई० का पूर्ण रूप क्या है तथा उसके क्या-क्या उद्देश्य हैं? (ii) आई० एम० एन० सी० आई० के अंतर्गत दी जाने वाली समाकलित देखभाल के क्या-क्या घटक हैं? (4+6=10) (घ) राष्ट्रीय प्रतिरक्षीकरण (टीकाकरण) कार्यक्रम के अंतर्गत शिशुओं और बच्चों के लिए निर्धारित प्रतिरक्षीकरण समय-सारणी का विवरण दीजिए। (10) (ङ) एक 40-वर्षीय पुरुष को विगत एक वर्ष से त्वचा पर बहुत कण्ठकारी, बैंगनी, चपटे पट वाली पिटिकाएँ हैं। साथ ही, उसे मुँह में जलन की संवेदना है। (i) इस रूपता में निदान (डायमोसिस) बताइए। (ii) इस रूपता में मुँह में क्या-क्या लक्षण हो सकते हैं? (iii) इस रोग के प्रबंधन की रूपरेखा प्रस्तुत कीजिए। (2+3+5=10)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Clinical Sequence (Definition > Aetiology > Features > Management). (a(i)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (a(ii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (c(i)) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (c(ii)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (d) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (e(i)) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (e(ii)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (e(iii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Accurate clinical features, correct management protocols, and precise identification of Lichen Planus with specific oral findings.

  • High fever, severe headache and retro-orbital pain
  • Myalgia and arthralgia
  • Rash and mild bleeding with positive tourniquet test
  • Phases with warning signs
  • Crystalloid fluid resuscitation titrated to response
  • Monitoring haematocrit, vitals and urine output
  • Transfusion for concealed bleeding, platelets only for active bleeding
  • Paracetamol only; avoid NSAIDs
  • Positive symptoms: hallucinations and delusions
  • Negative symptoms: flat affect, avolition, alogia
  • Disorganised speech and behaviour
  • Cognitive impairment and duration criteria
  • Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness
  • Reduction of under-five mortality and morbidity
  • Improved health worker skills
  • Health system and community practices
  • Three components: worker skills, health system, family and community
  • Assessment and classification with colour-coded charts
  • Treatment and counselling
  • Follow-up
  • Birth doses: BCG, hepatitis B, OPV-0
  • 6, 10 and 14 weeks vaccines
  • 9-12 months: MR-1, PCV booster, JE-1
  • Boosters at 16-24 months, 5-6 years, 10 and 16 years
  • Lichen planus
  • Wickham striae on buccal mucosa
  • Plaque and papular forms
  • Atrophic and erosive forms
  • Desquamative gingivitis
  • Remove triggers and maintain oral hygiene
  • Topical corticosteroids
  • Systemic therapy for severe disease
  • Follow-up for malignancy
Q2
50M outline Meningitis, congenital cyanotic heart disease, seborrheic dermatitis

