Public Administration

UPSC Public Administration 2021 — Paper II

All 8 questions from UPSC Civil Services Mains Public Administration 2021 Paper II (400 marks total). Every stem reproduced in full, with directive-word analysis, marks, word limits, and answer-approach pointers.

8Questions
400Total marks
2021Year
Paper IIPaper

Topics covered

Constitutional framework and administrative values (1)Kautilya, District Collector and Governor's role (1)Recruitment, administrative reforms and privatization (1)Finance Commission, market approaches to public services and criminalization of politics (1)Panchayati Raj, NITI Aayog, Good Governance, PMO and civil service training (1)Budget scrutiny, 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments and NHRC (1)Urban development, rural development programmes and police-public relations (1)Disaster management, economic reforms and civil service neutrality (1)

A

Q1
50M 150w Compulsory discuss Constitutional framework and administrative values

Answer the following in about 150 words each: (a) The Preamble to the Constitution of India provides a foundational framework of ideals and values for the Indian administration. Discuss. (10 marks) (b) Examine the extent to which the ideal of Constitutionalism as 'government by limited powers' has been a functional reality in India. (10 marks) (c) Red-tapism is a major obstacle to the implementation of 'good governance'. Comment. (10 marks) (d) The role and status of the Speaker in parliamentary system have their foundation in the Speaker's stance on neutrality. Comment. (10 marks) (e) The Union government develops and practices strategies to administer increasing number of existing local government services by sidelining local initiatives and discretion. Examine. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिये : (a) भारत के संविधान की प्रस्तावना भारतीय प्रशासन के लिये आदर्शों तथा मूल्यों की रूपरेखा प्रदान करती है । विवेचना कीजिये । (10 अंक) (b) परीक्षण कीजिये कि किस सीमा तक संविधानवाद के आदर्श के रूप में 'सीमित शक्तियों द्वारा शासन' भारत में एक कार्यात्मक वास्तविकता रहा है । (10 अंक) (c) सुशासन के क्रियान्वयन में लालफीताशाही एक प्रमुख अवरोध है । टिप्पणी कीजिये । (10 अंक) (d) संसदीय व्यवस्था में स्पीकर की भूमिका एवं स्थिति तटस्थता पर स्पीकर की अवस्थिति पर आधारित है । टिप्पणी कीजिये । (10 अंक) (e) केन्द्र सरकार वर्तमान स्थानीय सरकारी सेवाओं की बढ़ती संख्या को प्रशासित करने के लिये रणनीतियों को विकसित एवं व्यवहारिक बनाने का कार्य स्थानीय पहलों तथा स्वविवेक को दरकिनार करते हुये करती है । परीक्षण कीजिये । (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Thinker > Indian institutional application > Reform. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) examine: intro > how/why with reasoning > evidence > conclusion | (c) comment: context > arguments both sides > judgment > close | (d) comment: context > arguments both sides > judgment > close | (e) examine: intro > how/why with reasoning > evidence > conclusion Full marks: Precise administrative concepts, specific Indian examples, clear link to prompt, balanced analysis.

  • Define Preamble as 'key to Constitution'
  • Link 'Secular' to administrative neutrality
  • Link 'Socialist' to welfare administration
  • Link 'Justice' to rule of law
  • Define Constitutionalism as 'limited government'
  • Cite Fundamental Rights as check on power
  • Cite Judicial Review as enforcement mechanism
  • Acknowledge gap between ideal and reality
  • Define Red-tapism (excessive formalism)
  • Explain how it hinders 'Good Governance' (delay, cost)
  • Identify causes (rigid rules, lack of discretion)
  • Suggest reforms (delegation, digitization)
  • Define Speaker's role as 'impartial arbiter'
  • Explain 'neutrality' in context of party politics
  • Link neutrality to 'status' and 'authority'
  • Mention role in protecting minority rights
  • Identify 'Union government' strategies (fiscal, administrative)
  • Explain 'sidelining local initiatives' (centralization)
  • Analyze impact on 'local discretion'
  • Critique the 'increasing number of services' aspect
Q2
50M discuss Kautilya, District Collector and Governor's role

