Q1 50M 150w Compulsory explain
Answer each of the following questions in about 150 words :
(a) Explain parametric test and non-parametric test. What are the applications of chi-square (χ²) test? Give one example. (10 marks)
(b) X and Y throw three dice. If X throws 15, then find the chance of Y's throwing a higher number. (10 marks)
(c) Define the strategic goals of supply chain management. What is the impact of each element of supply chain management on these goals? Discuss. (10 marks)
(d) Discuss the importance of value analysis in a manufacturing company. Explain the steps involved in this process. (10 marks)
(e) Explain the salient features of information system. Describe its various types with suitable examples. (10 marks)
हिंदी में पढ़ें
निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक का उत्तर लगभग 150 शब्दों में दीजिए :
(a) पैरामीट्रिक परीक्षण एवं गैर-पैरामीट्रिक परीक्षण की व्याख्या कीजिए। काई-स्क्वायर (χ²) परीक्षण के अनुप्रयोग क्या हैं? एक उदाहरण दीजिए। (10 अंक)
(b) X और Y ने तीन पासे फेंके। अगर X ने 15 फेंका, तो Y के इससे ज्यादा बड़े नम्बर फेंकने की संभावना ज्ञात कीजिए। (10 अंक)
(c) आपूर्ति शृंखला प्रबन्धन के रणनीतिक लक्ष्यों को परिभाषित कीजिए। आपूर्ति शृंखला प्रबन्धन के प्रत्येक अवयव का इन लक्ष्यों पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ता है? विवेचना कीजिए। (10 अंक)
(d) एक विनिर्माणी कम्पनी में मूल्य विश्लेषण के महत्त्व की विवेचना कीजिए। इस प्रक्रिया में शामिल चरणों को समझाइए। (10 अंक)
(e) सूचना प्रणाली की मुख्य विशेषताओं को समझाइए। उपयुक्त उदाहरणों सहित इसके विभिन्न प्रकारों का वर्णन कीजिए। (10 अंक)
Answer approach & key points
(a) Three linked tasks: (i) explain what parametric and non-parametric tests are (assumptions, when each is used), (ii) list the applications of the chi-square test, and (iii) give one concrete worked example. 'Explain' needs definition plus distinguishing assumptions, not a bare list. (b) A classical probability numerical: three fair dice are thrown; given that X's total is 15, find the probability that Y's total exceeds 15, i.e. P(sum = 16, 17 or 18). Requires the sample space of 6^3 = 216 outcomes and enumeration of favourable ordered triples. (c) Two connected tasks: define the strategic goals of supply chain management, then discuss how each element/driver of the supply chain affects those goals. 'Discuss' requires linking every element to the goals, not merely listing SCM components. (d) Two tasks: discuss why value analysis matters to a manufacturing company (cost reduction without loss of function), and explain the sequential steps of the value analysis/value engineering job plan. (e) Two tasks: state the salient features/characteristics of an information system, and describe its various types with suitable examples. Both halves must be present; the types must be illustrated with named systems, not just expanded acronyms.
- Parametric: z-test, t-test, F-test/ANOVA, Pearson's correlation
- Non-parametric: chi-square, sign test, Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon signed-rank, Kruskal-Wallis H, Spearman's rank correlation, run test
- chi-square = sum[(O - E)^2 / E]
- Expected frequency E = (row total x column total) / grand total
- df = (r-1)(c-1) for independence; df = n-1 for goodness of fit
- Applications: goodness of fit, independence of attributes, homogeneity, test of population variance
- Karl Pearson (chi-square, 1900)
- Total outcomes = 6^3 = 216
- Favourable sums: 16, 17, 18
- Ordered triples: (6,6,4) and (6,5,5) for 16; (6,6,5) for 17; (6,6,6) for 18
- Number of favourable cases = 10
- FINAL ANSWER: P = 10/216 = 5/108 = 0.0463 (4.63%)
- Supply chain surplus = customer value - supply chain cost
- Drivers: facilities, inventory, transportation, information, sourcing, pricing (Chopra and Meindl)
- SCOR model: plan, source, make, deliver, return
- Responsiveness-efficiency trade-off and strategic fit
- Bullwhip effect
- Fisher's functional vs innovative products (efficient vs responsive chains)
- One real example (Amul, Maruti Suzuki, Zara, Amazon, Walmart)
- Lawrence D. Miles, General Electric, 1947
- Value = Function / Cost