(a) A 30-year-old female has been brought to medical emergency with a history of low-grade fever, headache, anorexia and weight loss for the last one month. She has also developed diplopia and altered sensorium for the last two days. (i) What is the most likely diagnosis? (ii) Enumerate the investigations required to confirm the diagnosis. (iii) Differentiate between the CSF findings in pyogenic, tubercular and viral meningitis. (iv) Outline the treatment plan in this patient. (2+6+6+6=20 marks) (b) A 2-year-old boy was brought to the emergency with the complaints of sudden onset of respiratory distress with irritability. On examination, the child is disoriented and he has both peripheral and central cyanosis. He has deep sighing respiration with SpO₂ < 65% at room air. On oxygen therapy, his SpO₂ is increased to 80%. He has no organomegaly or neurological deficit. (i) Write the complete diagnosis of this boy. (ii) How will you manage this case in emergency? (iii) Classify the congenital cyanotic heart diseases. (2+8+5=15 marks) (c) A 48-year-old male presented with yellowish, greasy scales and redness over the scalp. (i) What is the most likely diagnosis? (ii) Mention the sites of involvement in this disease. (iii) Name the organism responsible for the pathogenesis of this disease. (iv) Outline its treatment. (2+4+2+7=15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(क) एक 30-वर्षीय महिला मेडिकल इमरजेंसी में लाई गई है। उसे विगत एक माह से निम्न श्रेणी का ज्वर है, सरदर्द है, भूख नहीं लग रही (एनोरेक्सिया) है और उसके वजन में गिरावट आई है। इधर दो दिनों से उसमें द्विदृष्टिता तथा संवेदनतंत्र परिवर्तन के लक्षण भी प्रकट हुए हैं। (i) सर्वाधिक संभावित निदान क्या है? (ii) निदान की पुष्टि के लिए कौन-कौन सी जाँच करनी होंगी, उन्हें गिनाइए। (iii) सी० एस० एफ० विशेषताओं के आधार पर पूयजन्य मस्तिष्कावरणशोथ, यक्ष्मज मस्तिष्कावरणशोथ तथा विषाणु मस्तिष्कावरणशोथ के बीच भेद बताइए। (iv) इस रोगी की उपचार योजना की रूपरेखा लिखिए। (2+6+6+6=20) (ख) एक 2-वर्षीय बालक इमरजेंसी में लाया गया है। उसे एकाएक श्वसन में कष्ट हुआ है और चिड़चिड़ापन जागृत हुआ है। जाँच करने पर उसकी स्थिति भ्रांति की है तथा उसे परिसरिय व केन्द्रीय श्यावता है। यह बालक गहरी साँसें भर रहा है और कमरे की हवा में उसका SpO₂, 65% से कम है। ऑक्सीजन चिकित्सा देने पर उसका SpO₂ बढ़कर 80% हो गया है। उसके शरीर में कोई अंगवृद्धि नहीं है और न ही उसे कोई तंत्रिकातंत्रहीनता है। (i) इस बालक का पूर्ण निदान लिखिए। (ii) इमरजेंसी में इस बालक का प्रबंधन आप कैसे करेंगे? (iii) जन्मजात श्याव हृदय रोगों को वर्गीकृत कीजिए। (2+8+5=15) (ग) एक 48-वर्षीय पुरुष शिरोवल्क पर पीली-सी स्नेहिकायुक्त शल्क और लाली लेकर आता है। (i) सर्वाधिक संभावित निदान क्या है? (ii) इस रोग में शरीर के कौन-कौन से भाग प्रभावित होते हैं? (iii) इस रोग की रोगसंग्रामि के लिए कौन-सा जीव दोषी होता है, नाम बताइए। (iv) इस रोग के उपचार की रूपरेखा प्रस्तुत कीजिए। (2+4+2+7=15)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Clinical Case Analysis (Diagnosis, Investigation, Management). (a(i)) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (a(ii)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (a(iii)) compare: paired headings or table > key differences > significance > conclusion | (a(iv)) suggest: the problem in one line > implementable measures > who acts > conclusion | (b(i)) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (b(ii)) suggest: the problem in one line > implementable measures > who acts > conclusion | (b(iii)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (c(i)) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (c(ii)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (c(iii)) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (c(iv)) suggest: the problem in one line > implementable measures > who acts > conclusion Full marks: Accurate diagnosis with specific etiology; management follows clinical priority (immediate to definitive); CSF differentiation is precise.

