Medical Science

UPSC Medical Science 2021 — Paper II

All 8 questions from UPSC Civil Services Mains Medical Science 2021 Paper II (400 marks total). Every stem reproduced in full, with directive-word analysis, marks, word limits, and answer-approach pointers.

8Questions
400Total marks
2021Year
Paper IIPaper

Topics covered

Clinical medicine and paediatrics (1)Emergency medicine, paediatrics and dermatology (1)Pulmonary embolism, neonatal jaundice, lichen planus (1)Liver cirrhosis, pediatric dehydration, psoriatic arthritis (1)Surgery, Obstetrics, Gynecology, Community Medicine (1)Obstetrics, ENT/Oral Surgery, Nutrition (1)Clinical medicine, public health, reproductive medicine (1)Iodine deficiency, MTP Act, thyroid surgery (1)

A

Q1
50M Compulsory discuss Clinical medicine and paediatrics

(a) Discuss in brief the role of ultrasound in the investigation of pain in right hypochondrium. (10 marks) (b) Outline the pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of depressive disorders. (10 marks) (c) A neonate born at 30 weeks of gestation is found to have tachypnea, chest retractions and grunt within 30 minutes of birth. (i) What is the most likely diagnosis? Mention the basis of your diagnosis and state briefly the pathophysiology of the condition. (ii) Describe the management of this condition. (5+5=10 marks) (d) A 6-month-old infant attending paediatrics OPD is found to have central cyanosis, clubbing and no hepatomegaly. (i) What is the most likely cardiovascular condition? State its cardiovascular examination findings and accompanying haemodynamic changes. (ii) Write about the clinical course and complications related to this condition. (5+5=10 marks) (e) An adolescent girl fond of wearing artificial jewellery presented with itchy, papulo-vesicular skin lesions on the ears, wrists and neck. (i) What is the likely diagnosis? (ii) Name the gold standard test which you would use for the confirmation of diagnosis. (iii) How would you interpret the test results? (iv) State the complications of this test. (2+2+3+3=10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) दक्षिण अधःपशुक प्रदेशीय वेदना की जाँच में अल्ट्रासाउंड की भूमिका की संक्षेप में चर्चा कीजिए। (10 अंक) (b) अवसादी विकारों के फार्माकोलॉजिकल एवं नॉन-फार्माकोलॉजिकल उपचार की रूपरेखा प्रस्तुत कीजिए। (10 अंक) (c) एक 30 सप्ताह की गर्भावस्था पर जन्मे नवजात में जन्म लेने के 30 मिनट के भीतर श्वासदीर्घता, वक्ष प्रतिगमन तथा ग्रंट के लक्षण पाए जाते हैं। (i) सर्वाधिक संभावित निदान क्या है? आपके इस निदान का क्या आधार है, उल्लेखित कीजिए तथा इस रुग्णता की विकृत-शरीर-क्रिया संक्षेप में बताइए। (ii) इस रुग्णता के प्रबंधन का वर्णन कीजिए। (5+5=10 अंक) (d) बालचिकित्सा ओ.पी.डी. में आए एक 6-माह के शिशु को केंद्रीय श्यावता (सेंट्रल सायनोसिस) और मुद्रागण (क्लबिंग) है। उसे यकृतवृद्धि नहीं है। (i) सर्वाधिक संभावित हृद्-वाहिकीय विकार कौन-सा है? हृद्-वाहिकीय जाँच करने पर इसमें क्या जानकारियाँ मिलेंगी और उसके साथ क्या-क्या रक्तगतिकी परिवर्तन होंगे? (ii) लिखिए कि इस रुग्णता का रोगलाक्षणिक क्रम क्या होगा और उससे संबंधित जटिलताएँ कौन-कौन सी हो सकती हैं। (5+5=10 अंक) (e) एक किशोरी कृत्रिम आभूषण पहनने का शौक रखती है। उसके कानों, कलाइयों तथा ग्रीवा की त्वचा पर कण्डूकारी पिटिकीय-जलस्फोट उभर आए हैं। (i) संभावित निदान क्या होगा? (ii) रोगनिदान की पुष्टि के लिए आप कौन-सी स्वर्ण मानक जाँच प्रयुक्त करेंगे, उसका नाम बताइए। (iii) जाँच परिणाम का अर्थनिर्णय आप कैसे निकालेंगे? (iv) इस जाँच से होने वाली जटिलताओं के बारे में बताइए। (2+2+3+3=10 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Clinical Sequence (Definition > Aetiology/Pathophysiology > Features > Investigation/Management). (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (c(i)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c(ii)) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (d(i)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (d(ii)) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (e(i)) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (e(ii)) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (e(iii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (e(iv)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary Full marks: Accurate diagnosis, detailed pathophysiology, prioritized management, specific clinical details.