- Value analysis (existing product) vs value engineering (design stage)
- Use value, esteem value, cost value, exchange value
- Function stated as a verb-noun pair; basic vs secondary function
- FAST (Function Analysis System Technique) diagram
- Job plan phases: orientation/selection, information, function, creativity/speculation, evaluation, recommendation-implementation-follow-up
- Components: hardware, software, data, procedures, people, networks
- TPS - transaction processing system
- MIS - management information system
- DSS - decision support system
- EIS/ESS - executive information/support system
- Expert system / knowledge-based system
- OAS - office automation system; KMS - knowledge management system
- ERP, CRM, SCM as enterprise systems
- Information qualities: relevance, accuracy, timeliness, completeness
(a) ABC computer company is engaged in repairs and service of computers. It is trying to forecast the demand for next 12 months, based on the accumulated demand data as given below. The company wants to follow exponential smoothing forecasts using smoothing constant (α) equal to 0·30 and 0·50 :
Demand for Repair
| Period | Month | Demand | Period | Month | Demand |
| 1 | January | 40 | 7 | July | 45 |
| 2 | February | 43 | 8 | August | 48 |
| 3 | March | 44 | 9 | September | 57 |
| 4 | April | 40 | 10 | October | 55 |
| 5 | May | 45 | 11 | November | 56 |
| 6 | June | 50 | 12 | December | 55 |
The forecast for period one may be taken as 40. The present your result in a table. (20 marks)
(b) (i) Explain the steps required for formulating a linear programming model.
(ii) Find out the solution for a store from the following data :
Maximize Z = 50x₁ + 60x₂
subject to
x₁ + 1·5x₂ ≤ 40
4x₁ + 4·5x₂ ≤ 150
x₁, x₂ ≥ 0
Profit is in ₹.
Draw graph to arrive at result. (Graph paper is enclosed) (15 marks)
(c) Describe System Development Life Cycle (SDLC). Critically evaluate its applicability in large-scale Government IT Projects with suitable examples. (15 marks)
हिंदी में पढ़ें
(a) ABC कंप्यूटर कंपनी कंप्यूटर की मरम्मत और रखरखाव के काम में लगी हुई है। यह कंपनी अगले 12 महीने के लिए माँग का पूर्वानुमान, नीचे दिए गए संचित माँग आँकड़ों के आधार पर, लगाने की कोशिश कर रही है। कंपनी स्मूदिंग स्थिरांक α = 0·30 और α = 0·50 के आधार पर घातीय (एक्सपोनेन्शियल) स्मूदिंग पूर्वानुमान का पालन करना चाहती है :
मरम्मत की माँग
| अवधि | महीना | माँग | अवधि | महीना | माँग |
| 1 | जनवरी | 40 | 7 | जुलाई | 45 |
| 2 | फरवरी | 43 | 8 | अगस्त | 48 |
| 3 | मार्च | 44 | 9 | सितंबर | 57 |
| 4 | अप्रैल | 40 | 10 | अक्टूबर | 55 |
| 5 | मई | 45 | 11 | नवंबर | 56 |
| 6 | जून | 50 | 12 | दिसंबर | 55 |
प्रथम अवधि के लिए 40 को पूर्वानुमान लिया जा सकता है। अपने परिणामों को तालिका में प्रस्तुत कीजिए। (20 अंक)
(b) (i) लीनियर प्रोग्रामिंग मॉडल तैयार करने के लिए आवश्यक कदमों की व्याख्या कीजिए।
(ii) नीचे दिए गए आँकड़ों के आधार पर एक स्टोर के लिए समाधान ज्ञात कीजिए :
अधिकतमीकरण Z = 50x₁ + 60x₂
लागू शर्तें
x₁ + 1·5x₂ ≤ 40
4x₁ + 4·5x₂ ≤ 150
x₁, x₂ ≥ 0
लाभ ₹ में है।
आलेखीय (ग्राफिकल) विधि से हल कीजिए। (ग्राफ पेपर संलग्न है) (15 अंक)
(c) प्रणाली विकास जीवन चक्र (एस० डी० एल० सी०) का वर्णन कीजिए। बड़े पैमाने की सरकारी आई० टी० परियोजनाओं में इसकी प्रयोज्यता का आलोचनात्मक मूल्यांकन उपयुक्त उदाहरण देते हुए कीजिए। (15 अंक)
Answer approach & key points
(a) Compute single exponential smoothing forecasts for the 12 monthly repair demands with alpha = 0.30 and alpha = 0.50, taking F1 = 40, present both series in a table (including the forecast for the next period), and compare the two smoothing constants on forecast error. (b) Part (i), 5 marks: explain the steps in formulating a linear programming model. Part (ii), 10 marks: solve, graphically, Maximize Z = 50x1 + 60x2 subject to x1 + 1.5x2 <= 40, 4x1 + 4.5x2 <= 150, x1, x2 >= 0, and state the optimal product mix and profit in rupees. Both a drawn graph and the corner-point evaluation are required. (c) Two tasks worth 7 + 8: describe the System Development Life Cycle with its phases, then critically evaluate - strengths and weaknesses both - whether the classical SDLC is suited to large-scale government IT projects, backed by named Indian examples.