(a) Kautilya envisages protection, welfare and prosperity of the State and its people as the utmost concern of a ruler. In this context, discuss the significance of Kautilya's emphasis on governing, accountability and justice in contemporary India. (20 marks) (b) District Collector is the most important functionary in district administration in India. In light of the above statement, discuss the multidimensional responsibilities of District Collector in effecting coordinated developmental administration in India. (20 marks) (c) The role of the Governor is of a sagacious counsellor, mediator and arbitrator rather than that of an active politician. In this context, examine the role of the Governor in state politics in India. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) कौटिल्य ने राज्य तथा इसके लोगों के संरक्षण, कल्याण एवं समृद्धि को अवधारित किया जो कि एक शासक का अंतिम सरोकार होना चाहिये । इस संदर्भ में समसामयिक भारत में सुशासन, जवाबदेहता तथा न्याय पर कौटिल्य के प्रभाव के महत्व का विवेचन कीजिये । (20 अंक) (b) भारत में जिला प्रशासन के शीर्ष पर जिलाधिकारी एक अति महत्वपूर्ण पदाधिकारी है । उपर्युक्त कथन के संदर्भ में भारत में समन्वित विकासात्मक प्रशासन लाने हेतु जिलाधिकारी के बहुआयामी उत्तरदायित्वों की विवेचना कीजिये । (20 अंक) (c) राज्यपाल की भूमिका एक सक्रिय राजनीतिज्ञ की अपेक्षाकृत एक दूरदर्शी परामर्शदाता, मध्यस्थ तथा विवाचक की होती है । इस संदर्भ में भारत की राज्यीय राजनीति में राज्यपाल की भूमिका का परीक्षण कीजिये । (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Thinker > Indian institutional application > Reform. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) examine: intro > how/why with reasoning > evidence > conclusion Full marks: Precise application of theory to Indian context, specific institutional references, balanced analysis.

  • Explain Kautilya's welfare ideal: the ruler's happiness lies in the subjects' happiness (Prajasukhe sukham rajnah).
  • Link 'Arthashastra' principles to modern Indian governance.
  • Discuss accountability mechanisms (e.g., RTI, CAG) as Kautilyan legacy.
  • Connect 'Nyaya' (justice) to contemporary judicial/administrative reforms.
  • Identify Collector as 'District Magistrate' and 'District Collector'.
  • Detail developmental roles (e.g., PMAY-G, MGNREGA implementation).
  • Explain coordination with other district officers (SDM, DPO).
  • Discuss role in disaster management and law & order.
  • Define Governor's constitutional role (Article 153, 163).
  • Explain 'sagacious counsellor' role (advising CM).
  • Discuss 'mediator' role in hung assemblies or coalition politics.
  • Analyze 'arbitrator' role in disputes between state and center.
Q3
50M discuss Recruitment, administrative reforms and privatization

(a) Recruitment is the cornerstone of the whole public personnel structure and it revolves around the problem of attracting the best. Discuss the essential elements of a good recruitment system. (20 marks) (b) Traditionally structured administrative systems have outlived their utility. Discuss as how administrative reforms can revamp, restructure and redesign the existing governmental structure to meet the new challenges faced by the Indian administrative set-up. (20 marks) (c) The government policy of large scale privatization of the key sectors of economy may affect India's economic health. Comment. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) भर्ती सम्पूर्ण लोक कर्मिक संरचना की आधारशिला है और यह उत्कृष्ट को आकर्षित करने की समस्या पर केन्द्रित है । एक श्रेष्ठ भर्ती व्यवस्था के अनिवार्य तत्वों की विवेचना कीजिये । (20 अंक) (b) परम्परागत रूप से संरचित प्रशासनिक व्यवस्थाओं ने अपनी उपयोगिता खो दी है। विवेचना कीजिये कि कैसे भारतीय प्रशासनिक व्यवस्था के सामने आने वाली नई चुनौतियों का सामना करने के लिये वर्तमान सरकारी ढाँचे का पुनर्निर्माण, पुनर्गठन एवं पुनःरचना हेतु प्रशासनिक सुधार किया जा सकता है। (20 अंक) (c) अर्थ व्यवस्था के प्रमुख क्षेत्रों के बृहद् स्तर पर निजीकरण की सरकारी नीति भारत के आर्थिक स्वास्थ्य को प्रभावित कर सकती है। टिप्पणी कीजिये। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: null. (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) comment: context > arguments both sides > judgment > close Full marks: Comprehensive, well-structured, with Indian examples and balanced analysis.