  • Tuberculous meningitis
  • Lumbar puncture with CSF analysis
  • CSF acid-fast smear, culture and CBNAAT
  • Contrast MRI or CT brain
  • Chest X-ray and HIV test
  • Pyogenic: neutrophils, low glucose, high protein
  • Tuberculous: lymphocytes, low glucose, high protein, cobweb
  • Viral: lymphocytes, normal glucose, normal or mild protein
  • Appearance and microbiological pointers
  • Antitubercular therapy 2HRZE followed by 10 months
  • Corticosteroids with taper
  • Management of raised ICP and hydrocephalus
  • Supportive care
  • Tetralogy of Fallot
  • Hypercyanotic (tet) spell
  • Knee-chest position and oxygen
  • Morphine and intravenous fluid bolus
  • Sodium bicarbonate and beta blocker
  • Phenylephrine, ventilation and definitive surgery if refractory
  • Decreased pulmonary blood flow group
  • Increased pulmonary blood flow group
  • Examples in each group
  • The 5 T's
  • Seborrhoeic dermatitis
  • Scalp
  • Eyebrows, glabella and nasolabial folds
  • Ears and presternal area
  • Axillae and groin
  • Malassezia (Pityrosporum ovale)
  • Antifungal shampoo and cream
  • Keratolytics
  • Short course of mild topical steroid or calcineurin inhibitor
  • Oral antifungal for severe disease
Q3
50M discuss Chronic renal failure, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, psoriasis

(a) Discuss in short the aetiology, clinical features, investigations and management of chronic renal failure. (5+5+5+5=20 marks) (b) (i) Write the causes of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in a newborn. (9 marks) (ii) What is the mechanism of action of phototherapy in the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia? (3 marks) (iii) What are the potential complications of the phototherapy? (3 marks) (9+3+3=15 marks) (c) (i) Mention the nail findings in psoriasis. (5 marks) (ii) Discuss the topical and systemic therapies in psoriasis. (10 marks) (5+10=15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) चिरकारी वृक्क पात की हेतुकी, रोगलाक्षणिक विशेषताओं, जाँचों तथा प्रबंधन के बारे में संक्षेप में व्याख्या कीजिए। (5+5+5+5=20) (b) (i) नवजात में अयुग्मित अतिबिलिरुबिनरक्तता के कारण लिखिए। (9) (ii) अतिबिलिरुबिनरक्तता के उपचार में प्रकाश-चिकित्सा (फोटोथेरेपी) के कार्य करने की क्या विधि होती है? (3) (iii) फोटोथेरेपी की संभावित जटिलताएँ क्या-क्या हैं? (3) (9+3+3=15) (c) (i) सोरायसिस में नखों में होने वाले परिवर्तनों का उल्लेख कीजिए। (5) (ii) सोरायसिस में दी जाने वाली स्थलीय (टॉपिकल) एवं दैहिक चिकित्सा की व्याख्या कीजिए। (10) (5+10=15)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Clinical Sequence (Definition > Aetiology > Features > Investigation > Management). (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b(i)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b(ii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b(iii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c(i)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (c(ii)) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Comprehensive, clinically accurate, follows sequence, includes modern guidelines.

  • Aetiology: diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis
  • Clinical features: anaemia, bone disease, uraemic symptoms
  • Investigations: creatinine, eGFR, electrolytes, ultrasound, biopsy
  • Management: slowing progression, complications, dialysis and transplant
  • Physiological jaundice
  • Increased production: haemolysis, polycythaemia
  • Decreased conjugation: Crigler-Najjar, Gilbert, prematurity
  • Increased enterohepatic circulation and sepsis
  • Photoisomerisation of bilirubin
  • Structural isomerisation to lumirubin
  • Excretion without conjugation
  • Dehydration
  • Temperature instability
  • Skin rash and bronze baby syndrome
  • Retinal injury if eyes not shielded
  • Pitting
  • Oil-drop sign
  • Onycholysis
  • Subungual hyperkeratosis
  • Topical steroids and vitamin D analogues
  • Phototherapy
  • Methotrexate, ciclosporin and acitretin
  • Biologics such as TNF, IL-17 and IL-23 inhibitors
Q4
50M outline Asthma case study, severe acute malnutrition, acute abdomen imaging