  • Biliary findings: stones, cholecystitis and duct dilatation
  • Hepatic findings: abscess, masses, cirrhosis and vascular thrombosis
  • Right renal causes and ultrasound as the first-line test
  • SSRIs as first-line with alternatives such as SNRIs, TCAs and MAOIs
  • ECT indications
  • Psychotherapy: CBT, interpersonal therapy and psychoeducation
  • Diagnosis: respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease)
  • Basis: prematurity, tachypnoea, retractions, grunt and typical chest X-ray
  • Pathophysiology: surfactant deficiency, raised surface tension and atelectasis
  • Antenatal steroids and early CPAP
  • Surfactant replacement
  • Ventilation if CPAP fails, with supportive care
  • Diagnosis: tetralogy of Fallot with its four components
  • Findings: cyanosis, clubbing, ejection systolic murmur, single second sound and no failure
  • Haemodynamics: right-to-left shunt across VSD with pulmonary stenosis
  • Progressive cyanosis with hypercyanotic spells and squatting
  • Complications: polycythaemia, stroke, brain abscess and endocarditis
  • Corrective surgery in infancy or palliative shunt
  • Allergic contact dermatitis
  • Nickel as the allergen
  • Patch test
  • Nickel sulphate in the standard series
  • Reading at 48 hours and again at 72–96 hours
  • Grading of reactions from doubtful to +++
  • Distinguishing allergic from irritant reactions
  • Active sensitisation
  • Flare of dermatitis or irritant reactions
  • Pigment change or scarring at the test site
Q2
50M outline Emergency medicine, paediatrics and dermatology

(a) A sixty-year-old diabetic male presented to the emergency department with acute onset, central squeezing type of chest pain, which is severe in intensity and not relieving even after taking rest. (i) What is the most probable diagnosis? (ii) How will you investigate the case to reach the diagnosis? (iii) Outline the steps in the management of the case. (2+4+14=20 marks) (b) A 12-month-old infant with history of delayed initiation of complementary feeding and few diarrhoeal episodes was found to have length of 72 cm, weight of 5 kg, mid arm circumference of 10 cm and loss of subcutaneous fat. (i) State the diagnosis. Under what severity of condition would you place this infant? (ii) Enumerate the complications associated with the condition. (iii) Describe the steps and phases of treatment. (4+5+6=15 marks) (c) (i) Write the atypical presentations of scabies. (ii) Describe the management of scabies in a neonate, in a child less than 2 years of age, an adult and a pregnant female. (iii) State the causes which can lead to persistent itching following the administration of scabicide therapy. (5+5+5=15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) एक 60-वर्षीय पुरुष जिसे मधुमेह है आपातकालीन विभाग में पहुँचता है। उसे वक्ष के मध्य भाग में अचानक ऐसा तेज दर्द उठा है कि मानो उसकी छाती भींच रही है और यह दर्द विश्राम लेने पर भी कम नहीं हो रहा। (i) सर्वाधिक संभावित निदान क्या है? (ii) रोगनिदान तक पहुँचने के लिए आप इस रोगी की क्या-क्या जाँच करेंगे? (iii) इस रोगी के प्रबंधन हेतु विभिन्न उपायों की रूपरेखा प्रस्तुत कीजिए। (2+4+14=20 अंक) (b) एक 12-माह का शिशु जिसे पूरक आहार शुरू करने में वि�िलम्ब हो गया था और जिसे प्रवाहिका होने के कुछ प्रसंग भी हुए हैं, उसकी लम्बाई 72 cm है, वजन 5 kg है, मध्य-भुजा घेरा 10 cm है और उसकी अधस्त्वक् वसा का लोप हो चुका है। (i) निदान क्या है? रोग की गम्भीरता के आधार पर इस शिशु की क्षण अवस्था को आप किस श्रेणी में रखेंगे? (ii) इस क्षण अवस्था से क्या-क्या जटिलताएँ सम्बन्धित हैं, उन्हें गिनाइए। (iii) उपचार हेतु विभिन्न उपायों का चरणबद्ध वर्णन कीजिए। (4+5+6=15 अंक) (c) (i) स्केबीज की असामान्य प्रस्तुतियों के बारे में लिखिए। (ii) एक नवजात में, एक 2 वर्ष से छोटे बालक में, एक वयस्क में तथा एक गर्भवती स्त्री में स्केबीज के प्रबन्धन का वर्णन कीजिए। (iii) स्केबीनाशी चिकित्सा दिए जाने के पश्चात् कण्डू के निरन्तर बने रहने के क्या-क्या कारण हो सकते हैं, लिखिए। (5+5+5=15 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Clinical Case Analysis (Diagnosis, Investigation, Management). (a(i)) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (a(ii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (a(iii)) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (b(i)) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (b(ii)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (b(iii)) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c(i)) write short notes: define > 3-4 key features > one example > one-line significance | (c(ii)) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c(iii)) account for: state the phenomenon > the causes in order of weight > conclusion Full marks: Accurate diagnosis, prioritized investigations, and guideline-based management with specific drug names and phases.