  • Merit-based selection and transparency
  • Institutional mechanisms (UPSC/State PSCs)
  • Fairness and non-discrimination
  • Efficiency and quality of candidates
  • Outdated traditional administrative systems
  • Reforms for modernization and efficiency
  • Restructuring for new challenges
  • Redesigning for governance effectiveness
  • Arguments for privatization
  • Arguments against privatization
  • Balanced judgment on economic impact
  • Relevance to key sectors
Q4
50M evaluate Finance Commission, market approaches to public services and criminalization of politics

(a) As a constitutionally mandated body the Finance Commission stands at the centre of fiscal federalism. Evaluate the role of Finance Commission in ensuring just and equitable resource sharing among the states and the union. (20 marks) (b) Recent market approaches to public services present serious challenges to traditional and state-sponsored public service values. Evaluate the statement in the context of Indian administration. (20 marks) (c) The increasing criminalization of politics is a major threat to the basic fabric of Indian democracy. Comment. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) एक संवैधानिक आदेश प्राप्त निकाय के रूप में वित्त आयोग राजकोषीय संघवाद का केंद्र बन चुका है। संघ और राज्यों के मध्य संसाधनों के न्यायपूर्ण तथा समान सहभाजन को आश्वस्त करने में वित्त आयोग की भूमिका का मूल्यांकन कीजिये। (20 अंक) (b) लोक सेवाओं की वर्तमान बाजार उपागमों ने परम्परागत और राज्य प्रायोजित लोक सेवा मूल्यों को गंभीर चुनौतियाँ प्रस्तुत की हैं। भारतीय प्रशासन के संदर्भ में इस कथन का मूल्यांकन कीजिये। (20 अंक) (c) राजनीति का बढ़ता अपराधीकरण भारतीय लोकतंत्र की आधारभूत बनावट के लिये एक प्रमुख खतरा है। टिप्पणी कीजिये। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Thinker > Indian institutional application > Reform. (a) evaluate: criteria > evidence > balanced judgment | (b) evaluate: criteria > evidence > balanced judgment | (c) comment: context > arguments both sides > judgment > close Full marks: Precise statutory references (Art 280, 2nd ARC), clear distinction between vertical/horizontal devolution, and specific Indian examples (PSU, 15th FC).

  • Cite Article 280 and the five-year constitution of the Commission
  • Explain vertical devolution (Union-State split)
  • Explain horizontal devolution (State-State equity)
  • Mention 15th Finance Commission (2021-26) and 16th (2026-31) context
  • Define New Public Management (NPM) principles
  • Contrast with Weberian/Traditional values (impartiality)
  • Cite Indian examples (PSU disinvestment, PPP)
  • Discuss challenges to equity and social justice
  • Define criminalization of politics
  • Cite impact on democratic fabric (rule of law)
  • Mention key Supreme Court interventions (Lily Thomas 2013, Public Interest Foundation 2018)
  • Suggest remedies (disqualification, funding reform)

B

Q5
50M 150w Compulsory examine Panchayati Raj, NITI Aayog, Good Governance, PMO and civil service training

Answer the following in about 150 words each: (a) No rural development strategy can succeed unless it is complemented by appropriate Panchayati Raj Institutions. Examine the statement. (10 marks) (b) NITI Aayog has been constituted to implement the goal of co-operative federalism. Discuss. (10 marks) (c) Responsibility and accountability are two major goals of Good Governance. Discuss the statement in the context of Indian administration. (10 marks) (d) The Prime Minister's Office has become a powerful institution in itself by virtue of its role in decision-making on strategic issues of utmost importance. Examine the statement. (10 marks) (e) Well planned and goal oriented training programmes are the backbone of the civil service system in India. Examine the statement. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक का लगभग 150 शब्दों में उत्तर दीजिये। (a) ग्रामीण विकास की कोई भी रणनीति तब तक सफल नहीं हो सकती जब तक कि वह उपयुक्त पंचायती राज संस्थाओं से अनुपूरित नहीं हो। इस कथन का परीक्षण कीजिये। (10 अंक) (b) नीति आयोग का गठन सहकारी संघवाद के महत्वपूर्ण उद्देश्य को क्रियान्वित करने के लिये किया गया है। विवेचना कीजिये। (10 अंक) (c) उत्तरदायित्व तथा जवाबदेहीता सुशासन के दो प्रमुख लक्ष्य हैं। भारतीय प्रशासन के संदर्भ में इस कथन की विवेचना कीजिये। (10 अंक) (d) अत्यंत महत्व के सामरिक मुद्दों पर निर्णय निर्माण में भूमिका के संदर्भ में प्रधानमंत्री कार्यालय अपने आप में एक सशक्त संस्था बन गया है। इस कथन का परीक्षण कीजिये। (10 अंक) (e) सुनियोजित और उद्देश्योन्मुखी प्रशिक्षण कार्यक्रम भारत में सिविल सेवा व्यवस्था की रीढ़ की हड्डी है। इस कथन का परीक्षण कीजिये। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Concept > Thinker > Indian institutional application > Reform. (a) examine: intro > how/why with reasoning > evidence > conclusion | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (d) examine: intro > how/why with reasoning > evidence > conclusion | (e) examine: intro > how/why with reasoning > evidence > conclusion Full marks: Precise institutional references, clear analytical structure, strong Indian examples, and 2nd ARC/recent reform citations.