(a) A 20-year-old male has presented to the medicine OPD. He has complaints of episodes of breathlessness associated with tightness of chest and wheezing since the childhood. These episodes occurred commonly during the change of season. (i) What is the most probable diagnosis? (2 marks) (ii) How will you confirm the diagnosis? (3 marks) (iii) Discuss in short the clinical features of the disease. (5 marks) (iv) Outline the stepwise approach to the management of the disease. (10 marks) (2+3+5+10=20 marks) (b) (i) What are the criteria for the identification of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in children 6 months to 59 months of age? (5 marks) (ii) Enumerate the criteria for admission in the facility-based care for severe acute malnutrition. (5 marks) (iii) Write ten steps in the management of SAM. (10 marks) (5+5+10=20 marks) (c) Discuss in short the role of X-ray imaging in diagnosing a case of acute abdomen. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) एक 20-वर्षीय पुरुष कायचिकित्सा ओ० पी० डी० में आया है। उसका कहना है कि बचपन से ही कभी-कभी उसका दम फूलने लगता है, उस समय उसे छाती कसी हुई मालूम होती है और उसकी साँस में घरघराहट होने लगती है। ऐसी घटनाएँ प्रायः ऋतु परिवर्तन काल में घटित हुई हैं। (i) सर्वाधिक संभावित निदान क्या है? (2) (ii) इस निदान की पुष्टि आप कैसे करेंगे? (3) (iii) इस रोग की रोगलाक्षणिक विशेषताओं की संक्षेप में व्याख्या कीजिए। (5) (iv) इस रोग के प्रबंधन की रूपरेखा चरणबद्ध पद्धति से प्रस्तुत कीजिए। (10) (2+3+5+10=20) (b) (i) उन मानकों के विषय में बताइए, जिनके माध्यम से 6 माह से 59 माह की उम्र के बच्चों में प्रचंड तीव्र कुपोषण [सिवियर एक्यूट मैलन्यूट्रिशन (एस० ए० एम०)] की पहचान की जा सकती है। (5) (ii) उन मानकों को गिनाइए, जिनके आधार पर प्रचंड तीव्र कुपोषण पीड़ित बच्चों को सुविधा-आधारित देखभाल (फैसिलिटी-बेस्ड केयर) में भर्ती करने की आवश्यकता पड़ती है। (5) (iii) प्रचंड तीव्र कुपोषण के प्रबंधन के दस चरण कौन-कौन से हैं, लिखिए। (10) (5+5+10=20) (c) तीव्र उदर के रोगी के निदान में एक्स-रे प्रतिबिंबन (इमेजिंग) की भूमिका पर संक्षेप में व्याख्या कीजिए। (10)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Clinical Sequence (Definition > Aetiology > Features > Investigation > Management). (a(i)) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (a(ii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (a(iii)) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (a(iv)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (b(i)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (b(ii)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (b(iii)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Precise clinical terminology, correct stepwise management, and accurate diagnostic criteria.

  • Bronchial asthma
  • Recurrent episodic course
  • Reversible airway obstruction
  • Spirometry with bronchodilator reversibility
  • Peak expiratory flow variability
  • Bronchial provocation test if spirometry is normal
  • Episodic wheeze and breathlessness
  • Chest tightness and nocturnal cough
  • Prolonged expiration with polyphonic wheeze
  • Triggers and atopy; signs of severe attack
  • Education, trigger avoidance and inhaler technique
  • Steps 1 and 2: reliever with low-dose ICS
  • Steps 3 and 4: ICS-LABA
  • Step 5: add-ons and biologics; management of acute attack
  • Weight-for-height below -3 SD
  • MUAC below 11.5 cm
  • Bilateral pitting oedema
  • Oedema of grade 3
  • Failed appetite test
  • Medical complications or danger signs
  • Infants below 6 months or failure on community care
  • Hypoglycaemia, hypothermia and dehydration management
  • Electrolyte correction and infection treatment
  • Micronutrients and cautious feeding with F-75
  • Catch-up growth, stimulation and discharge preparation
  • Free gas under the diaphragm in perforation
  • Air-fluid levels and dilated loops in obstruction
  • Calcifications and stones
  • Ileus, volvulus signs and limitations of plain films