  • Acute coronary syndrome or acute myocardial infarction
  • STEMI versus NSTEMI to be decided by ECG
  • 12-lead ECG within 10 minutes
  • Serial high-sensitivity troponin
  • Echocardiography
  • Aspirin, antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy
  • Reperfusion by primary PCI within 120 minutes or fibrinolysis within 12 hours
  • Beta-blocker, ACE inhibitor and high-intensity statin
  • Severe acute malnutrition (marasmus)
  • Criteria: weight-for-length below −3 SD, MUAC below 11.5 cm and loss of fat
  • Hypoglycaemia, hypothermia and dehydration
  • Electrolyte disturbances and infections
  • Heart failure or refeeding syndrome
  • Stabilisation phase with F-75, glucose, warmth and antibiotics
  • Transition phase to F-100 or RUTF
  • Rehabilitation to 150–220 kcal/kg/day and follow-up
  • Crusted (Norwegian) scabies
  • Nodular and bullous scabies
  • Scabies incognito and infantile scabies
  • Permethrin 5% or sulphur ointment in infants
  • Adult regimen: permethrin 5% repeated at 7 days, alternatives benzyl benzoate or ivermectin
  • Pregnancy: permethrin 5% and avoid ivermectin
  • Post-scabetic hypersensitivity
  • Treatment failure from wrong application or reinfestation
  • Secondary eczema, contact dermatitis or infection
Q3
50M describe Pulmonary embolism, neonatal jaundice, lichen planus

(a) A 40-year-old male who was bedridden for the last two months following a fracture in the lower limb developed sudden breathlessness. (i) What is the most probable diagnosis ? (ii) How will you investigate the case ? (iii) How will you manage the case ? (2+8+10=20 marks) (b) A term neonate born to 'O' negative blood group mother was found to have deep jaundice involving palms and soles, excessive crying and convulsions at 20 hours of life. (i) How would you assess the clinical severity of jaundice in this neonate ? (ii) List the key investigations to arrive at the diagnosis. (iii) Describe the management of this neonate. (3+4+8=15 marks) (c) (i) Give the clinical findings of lichen planus at the following sites : - Nails - Scalp - Mucosa - Palms and Soles (ii) State the histopathological findings of oral lichen planus. (iii) Discuss the management of oral lichen planus. (5+5+5=15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) एक 40-वर्षीय पुरुष जो अधःशाखा के अस्थिभंग के कारण विगत दो माह से शय्याप्रस्त था, उसका अचानक ही दम फूलने लगा । (i) सर्वाधिक संभावित निदान क्या है ? (ii) इस मामले की जाँच आप कैसे करेंगे ? (iii) इस मामले का प्रबंधन आप कैसे करेंगे ? 2+8+10=20 (b) एक 'ओ' नैगेटिव रक्त वर्ग की माता के गर्भ से पूर्ण अवधि पर जन्मे नवजात की हथेलियों और तलवों पर तीव्र कामला है, नवजात अत्यधिक रो रहा है और उसे जीवन के 20वें घंटे में आक्षेप हुआ है । (i) इस नवजात में रोगलाक्षणिक आधार पर आप कामला की तीव्रता का कैसे आकलन करेंगे ? (ii) निदान तक पहुँचने के लिए कौन-कौन सी मुख्य जाँचें करनी होंगी, उन्हें गिनाइए । (iii) इस नवजात के प्रबंधन का वर्णन कीजिए । 3+4+8=15 (c) (i) शरीर के निम्नलिखित स्थानों में समतल शेवाक के रोगलक्षणों के बारे में जानकारी दीजिए : - नखों में - शिरोवल्क में - श्लेष्मा में - हथेलियों और तलवों में (ii) मुखी समतल शेवाक में पाई जाने वाली उतकविकृतिविज्ञान असामान्यताओं को उल्लेखित कीजिए । (iii) मुखी समतल शेवाक के प्रबंधन की विवेचना कीजिए । 5+5+5=15

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Clinical Sequence (Diagnosis > Investigation > Management). (a(i)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (a(ii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (a(iii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b(i)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b(ii)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (b(iii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c(i)) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (c(ii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c(iii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Accurate diagnosis, prioritized investigations, tiered management, specific clinical/histological details.