  • Link rural development strategy to Panchayati Raj Institutions
  • Cite 73rd Constitutional Amendment (1992)
  • Explain role of PRIs in local resource mobilization
  • Provide example of PRI-led rural development success
  • Define co-operative federalism in Indian context
  • Explain NITI Aayog's structure and mandate
  • Describe mechanisms for inter-state cooperation
  • Provide example of NITI Aayog-led federal initiative
  • Define responsibility and accountability in governance
  • Explain their role in Indian administrative context
  • Provide institutional mechanisms ensuring accountability
  • Give example of accountability mechanism in action
  • Define PMO's constitutional and administrative role
  • Explain PMO's role in strategic decision-making
  • Provide examples of PMO-led strategic initiatives
  • Discuss PMO's coordination role across ministries
  • Define goal-oriented training in civil service context
  • Explain training stages (Foundation Course, induction, mid-career, in-service)
  • Describe role of LBSNAA and other training institutions
  • Provide example of training impact on administrative performance
Q6
50M critically examine Budget scrutiny, 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments and NHRC

(a) Budget proposals in the Parliament / State Legislatures fail to ensure their effective scrutiny. Identify the factors which constrain effective scrutiny of the budget proposals. (20 marks) (b) 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts aimed at making the third tier of government more powerful and effective for democratic decentralization. Critically examine the extent to which this goal has been transformed into reality. (20 marks) (c) National Human Rights Commission is handicapped by its jurisdictional limitations of not being able to investigate the cases of violation of human rights by the armed forces. Discuss. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) संसद/राज्य विधायिकाएँ बजट प्रस्तावों की प्रभावी संवीक्षा को आश्वस्त करने में असफल रही हैं। बजट प्रस्तावों की प्रभावी संवीक्षा में बाधित करने वाले कारकों को चिन्हित कीजिये। (20 अंक) (b) 73वें तथा 74वें संवैधानिक संशोधन अधिनियमों का उद्देश्य लोकतांत्रिक विकेन्द्रीकरण के लिए शासन के तृतीय स्तर को अधिक शक्तिशाली एवं प्रभावी बनाने से था। आलोचनात्मक परीक्षण कीजिये कि यह लक्ष्य किस सीमा तक वास्तविकता में रूपांतरित हुआ। (20 अंक) (c) सशस्त्र बलों द्वारा मानवाधिकारों के उल्लंघन के मामलों में अन्वेषण नहीं कर पाने की न्यायिक क्षेत्राधिकार सीमाओं के कारण राष्ट्रीय मानवाधिकार आयोग बाधाग्रस्त है। विवेचना कीजिये। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

(a) highlight: name the salient points > one line of substance each > close | (b) critique: the claim > its strengths > its weaknesses > your judgment | (c) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Comprehensive, analytical, and well-structured with specific examples and references.