B

Q5
50M Compulsory describe Clinical medicine and public health

(a) A 65-year-old lady has progressively increasing dysphagia for last 6 months. She also has significant weight loss. How will you investigate her? (10 marks) (b) A 42-year-old male, known case of alcoholic liver disease with portal hypertension, is brought to casualty with severe haematemesis. Describe the management of this case. (10 marks) (c) (i) Name any five risk factors associated with pelvic organ prolapse. (ii) Enlist the management options for a 60-year-old postmenopausal lady with procidentia with cystocoele with enterocoele with rectocoele. (5+5=10 marks) (d) Define chronic pelvic pain. What are the various causes of chronic pelvic pain in women? (10 marks) (e) The Janani-Shishu Suraksha Karyakram is a unique national initiative of the Government of India. State in brief the entitlements to pregnant women and neonates under this scheme. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) एक 65-वर्षीय महिला को विगत 6 माह से निगरण-कष्ट है, जो उत्तरोत्तर बढ़ता जा रहा है। उसके वजन में भी गिरावट हुई है, जो दिखाई देती है। इस महिला की जाँच कैसे की जानी चाहिए? (10 अंक) (b) मद्यप यकृत रोग के साथ-साथ प्रतिहारी अतिरक्तदाब से पीड़ित एक 42-वर्षीय पुरुष को प्रचंड रक्तवमन होने पर कैजुअल्टी में लाया गया है। इस रोगी का प्रबंधन कैसे करना होगा, वर्णन कीजिए। (10 अंक) (c) (i) श्रोणि अंग भ्रंश (पेल्विक ऑर्गन प्रोलैप्स) से संबंध किन्हीं पांच जोखिमकारी तत्वों के नाम गिनाइए। (ii) एक 60-वर्षीय रजोनिवृत्तुतर महिला, जिसे गर्भाशयपूर्णभ्रंश है, मूत्राशय हर्निया है, आत्र हर्निया है तथा साथ ही मलाशय हर्निया है, उसके प्रबंधन विकल्पों की सूची प्रस्तुत कीजिए। (5+5=10 अंक) (d) चिरकारी श्रोणि वेदना (क्रोनिक पेल्विक पेन) को परिभाषित कीजिए। महिलाओं में चिरकारी श्रोणि वेदना के विभिन्न कारण क्या-क्या हैं? (10 अंक) (e) जननी-शिशु सुरक्षा कार्यक्रम भारत सरकार की राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर चलाई जा रही एक अद्वितीय पहल है। इस योजना के अंतर्गत गर्भवती महिलाओं एवं नवजात शिशुओं की पात्रताओं को संक्षेप में उल्लिखित कीजिए। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Clinical Sequence (Definition > Aetiology > Features > Investigation/Management). (a) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c(i)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (c(ii)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (d) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (e) highlight: name the salient points > one line of substance each > close Full marks: Comprehensive clinical reasoning, correct prioritization of management, and accurate statutory details.

  • History and examination for cachexia and nodes
  • Upper GI endoscopy with multiple biopsies
  • Barium swallow findings
  • Staging by CT, EUS and PET-CT
  • Airway, IV access and restrictive transfusion
  • Terlipressin or octreotide before endoscopy
  • Antibiotic prophylaxis
  • Endoscopic band ligation and rescue with tamponade or TIPS
  • Vaginal delivery and parity
  • Age and menopause
  • Chronic straining or cough
  • Obesity and connective tissue weakness
  • Conservative: pelvic floor exercises and pessary
  • Colpocleisis
  • Vaginal hysterectomy with repairs and apical suspension
  • Sacrocolpopexy
  • Non-cyclical pain of 6 months or more
  • Gynaecological causes: endometriosis, adenomyosis, PID
  • Urological, gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal causes
  • Psychological factors
  • Free normal delivery and caesarean section
  • Free drugs, diagnostics and blood
  • Free diet and exemption from user charges
  • Free transport and sick newborn care
Q6
50M discuss Obstetrics, vascular surgery and public health