- F(t+1) = alpha.D(t) + (1 - alpha).F(t)
- F1 = 40 (January) for both series
- alpha = 0.30 December forecast = 52.42; next-period (January) forecast = 53.19
- alpha = 0.50 December forecast = 54.74; next-period (January) forecast = 54.87
- MAD(0.30) = 3.97 and MAD(0.50) = 3.20
- Recommendation: alpha = 0.50 (lower MAD, faster response to the upward trend)
- Single exponential smoothing lags a trend; Holt's model corrects it
- Decision variables, objective function, constraints, non-negativity restrictions
- LP assumptions: proportionality, additivity, divisibility, certainty, linearity
- Intercepts (40, 0), (0, 26.67), (37.5, 0), (0, 33.33)
- Corner points O(0,0), A(37.5, 0), B(30, 6.67), C(0, 26.67)
- Extreme point / corner point theorem
- FINAL ANSWER: x1 = 30, x2 = 20/3 = 6.67, Z(max) = Rs 1,900
- Both constraints binding; slack = 0 in both resources
- SDLC phases: feasibility, requirement analysis, design, coding, testing, implementation, maintenance
- SRS - Software Requirements Specification; DFD
- Changeover methods: direct, parallel, pilot, phased
- Waterfall, prototyping, spiral (Barry Boehm), incremental, RAD, V-model, Agile
- Maintenance types: corrective, adaptive, perfective, preventive
- Named Indian projects: Aadhaar/UIDAI, GSTN, UPI/NPCI, PFMS, CCTNS, MCA21, IRCTC
- STQC / CERT-In audit, GIGW, NeGD, IndEA (India Enterprise Architecture)
(a) (i) What is the meaning of positive and negative correlation? Explain with suitable example.
(ii) Define regression. What are coefficients of regression and what are their properties? Give examples. (15 marks)
(b) A manufacturing firm has received an offer for a particular component according to the following discount pricing schedule provided by the supplier :
1–199 ₹ 66 per unit
200–599 ₹ 60 per unit
600+ ₹ 55 per unit
The firm uses 800 components annually. The annual carrying cost is ₹ 15 per unit. The ordering cost is ₹ 300 per order.