  • Acute pulmonary embolism
  • Source: deep vein thrombosis after immobilisation
  • Virchow's triad as the mechanism
  • Pre-test probability by Wells or Geneva score and D-dimer
  • CT pulmonary angiography
  • Echocardiography and compression ultrasound of leg veins
  • Oxygen, haemodynamic support and immediate anticoagulation
  • Systemic thrombolysis in high-risk PE with shock
  • Long-term anticoagulation with DOAC or warfarin
  • Jaundice under 24 hours is pathological
  • Kramer's rule with zone 5 involvement
  • Convulsions and high-pitched cry as acute bilirubin encephalopathy
  • Serum bilirubin total and direct
  • Blood group and Rh of mother and baby
  • Direct Coombs test
  • Immediate intensive phototherapy
  • Double-volume exchange transfusion for encephalopathy
  • IVIG if bilirubin keeps rising
  • Nails: thinning, ridging and pterygium
  • Scalp: lichen planopilaris with scarring alopecia
  • Mucosa: Wickham's striae; palms and soles: keratotic papules or plaques
  • Saw-tooth rete ridges
  • Liquefactive degeneration of the basal layer
  • Band-like lymphocytic infiltrate and Civatte bodies
  • Removal of triggers and oral hygiene
  • Topical corticosteroids as first-line
  • Systemic therapy for severe disease and long-term follow-up
Q4
50M discuss Liver cirrhosis, pediatric dehydration, psoriatic arthritis

(a) Discuss in short the etiology, diagnosis, treatment and complications of cirrhosis of liver. (5+5+5+5=20 marks) (b) A 15-month-old child brought by the mother with history of 6 episodes of vomiting and 4 episodes of watery diarrhoea was found to have lethargy and is unable to drink. The child weighed 10 kg before this event of illness. (i) How would you assess the severity of the illness in this child ? (ii) Write the fluid management in the first 3 hours. (iii) Write the treatment guidelines after 3 hours if the child still exhibits signs of dehydration. (iv) Write the composition and preparation of the WHO Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS). (4+4+4+8=20 marks) (c) (i) What is the differential diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis ? How would you distinguish psoriatic arthritis from other conditions ? (ii) Discuss the management of psoriatic arthritis. (5+5=10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) यकृत सिरोसिस की हेतुकी, निदान, उपचार तथा जटिलताओं की संक्षेप में चर्चा कीजिए । 5+5+5+5=20 (b) एक माँ अपने 15 माह के बच्चे को लेकर आती है । इस बच्चे को 6 बार वमन तथा 4 बार जलीय प्रवाहिका के प्रसंग हो चुके हैं, वह निर्जलित है और इस स्थिति में नहीं है कि द्रव पी सके । इस क्षणता से पूर्व बच्चे का वजन 10 kg था । (i) बालक में क्षणता किस तीव्रता की है, यह आकलन आप कैसे करेंगे ? (ii) प्रथम तीन घंटों में तरल (फ्लूड) प्रबंधन के लिए क्या करना होगा, लिखिए । (iii) यदि बालक 3 घंटों के बाद भी निर्जलीकरण के लक्षण दर्शाता है, तो उसके उपचार निर्देश क्या होंगे, लिखिए । (iv) डब्ल्यू.एच.ओ. मुखी पुनर्जलीकरण लवण (ओ.आर.एस.) की रचना तथा उसे निर्मित करने की विधि के बारे में लिखिए । 4+4+4+8=20 (c) (i) सोरियासिस सन्धिशोथ का विभेदक निदान क्या है ? अन्य रुग्णताओं से सोरियासिस सन्धिशोथ की पहचान आप कैसे करेंगे ? (ii) सोरियासिस सन्धिशोथ के प्रबन्धन की चर्चा कीजिए । 5+5=10

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Clinical Sequence (Definition > Aetiology > Features > Investigation > Management). (a) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b(i)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b(ii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b(iii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b(iv)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c(i)) compare: paired headings or table > key differences > significance > conclusion | (c(ii)) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Accurate clinical protocols, precise drug dosages, clear differentiation of conditions.

  • Aetiology: alcohol, hepatitis B and C, fatty liver disease, autoimmune, biliary and metabolic causes
  • Diagnosis by clinical signs, laboratory tests, ultrasound or elastography, and Child–Pugh or MELD scoring
  • Complications: variceal bleeding, ascites, SBP, encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome and hepatocellular carcinoma
  • Severe dehydration (Plan C) on WHO or IMCI criteria
  • Lethargy and inability to drink as the defining signs
  • Estimated deficit above 10% of body weight
  • IV Ringer's lactate or normal saline 100 mL/kg
  • 30 mL/kg in the first 30 minutes, then 70 mL/kg over 2.5 hours
  • Reassessment every 15–30 minutes
  • Reassess hydration status
  • Repeat IV fluids if severe dehydration persists or switch to Plan B for some dehydration
  • Zinc 20 mg daily for 14 days with continued feeding
  • Sodium chloride 2.6 g, glucose 13.5 g, potassium chloride 1.5 g and trisodium citrate 2.9 g per litre
  • Ion concentrations: sodium 75, chloride 65, glucose 75, potassium 20 and citrate 10 mmol/L
  • Osmolarity 245 mOsm/L
  • Rheumatoid arthritis, axial spondyloarthritis, osteoarthritis, gout and reactive arthritis
  • Features favouring PsA: psoriasis, DIP disease, dactylitis, enthesitis and nail changes
  • Seronegativity and radiological signs such as pencil-in-cup and periostitis
  • Treat-to-target approach with NSAIDs and intra-articular steroids for mild disease
  • Conventional DMARDs: methotrexate, leflunomide, sulfasalazine
  • Biologics and targeted agents for severe or axial disease