(a) (i) Enumerate the causes for postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). (ii) Discuss the management of PPH. (10+10=20 marks) (b) (i) Enumerate the signs of lower limb arterial ischaemia. (ii) Briefly outline the diagnostic workup in a 62-year-old male with atherosclerotic lower limb peripheral arterial disease. (iii) State the management of this case. (5+5+5=15 marks) (c) The National Rural Health Mission is committed towards improving rural healthcare delivery system in the country. State the major initiatives that have been undertaken under this Mission to strengthen the healthcare infrastructure in rural areas. (15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) (i) प्रसवोत्तर रक्तस्राव (पी. पी. एच.) के कारणों को गिनाइए। (ii) प्रसवोत्तर रक्तस्राव के प्रबंधन की व्याख्या कीजिए। (10+10=20 अंक) (b) (i) अधःशाखा धमनी अरक्तता के लक्षण गिनाइए। (ii) एक 62-वर्षीय पुरुष, जिसकी अधःशाखा में एथेरोस्क्लेरोटिक परिसरिय धमनी रोग है, के नैदानिक (डायग्नोस्टिक) वर्क-अप की संक्षिप्त रूपरेखा प्रस्तुत कीजिए। (iii) इस रोगी का प्रबंधन कैसे होगा, वर्णन कीजिए। (5+5+5=15 अंक) (c) राष्ट्रीय ग्रामीण स्वास्थ्य मिशन देश में ग्रामीण स्वास्थ्य देखभाल वितरण प्रणाली में सुधार के लिए प्रतिबद्ध है। ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में स्वास्थ्य सेवा के बुनियादी ढांचे को मजबूत करने के लिए इस मिशन के अंतर्गत कौन-कौन सी प्रमुख पहल की गई हैं? (15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Clinical Sequence (Definition > Aetiology > Features > Investigation > Management). (a(i)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (a(ii)) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b(i)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (b(ii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b(iii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) highlight: name the salient points > one line of substance each > close Full marks: Comprehensive, clinically accurate, follows sequence, uses mnemonics.

  • Tone: uterine atony
  • Trauma: tears, rupture, inversion
  • Tissue: retained placenta, accreta
  • Thrombin: coagulopathy
  • Resuscitation with fluids, blood and tranexamic acid
  • Uterine massage and uterotonics
  • Balloon tamponade and cause-specific measures
  • Surgical options: compression sutures, ligation, hysterectomy
  • Pain and pallor
  • Pulselessness
  • Paraesthesia and paralysis
  • Poikilothermia and trophic changes
  • Ankle-brachial index
  • Arterial duplex ultrasound
  • CT or MR angiography
  • Risk factor assessment: lipids, glucose, renal function
  • Smoking cessation and supervised exercise
  • Antiplatelet and statin therapy
  • Revascularisation by angioplasty or bypass
  • Amputation when the limb is not salvageable
  • Indian Public Health Standards and upgradation of facilities
  • Sub-centres, PHCs and CHCs as First Referral Units
  • ASHA, Rogi Kalyan Samitis and untied grants
  • Ambulances, mobile units, JSY and JSSK
Q7
50M enumerate Radiology, biochemistry and gynecology