Determine the amount the firm should order. (15 marks)
(c) What do you mean by managing data resource? Outline the advantages of a Database Management Approach to manage the Data Resource of Business compared with a File Processing Approach. (20 marks)
हिंदी में पढ़ें
(a) (i) सकारात्मक और नकारात्मक सहसंबंध से क्या तात्पर्य है? उपयुक्त उदाहरण के साथ व्याख्या कीजिए।
(ii) प्रतिगमन को परिभाषित कीजिए। प्रतिगमन गुणांक क्या हैं और उनके गुण क्या हैं? उदाहरण दीजिए। (15 अंक)
(b) एक विशिष्ट घटक को देने वाले ने एक विनिर्माणी फर्म को नीचे दिए गए मूल्य छूट सारणी के हिसाब से एक प्रस्ताव दिया है :
1–199 ₹ 66 प्रति इकाई
200–599 ₹ 60 प्रति इकाई
600+ ₹ 55 प्रति इकाई
फर्म 800 इकाई (घटक) सालाना उपयोग करती है। एक इकाई को सालभर वहन करने की लागत ₹ 15 है। प्रति ऑर्डर देने की लागत ₹ 300 है।
उस मात्रा (अमाउन्ट) का निर्धारण कीजिए, जिसे फर्म को ऑर्डर करना चाहिए। (15 अंक)
(c) आँकड़े (डेटा) संसाधन (रिसोर्स) प्रबन्धन से आपका क्या तात्पर्य है? संचिका (फाइल) संसाधन (प्रोसेसिंग) दृष्टिकोण की तुलना में आँकड़ा-संचय (डेटाबेस) प्रबन्धन दृष्टिकोण से व्यावसायिक आँकड़े संसाधन (रिसोर्स) प्रबन्धन के लाभों को रेखांकित कीजिए। (20 अंक)
Answer approach & key points
(a) Part (i), 5 marks: meaning of positive and negative correlation with a suitable example. Part (ii), 10 marks: define regression, state what the regression coefficients are and list their properties, with examples. Definitions plus properties plus illustration are all required. (b) A quantity-discount EOQ problem: with annual demand 800 units, ordering cost Rs 300 per order and annual carrying cost Rs 15 per unit (fixed, not a percentage of price), and a three-slab price schedule, determine the order quantity that minimises total annual cost. The comparison must include the purchase cost, since that is what the discount changes. (c) Two tasks worth 5 + 15: explain what managing the data resource means, then outline in detail the advantages of the database management approach over the traditional file processing approach for managing business data. The comparison must be explicit and advantage-by-advantage.
- Positive and negative correlation defined with business examples; r between −1 and +1
- Regression defined; two lines Y on X and X on Y
- b_yx = rσ_y/σ_x and b_xy = rσ_x/σ_y
- Properties: r² = b_yx·b_xy, same sign, both cannot exceed 1, independent of origin not scale, lines meet at the means; a worked example
- EOQ = √(2DS/H) = 178.9, same for all prices
- Feasibility: 178.9 valid only at ₹66; adjust to 200 at ₹60 and 600 at ₹55
- Total cost at each option: 55,483; 50,700; 48,900
- Decision: order 600 units (lowest total cost)
- Data as an organisational asset; planning, standards, administration, quality, security
- File processing: separate files per application, redundancy and dependence
- Database advantages: reduced redundancy, consistency and integrity, data independence, sharing
- Further advantages: ad hoc query, security and recovery, standards and administration, faster development; costs noted
(a) A clock manufacturing company is planning an assembly line to produce 195 clocks per 8-hour shift. The following table gives the work elements, times and immediate predecessors :
Work Elements | Time (in seconds) | Immediate Predecessors
A | 40 | None
B | 80 | A
C | 30 | D, E, F
D | 25 | B
E | 20 | B
F | 15 | B
G | 120 | A
H | 145 | G
I | 130 | H
J | 115 | C, I
(i) What is the desired cycle time (in seconds)?
(ii) What is the theoretical minimum number of stations?
(iii) Show your solution on a precedence diagram.
(iv) What are the efficiency and balance delay of the solution found? (15 marks)
(b) What do you mean by Information System Planning? Describe the objectives and steps involved in Information System Planning. 5+(5+5)= (15 marks)
(c) The following table shows, for each activity of a big project, the normal and crash times as also the normal and crash costs. The contract includes a penalty clause of ₹ 200 per day in excess of 20 days. The overhead cost is ₹ 400 per day :
[Table : Activity | Time (in day) Normal, Crash | Cost (in ₹) Normal, Crash
1–2 | 6 | 4 | 600 | 1,000
1–3 | 4 | 2 | 600 | 1,400
2–4 | 5 | 3 | 500 | 1,500
2–5 | 3 | 1 | 450 | 650
3–4 | 8 | 6 | 1,000 | 2,200
4–6 | 10 | 6 | 800 | 3,000
5–6 | 4 | 2 | 400 | 1,000
6–7 | 4 | 3 | 450 | 800]
(i) Draw a project network and determine critical path.
(ii) Find the cost of completing the project in normal time.
(iii) Crash the project activities and determine the cost of completing the project in minimum time.
(iv) What is the optimal duration of the project and what is the cost involved?