B

Q5
50M Compulsory describe Surgery, Obstetrics, Gynecology, Community Medicine

(a) Briefly describe the clinical features, diagnostic workup and management of a patient of choledochal cyst. (3+4+3=10 marks) (b) A 60-year-old lady presents to the casualty after a fall on her right outstretched hand. X-ray image is suggestive of Colles' fracture. (i) Briefly write the clinical features of this condition. (5 marks) (ii) Enumerate five complications of this fracture. (5 marks) (5+5=10 marks) (c) (i) Define Foetal Growth Restriction (FGR). (2 marks) (ii) List the common causes of FGR. (4 marks) (iii) Outline the strategy for managing a severely growth restricted pregnancy diagnosed at 26 weeks of gestation. This female has no living issues and has a past history of undergoing Caesarean Section at 32 weeks of pregnancy. (4 marks) (2+4+4=10 marks) (d) (i) Define menopause. (2 marks) (ii) List the medical indications for prescribing Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT). (4 marks) (iii) State briefly the controversies that have demerited the concept of 'Universal HRT'. (4 marks) (2+4+4=10 marks) (e) Dengue has become a major health problem for the country. The number of cases and disease severity have worsened over the years. Keeping this in context, answer the following questions: (i) What are the reasons which have led to a major shift in the geographic extent of dengue in the country? (5 marks) (ii) How is climatic change impacting the disease? (5 marks) (5+5=10 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) सामान्य पित्तवाहिनी पूटी के रोगी के चिकित्सकीय लक्षण, नैदानिक जाँच-परीक्षण तथा प्रबंधन के विषय में संक्षेप में वर्णन कीजिए। (3+4+3=10) (b) अपने दाहिने पसरे हुए हाथ पर गिरने के पश्चात् एक 60-वर्षीय महिला कैजुअल्टी में पहुँचती है। उसका एक्स-रे बिम्ब कॉलिस अस्थिभंग का संकेतक है। (i) कॉलिस अस्थिभंग की रोगलाक्षणिक विशिष्टताओं के विषय में संक्षेप में लिखिए। (5) (ii) इस अस्थिभंग से होने वाली पाँच जटिलताओं को गिनाइए। (5) (5+5=10) (c) (i) 'गर्भ वृद्धि निर्बंधन' (फीटल ग्रोथ रिस्ट्रिक्शन) को परिभाषित कीजिए। (2) (ii) 'गर्भ वृद्धि निर्बंधन' के सामान्य कारणों को गिनाइए। (4) (iii) 26 सप्ताह की गर्भावस्था में पहचान में आए गंभीर 'गर्भ वृद्धि निर्बंधन' में प्रबंधन योजना क्या होगी, उसकी रूपरेखा प्रस्तुत कीजिए। इस महिला के इससे पूर्व कोई जीवित संतान नहीं है तथा विगत में वह 32 सप्ताह की गर्भावस्था में सीजेरियन सेक्शन से गुजर चुकी है। (4) (2+4+4=10) (d) (i) रजोनिवृत्ति को परिभाषित कीजिए। (2) (ii) उन चिकित्सकीय संकेतों को गिनाइए जिनमें हार्मोन प्रतिस्थापन चिकित्सा (हार्मोन रिप्लेसमेंट थेरैपी) प्रदत्त की जाती है। (4) (iii) 'सार्वत्रिक हार्मोन रिप्लेसमेंट थेरैपी' का सिद्धांत किन विवादों के कारण बदनाम हुआ, इस विषय पर संक्षेप में लिखिए। (4) (2+4+4=10) (e) डेंगू देश के लिए एक बड़ी जनस्वास्थ्य समस्या बन गया है। पिछले कुछ वर्षों में उसके मामलों की संख्या और रोग की गंभीरता अधिक बिगड़ी है। इसे संदर्भ में रखते हुए निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए: (i) वे कौन-से प्रमुख कारक हैं जिनके कारण देश में डेंगू की भौगोलिक सीमा में बड़ा बदलाव आया है? (5) (ii) जलवायु परिवर्तन ने डेंगू को कैसे प्रभावित किया है? (5) (5+5=10)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Clinical Sequence (Definition > Aetiology/Pathophysiology > Features > Investigation/Management). (a) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (b(i)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b(ii)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (c(i)) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (c(ii)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (c(iii)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (d(i)) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (d(ii)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (d(iii)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (e(i)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (e(ii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Precise clinical definitions, correct management protocols, and specific references to guidelines/studies.