(a) (i) Enumerate the causes of radio-opacities on a plain abdominal radiograph. (ii) Enlist the causes of hydronephrosis in adults. (iii) How would you investigate an adult patient with unilateral right-sided hydronephrosis? (iv) State in brief the management of PUJ obstruction. (5+5+5+5=20 marks) (b) (i) What are essential amino acids? List any six. (ii) When is a protein said to be 'biologically complete'? What does the term 'supplementary action of proteins' mean? Explain this concept by citing an example from daily life. (5+10=15 marks) (c) (i) What are the methods for screening of cancer cervix? (ii) What are the risk factors for cervical cancer? (iii) Enlist the preventive strategies for cancer cervix. (5+5+5=15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) (i) उदर के साधारण एक्स-रे बिंब (रेडियोग्राफ) पर दृश्यगत एक्स-रे अपारदर्शिताओं (रेडियो-ओपेसिटीज) के कारण गिनाइए। (ii) वयस्कों में जलवृक्कता (हाइड्रोनेफ्रोसिस) के कारण गिनाइए। (iii) एक वयस्क रोगी, जिसे एक-तरफा दाहिनी ओर जलवृक्कता है, की जाँच कैसे करनी होगी? (iv) पी० यू० जे० अवरोध के प्रबंधन का संक्षेप में उल्लेख कीजिए। (5+5+5+5=20) (b) (i) आवश्यक ऐमिनो ऐसिड क्या हैं? किन्हीं छः के नाम बताइए। (ii) किसी प्रोटीन को 'जैविक रूप से पूर्ण' कब कहा जाता है? 'प्रोटीनों की पूरक क्रिया' का क्या अर्थ है? दैनिक जीवन से एक उदाहरण देते हुए इस सिद्धांत को समझाइए। (5+10=15) (c) (i) गर्भाशयग्रीवा कैंसर के लिए स्क्रीनिंग करने की क्या-क्या विधियाँ हैं? (ii) ऐसे कौन-कौन से जोखिमकारी तत्त्व हैं, जो गर्भाशयग्रीवा कैंसर से संबंधित हैं? (iii) गर्भाशयग्रीवा कैंसर निरोधक रणनीतियों की सूची प्रस्तुत कीजिए। (5+5+5=15)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Clinical Sequence (Definition > Aetiology > Features > Investigation/Management). (a(i)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (a(ii)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (a(iii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (a(iv)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b(i)) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (b(ii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c(i)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (c(ii)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (c(iii)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary Full marks: Accurate clinical sequence, specific named entities (e.g., Anderson-Hynes, HPV 16/18), and clear distinction between screening and diagnosis.

  • Urinary calculi
  • Gallstones and pancreatic calcification
  • Vascular calcification and phleboliths
  • Foreign bodies and drugs
  • Ureteric calculi
  • Pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction and strictures
  • Extrinsic compression: pelvic tumours, pregnancy, retroperitoneal fibrosis
  • Lower tract causes: BPH, neurogenic bladder
  • Urine and renal function tests
  • Ultrasound as first-line
  • Non-contrast CT or CT urography
  • Diuretic renography for obstruction and split function
  • Observation for mild stable cases
  • Indications for surgery: symptoms, function below 40%
  • Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty
  • Endopyelotomy or nephrectomy in selected cases
  • Cannot be synthesised by the body
  • Must be obtained from the diet
  • Leucine, isoleucine, valine
  • Lysine, methionine, phenylalanine
  • Complete protein contains all essential amino acids in right proportion
  • Supplementary action: incomplete proteins make up each other's limiting amino acid
  • Example: cereal with pulse, such as rice with dal
  • Result is a higher biological value of the mixture
  • Pap smear or liquid-based cytology
  • HPV DNA testing
  • VIA and VILI
  • Colposcopy as the follow-up of positive screening
  • Persistent high-risk HPV infection
  • Early sexual debut and multiple partners
  • Smoking and high parity
  • Immunosuppression such as HIV
  • HPV vaccination as primary prevention
  • Regular screening and screen-and-treat
  • Condom use, delayed marriage and tobacco cessation
  • Early treatment of invasive disease
Q8
50M state Malaria elimination, obstetrics and surgery