5×4= (20 marks)
हिंदी में पढ़ें
(a) एक घड़ी विनिर्माणी कंपनी 8 घंटे की पाली में 195 घड़ी बनाने के लिए उत्पादन पंक्ति की योजना बना रही है। निम्नलिखित तालिका कार्य तत्व, समय और ठीक पूर्ववर्ती तत्व को दर्शाती है :
कार्य तत्व | समय (सेकंड में) | ठीक पूर्ववर्ती तत्व
A | 40 | कोई नहीं
B | 80 | A
C | 30 | D, E, F
D | 25 | B
E | 20 | B
कार्य तत्व | समय (सेकण्ड में) | ठीक पूर्ववर्ती तत्व
F | 15 | B
G | 120 | A
H | 145 | G
I | 130 | H
J | 115 | C, I
(i) वांछित चक्र समय (सेकण्ड में) क्या है?
(ii) स्टेशनों की सैद्धान्तिक न्यूनतम संख्या क्या है?
(iii) अपने समाधान को पूर्ववर्ती रेखाचित्र से दर्शाइए।
(iv) आपके समाधान की कार्यकुशलता और संतुलन विलंब कितना है? (15 अंक)
(b) सूचना प्रणाली नियोजन से आपका क्या तात्पर्य है? सूचना प्रणाली नियोजन के उद्देश्यों एवं सन्निहित चरणों का वर्णन कीजिए। (15 अंक)
(c) निम्नलिखित सारणी एक बड़ी परियोजना की प्रत्येक गतिविधि के लिए सामान्य तथा क्रैश समय और सामान्य तथा क्रैश लागत दर्शाती है। संविदा में 20 दिनों से अधिक के लिए ₹ 200 प्रति दिन का शास्ति खंड सम्मिलित है। अधिभार लागत ₹ 400 प्रति दिन है :
[सारणी : गतिविधि | समय (दिन में) सामान्य, क्रैश | लागत (₹ में) सामान्य, क्रैश
1–2 | 6 | 4 | 600 | 1,000
1–3 | 4 | 2 | 600 | 1,400
2–4 | 5 | 3 | 500 | 1,500
2–5 | 3 | 1 | 450 | 650
3–4 | 8 | 6 | 1,000 | 2,200
4–6 | 10 | 6 | 800 | 3,000
5–6 | 4 | 2 | 400 | 1,000
6–7 | 4 | 3 | 450 | 800]
(i) एक परियोजना नेटवर्क बनाइए और क्रांतिक पथ निर्धारित कीजिए।
(ii) सामान्य समय में परियोजना पूरी करने की लागत ज्ञात कीजिए।
(iii) परियोजना की गतिविधियों को क्रैश कीजिए और न्यूनतम समय में परियोजना पूरी करने की लागत निर्धारित कीजिए।
(iv) परियोजना की इष्टतम अवधि क्या है और उसमें कितनी लागत आती है?
5×4= (20 अंक)
Answer approach & key points
(a) An assembly-line balancing problem in four parts: (i) compute the desired cycle time for 195 clocks in an 8-hour shift, (ii) compute the theoretical minimum number of workstations, (iii) draw the precedence diagram and show the station assignment on it, and (iv) compute the efficiency and balance delay of the balance obtained. (b) Three tasks worth 5 + 5 + 5: define information system planning, state its objectives, and describe the steps involved in it. All three parts must be separately visible in the answer. (c) A CPM crashing problem in four parts of 5 marks each: (i) draw the network and find the critical path; (ii) find the total cost of completing the project in normal time; (iii) crash the activities and find the cost of completing the project in the minimum possible time; (iv) find the optimal (least total cost) duration and its cost. Overhead is Rs 400 per day and a penalty of Rs 200 per day applies for every day beyond 20 days.
- Cycle time = 28,800/195 = 147.7 s
- Total time 720 s; minimum stations = 720/147.7 = 4.87, so 5
- Feasible station assignment respecting precedence (for example A,B,D; G,E; H; I,F; C,J) with a precedence diagram
- Efficiency = 720/(5 × 147.7) = 97.5% and balance delay 2.5%
- Meaning: aligning systems, data and resources with business strategy; produces an IS plan
- At least three objectives (strategic alignment, priorities, resource allocation, competitive advantage)
- Steps from strategy study through current-systems audit to requirements, architecture, prioritisation, resource plan and review
- Methods such as CSF or Business Systems Planning
- Network and critical path 1-3-4-6-7 = 26 days
- Normal cost: direct 4,800, overhead 10,400, penalty 1,200, total 16,400
- Crash slopes and step-by-step crashing to the minimum time of 17 days, total 17,050 (direct 10,250)
- Optimum: 20 days with total cost 15,750 (direct 7,750, overhead 8,000); cost table across durations