  • Structural constraints: lack of time and technical capacity
  • Institutional constraints: weak role of Public Accounts Committee
  • Political constraints: party discipline overriding individual scrutiny
  • Information asymmetry: complex jargon and opaque data
  • Assessment of financial devolution (14th/15th Finance Commission)
  • Analysis of administrative capacity and training gaps
  • Evaluation of state government interference in local bodies
  • Discussion of the role of State Election Commissions
  • Explain Section 19 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 on complaints against the armed forces
  • Analysis of the NHRC's inability to investigate AF cases
  • Discussion of the conflict between human rights and security
  • Mention of the role of the Supreme Court in filling gaps
Q7
50M discuss Urban development, rural development programmes and police-public relations

(a) Contemporary urbanism advocates the integration of diverse modes of urban planning and management concerns. Discuss the above statement in light of urban development in India. (20 marks) (b) Rural development programmes are designed to facilitate multifaceted growth of rural poor. Evaluate the role of some key rural development programmes in India in this context. (20 marks) (c) Police-public relations in India need to be improved. Suggest measures to strengthen relations between police and public. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) समकालीन नगरवाद नगर योजना तथा प्रबंधन सरोकारों के विविध रूपों के समाकलन का पक्ष समर्थन करता है। भारत में नगर विकास के आलोक में उक्त कथन की विवेचना कीजिये। (20 अंक) (b) ग्रामीण विकास कार्यक्रम ग्रामीण निर्धन के बहुमुखी विकास को सुगम बनाने के लिये तैयार किये गये हैं। इस संदर्भ में भारत में कुछ मुख्य ग्रामीण विकास कार्यक्रमों की भूमिका की विवेचना कीजिये। (20 अंक) (c) भारत में पुलिस-जन संबंधों को सुधारने की आवश्यकता है। पुलिस और जनता के मध्य संबंधों को सुदृढ़ करने के उपाय सुझाइये। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

(a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) evaluate: criteria > evidence > balanced judgment | (c) suggest: the problem in one line > implementable measures > who acts > conclusion Full marks: Clear analytical structure with specific Indian examples, named committees/schemes, and strong PA lens throughout.

  • Define contemporary urbanism's integration of planning modes
  • Link theory to Indian urban development context
  • Provide 3-4 dimensions of integration
  • Assess the gap between integrated planning aims and fragmented governance
  • Establish evaluation criteria for rural programmes
  • Name and analyze specific Indian rural development schemes
  • Provide evidence of multifaceted growth impact
  • Deliver balanced judgment on effectiveness
  • Identify the trust deficit (colonial 1861 Act legacy, politicisation)
  • Provide implementable measures
  • Specify who acts on each measure
  • Link measures to improved public trust and responsiveness
Q8
50M analyse Disaster management, economic reforms and civil service neutrality

(a) In past two decades India's public policy on Disaster Management has shifted its focus from rescue, relief and rehabilitation efforts to holistic management of disaster. Analyse. (20 marks) (b) The institutional legacy of 'well-entrenched state' affected the post-reforms promises in India. Explain the statement in the light of economic reforms in India. (20 marks) (c) Do you agree with the view that the civil service in India is losing its neutral and anonymous character ? Argue your case. (10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) विगत दो दशकों में भारत की आपदा प्रबंधन की लोकनीति बचाव, राहत और पुनर्वास प्रयासों पर केंद्रित होने से हटकर आपदा के समग्र प्रबंध की ओर स्थानांतरित हो गई है। विश्लेषण कीजिये। (20 अंक) (b) 'कुशल सुदृढ़ीकृत राज्य' की संस्थानिक विरासत ने भारत में सुधार पश्चात् आशाओं को प्रभावित किया है। भारत में आर्थिक सुधारों के आलोक में इस कथन की व्याख्या कीजिये। (20 अंक) (c) क्या आप इस मत से सहमत हैं कि भारत में सिविल सेवा अपने तटस्थ और अनामित चरित्र को खो रही है ? अपने उत्तर के पक्ष में तर्क दीजिए। (10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: UPSC Public Administration Paper II (HXS-B-PBAD). (a) analyse: intro > causes > effects > stakeholders/linkages > way forward | (b) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c) comment: context > arguments both sides > judgment > close Full marks: Precise, well-structured, with specific Indian institutional anchors and 2nd ARC references.

  • Define 'holistic management' vs 'rescue/relief' paradigm
  • Cite Disaster Management Act, 2005 as the pivot
  • Identify NDRF/SDRF as institutional anchors
  • Link to Sendai Framework or 2nd ARC
  • Define 'well-entrenched state' (bureaucratic inertia)
  • Link to 1991 LPG reforms
  • Identify specific regulatory bottlenecks (e.g., licensing)
  • Show gap between policy intent and field reality
  • Define 'neutral and anonymous' character
  • Provide arguments for the loss (e.g., social media)
  • Provide arguments for retention (e.g., service ethos)
  • Take and justify a clear position (e.g., strained but not lost)

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