(a) State the vision, goals and objectives of the National Framework for Malaria Elimination in India, 2016-2030. What are the milestones and targets to be met under this framework by the years 2024, 2027 and 2030? Outline the broad strategies of this national framework. (20 marks) (b) (i) How do you grade anaemia in pregnancy based on the haemoglobin levels as per the World Health Organization? (ii) List the complications of anaemia in pregnancy. (iii) Briefly outline the management of a pregnant woman with severe anaemia in labour. (5+5+5=15 marks) (c) (i) Enumerate the therapeutic indications of splenectomy. (ii) Briefly mention the aetiopathogenesis and prophylaxis of 'overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI)' syndrome. (5+10=15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) मलेरिया उन्मूलन की भारतीय राष्ट्रीय रूपरेखा, 2016-2030 का दृष्टिकोण, लक्ष्य और उद्देश्य बताइए। इस रूपरेखा के क्या-क्या मील के पत्थर हैं और क्या-क्या लक्ष्य हैं जिन्हें 2024, 2027 और 2030 तक पूरा किया जाना है? इस राष्ट्रीय रूपरेखा की व्यापक रणनीतियाँ क्या हैं? (20) (b) (i) विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन के अनुसार हीमोग्लोबिन के स्तर के आधार पर गर्भावस्था में अरक्तता को किस प्रकार वर्गीकृत किया जाता है? (ii) गर्भावस्था में अरक्तता से उत्पन्न होने वाली जटिलताओं की सूची प्रस्तुत कीजिए। (iii) प्रचंड अरक्तता से पीड़ित गर्भवती महिला, जो प्रसव के चरण में है, के प्रबंधन की संक्षिप्त रूपरेखा प्रस्तुत कीजिए। (5+5+5=15) (c) (i) प्लीहा-उच्छेदन के चिकित्सार्थ संकेत गिनाइए। (ii) 'प्लीहा-उच्छेदन पश्चात् दुर्दमनीय संक्रमण [ओवरवेल्मिंग पोस्ट-स्प्लीनिक्टोमी इन्फेक्शन (ओ. पी. एस. आई.)]' संलक्षण के हेतुकी-विकृतिजनन तथा रोगनिरोध पर संक्षेप में लिखिए। (5+10=15)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Clinical Sequence (Definition > Aetiology/Pathophysiology > Features > Investigation/Management). (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b(i)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b(ii)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (b(iii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c(i)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (c(ii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Comprehensive, clinically accurate, follows the clinical sequence, and includes specific guidelines/names.

  • Vision: eliminate malaria from India
  • Goal: zero indigenous cases by 2030 and prevention of re-introduction
  • Milestones: incidence below 1 per 1000 by 2024, interruption of transmission by 2027, sustained elimination by 2030
  • Strategies: surveillance, diagnosis and treatment, vector control, capacity building, partnerships
  • Mild 10.0-10.9 g/dL
  • Moderate 7.0-9.9 g/dL
  • Severe below 7 g/dL
  • Definition below 11 g/dL in first and third trimester
  • Maternal: heart failure, infection, postpartum haemorrhage
  • Obstetric: preterm labour, pre-eclampsia, prolonged labour
  • Fetal: growth restriction, low birth weight
  • Perinatal: stillbirth and neonatal death
  • Admission to a facility with blood bank, oxygen and monitoring
  • Slow packed red cell transfusion with diuretic cover
  • Vaginal delivery with a short second stage and active management of the third stage
  • Postpartum iron therapy and follow-up
  • Trauma
  • Haematological disorders: ITP, hereditary spherocytosis, haemolytic anaemias
  • Hypersplenism and splenomegaly
  • Splenic lesions: abscess, cyst, tumour, aneurysm
  • Encapsulated organisms: S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae b, N. meningitidis
  • Loss of splenic macrophages, opsonisation and IgM
  • Vaccination against pneumococcus, meningococcus and Hib
  • Antibiotic prophylaxis and patient education

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