  • Todani classification and clinical presentation
  • MRCP and ultrasound as diagnostic tests
  • Complete cyst excision with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy
  • Mechanism and typical patient: fall on outstretched hand in an osteoporotic woman
  • Dinner-fork deformity with dorsal displacement and angulation
  • Tenderness, swelling and limited wrist movement
  • Malunion
  • Median nerve compression or carpal tunnel syndrome
  • Extensor pollicis longus rupture
  • Failure to reach genetic growth potential
  • Estimated fetal weight or abdominal circumference below the 10th centile
  • Placental insufficiency
  • Maternal causes: hypertension, malnutrition, anaemia or smoking
  • Fetal causes: chromosomal anomalies, malformations and infections
  • Antenatal steroids and magnesium sulphate with NICU-level care
  • Serial Doppler and CTG surveillance
  • Timed delivery for Doppler or CTG deterioration, by repeat caesarean section
  • Permanent cessation of menstruation
  • Due to loss of ovarian follicular activity
  • Moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms
  • Genitourinary syndrome of menopause
  • Premature ovarian insufficiency or early menopause
  • Women's Health Initiative findings of breast cancer, stroke and venous thromboembolism
  • No protection against heart disease or dementia
  • Individualised use at the lowest effective dose for the shortest time
  • Unplanned urbanisation and container breeding
  • Water storage practices
  • Human movement and spread of Aedes to new areas
  • Higher temperature increasing vector survival and biting
  • Shorter extrinsic incubation period and longer transmission season
  • Altered rainfall, flooding and water storage creating breeding sites
Q6
50M discuss Obstetrics, ENT/Oral Surgery, Nutrition

(a) (i) Write in brief the reasons for rising Caesarean Section rates globally and in India. (5 marks) (ii) Discuss briefly the advantages and disadvantages of Vaginal birth and Caesarean Section. (5 marks) (iii) What measures can be adopted to reduce Caesarean Section rates? (5 marks) (iv) How will you counsel a patient who had previous Caesarean Section for vaginal delivery? (5 marks) (5+5+5+5=20 marks) (b) A 55-year-old male, tobacco chewer, presents to OPD with difficulty in opening mouth for one month. On examination, he is found to be having poor oral hygiene and a white patch on right buccal mucosa. (i) Briefly describe leukoplakia and its significance. (5 marks) (ii) What are the premalignant conditions for oral cavity cancer? (5 marks) (iii) What are the different cervical lymph nodes which can get involved in a patient with oral cavity cancer? (5 marks) (5+5+5=15 marks) (c) (i) When is a protein said to be "biologically complete"? (5 marks) (ii) How do vegetable proteins compare and compete with animal proteins? (5 marks) (iii) What are proteins needed for in the body? (5 marks) (5+5+5=15 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) (i) उन कारणों के बारे में संक्षेप में लिखिए जिनके कारण भारत और विश्व में सीजेरियन सेक्शन होने की दर में वृद्धि आई है। (5) (ii) योनि द्वारा (सामान्य) प्रसव तथा सीजेरियन सेक्शन के लाभ और हानियों की संक्षेप में विवेचना कीजिए। (5) (iii) सीजेरियन सेक्शन की दर घटाने के लिए क्या-क्या उपाय व्यवहार में लाए जा सकते हैं? (5) (iv) एक महिला जिसका पूर्व में सीजेरियन सेक्शन हुआ है, उसे योनि द्वारा प्रसव के लिए आप कैसे काउंसलिंग (परामर्श) देंगे? (5) (5+5+5+5=20) (b) एक 55-वर्षीय पुरुष जिसे तंबाकू चबाने की लत है, विगत एक माह से मुँह खुलने में कठिनाई अनुभव होने के कारण ओ.पी.डी. में आता है। जाँच करने पर उसके मुख का स्वच्छताविहीन (हाइजीन) अवस्था है तथा उसके दाहिने मुखीय स्लेष्मकला पर एक श्वेत क्षेत्र दृष्टिगत है। (i) श्वेतशल्कता (ल्यूकोप्लेकिया) और उसके महत्व का संक्षेप में वर्णन कीजिए। (5) (ii) मुख गुहा के कैंसर की पूर्व-दुर्दश्म रुपताएँ कौन-कौन सी हैं? (5) (iii) मुख गुहा के कैंसर के रोगी में कौन-कौन से विभिन्न ग्रीवा लसिका-पर्व रोगग्रस्त हो सकते हैं? (5) (5+5+5=15) (c) (i) प्रोटीन को "जैविक रूप से पूर्ण" कब कहा जाता है? (5) (ii) शाकाहारी प्रोटीन और पशु प्रोटीन की आपस में तुलना कीजिए तथा यह स्पष्ट कीजिए कि शाकाहारी प्रोटीन किस प्रकार पशु प्रोटीन से स्पर्धा कर पाती है। (5) (iii) शरीर में प्रोटीन किस-किस कार्य के लिए आवश्यक है? (5) (5+5+5=15)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Clinical Sequence (Definition > Aetiology > Features > Management). (a(i)) write short notes: define > 3-4 key features > one example > one-line significance | (a(ii)) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (a(iii)) suggest: the problem in one line > implementable measures > who acts > conclusion | (a(iv)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b(i)) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (b(ii)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (b(iii)) map: locate accurately > label > one line on why it matters | (c(i)) define: precise definition > the distinguishing feature > one example | (c(ii)) compare: paired headings or table > key differences > significance > conclusion | (c(iii)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary Full marks: Comprehensive, accurate, and well-structured answers with specific examples and clinical relevance.

  • Rising global and Indian rates with WHO benchmark
  • Medical reasons: age, obesity, multiple pregnancy and repeat caesareans
  • Non-medical reasons: request, litigation fear, convenience and financial incentives
  • Advantages and disadvantages of vaginal birth
  • Advantages and disadvantages of caesarean section
  • Surgical, haemorrhage and infection risks in caesarean section
  • Audit by Robson classification with feedback
  • Partograph, labour support and midwife-led care
  • Trial of labour after caesarean and external cephalic version
  • Shared decision making with success rate of 60–80%
  • Uterine rupture risk of about 0.5–0.9% in trial of labour
  • Requirements: low-transverse scar, monitoring and immediate theatre access
  • WHO definition: white plaque not classifiable as another disease
  • Tobacco and betel quid as causes
  • Premalignant potential and need for biopsy
  • Leukoplakia and erythroplakia
  • Oral submucous fibrosis
  • Oral lichen planus
  • Level I submental and submandibular nodes
  • Level II and III jugular nodes
  • Level IV and V nodes in advanced disease
  • Supplies all essential amino acids
  • In the proportion needed by the body
  • High digestibility and utilisation
  • Limiting amino acids: lysine in cereals and methionine in pulses
  • Lower digestibility of plant proteins
  • Mutual supplementation of cereals and pulses
  • Growth and repair of tissues
  • Enzymes, hormones and antibodies
  • Transport and structural functions
Q7
50M outline Clinical medicine, public health, reproductive medicine

(a) A 60-year-old male presents with progressively increasing jaundice for 2 months. He is having clay coloured stools and pruritus. On examination, he is having a palpable and distended gall bladder. (i) How will you investigate this patient? (5 marks) (ii) Briefly mention Courvoisier's law and its exceptions. (7 marks) (iii) What are the treatment options for this patient? (8 marks) (b) The Mother and Child Tracking System (MCTS) is a significant initiative of the government. (i) Briefly explain what is MCTS. (5 marks) (ii) What are its objectives? (5 marks) (iii) How is it being put into operation? (5 marks) (c) (i) How will you investigate a couple; wife 35 years, husband 37 years, married for 3 years, but trying for conception since 6 months? (5 marks) (ii) What are the major factors affecting fertility? (5 marks) (iii) Outline the treatment options available for unexplained infertility. (5 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) एक 60-वर्षीय पुरुष विगत दो माह से निरंतर बढ़ रहे पीलिया के कारण आता है । उसका मल मटमैले रंग का है और उसे कंटक से परेशानी है । जाँच करने पर उसका पित्ताशय परिस्पर्शीय है और आध्मान है । (i) इस रोगी की जाँच-परीक्षण आप कैसे करेंगे ? (5 अंक) (ii) काव्वाजे नियम क्या है और उसके क्या-क्या अपवाद हैं, संक्षेप में उल्लेख कीजिए । (7 अंक) (iii) इस रोगी की चिकित्सा के क्या-क्या विकल्प हैं ? (8 अंक) (b) मदर एंड चाइल्ड ट्रैकिंग सिस्टम (MCTS) सरकार द्वारा की गई एक महत्वपूर्ण पहल है । (i) संक्षेप में समझाइए कि MCTS क्या है । (5 अंक) (ii) उसके लक्ष्य क्या-क्या हैं ? (5 अंक) (iii) उसे किस प्रकार कार्यान्वित किया जा रहा है ? (5 अंक) (c) (i) एक दम्पति जिसमें पत्नी की आयु 35 वर्ष है, और पति की आयु 37 वर्ष है, और जो तीन वर्ष से विवाहित हैं, विगत 6 माह से गर्भधारण करने का प्रयास कर रहे हैं । इस दम्पति की जाँच आप कैसे करेंगे ? (5 अंक) (ii) ऐसे कौन-कौन से मुख्य घटक हैं जो प्रजनन-शक्ति पर प्रभाव डालते हैं ? (5 अंक) (iii) अव्याख्येय जननअक्षमता के उपचार हेतु उपलब्ध विकल्पों की रूपरेखा प्रस्तुत कीजिए । (5 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Clinical Sequence (Definition > Aetiology > Features > Investigation > Management). (a(i)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (a(ii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (a(iii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b(i)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b(ii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b(iii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c(i)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c(ii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c(iii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Precise clinical reasoning, correct prioritization of investigations, and accurate application of guidelines/laws.

  • Liver function tests showing obstructive pattern
  • Ultrasound showing duct dilatation and distended gallbladder
  • Pancreatic-protocol CT with MRCP, EUS or ERCP
  • Law: palpable non-tender gallbladder with jaundice is unlikely to be from gallstones
  • Reason: stone-bearing gallbladder is fibrosed and cannot distend
  • Exceptions such as double impaction and chronic pancreatitis
  • Pancreaticoduodenectomy for resectable disease
  • Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for borderline resectable disease
  • Biliary stenting or bypass for unresectable disease
  • Web-based name-based tracking system
  • For pregnant women and children up to 5 years
  • Launched in December 2009 under NRHM
  • Timely delivery of full range of services to mothers and children
  • Ensuring ANC, institutional delivery, postnatal care and immunisation
  • Reducing missed cases and maternal and infant mortality
  • ANMs and ASHAs identify beneficiaries
  • Data entry on the portal with unique ID
  • Work-plans and SMS reminders for due services
  • History and examination of both partners
  • Semen analysis for the husband
  • Ovulation, ovarian reserve and tubal patency tests for the wife
  • Female age and ovarian reserve
  • Ovulatory, tubal and uterine factors
  • Male factors and lifestyle
  • Lifestyle correction and counselling
  • Ovarian stimulation with intrauterine insemination
  • IVF or ICSI if these fail
Q8
50M describe Iodine deficiency, MTP Act, thyroid surgery

(a) (i) Summarise the spectrum of Iodine Deficiency Disorders. (10 marks) (ii) State the goal, objectives and salient features of Iodine Deficiency Disorder Control Programme. (10 marks) (b) (i) What are the major changes that have been introduced under the MTP (Amendment) Act, 2021? (6 marks) (ii) What are the different contraceptive methods employed by people in India? List them in the order of their usage stating the statistics of how commonly they are used. (5 marks) (iii) What measures can help increase the use of contraceptives in India? (4 marks) (c) A 47-year-old female presents to the surgery OPD with a solitary nodule in the right lobe of thyroid gland. (i) How will you investigate this case? (5 marks) (ii) What is the ideal treatment if investigations are suggestive of follicular neoplasm? (5 marks) (iii) How will you follow-up a patient who has undergone total thyroidectomy for papillary carcinoma thyroid 5 days back? (5 marks)

हिंदी में पढ़ें

(a) (i) आयोडीन अल्पता से होने वाले विकारों के स्पेक्ट्रम का सारांश प्रस्तुत कीजिए । (10 अंक) (ii) आयोडीन अल्पता विकार नियंत्रण कार्यक्रम (आयोडीन डेफिशिएंसी डिसऑर्डर कंट्रोल प्रोग्राम) के ध्येय (गोल), लक्ष्य (ऑब्जेक्टिव्स) तथा मुख्य विशेषताओं की संक्षेप में चर्चा कीजिए । (10 अंक) (b) (i) एम.टी.पी. (संशोधन) अधिनियम, 2021 के अंतर्गत क्या-क्या प्रमुख परिवर्तन लाए गए हैं ? (6 अंक) (ii) भारत में लोग कौन-कौन से गर्भनिरोधक उपाय व्यवहार में लाते हैं ? उनके उपयोग के आधार पर उन्हें क्रम से गिनाइए और उनके प्रचलन के आँकड़े बताइए । (5 अंक) (iii) कौन-कौन से उपाय भारत में गर्भनिरोधकों के प्रचलन को बढ़ावा देने में उपयोगी सिद्ध हो सकते हैं ? (4 अंक) (c) अवटु ग्रंथि के दक्षिण खंड में एकल पर्विका होने के कारण एक 47-वर्षीय महिला शल्योपचार (सर्जरी) ओ.पी.डी. में अपने उपचार के लिए आती है । (i) इस रोगी की जाँच आप कैसे करेंगे ? (5 अंक) (ii) यदि जाँच करने पर पुटकीय अर्बुद होने के संकेत मिलें, तो सर्वथा उपयुक्त उपचार क्या होगा ? (5 अंक) (iii) एक रोगी जिसका 5 दिन पूर्व अवटु ग्रंथि के पैपिलरी कार्सिनोमा के लिए संपूर्ण अवटु-उच्छेदन किया गया था, उसका फोलो-अप आप कैसे करेंगे ? (5 अंक)

Answer approach & key points

Framework: Clinical Sequence & National Health Programme. (a(i)) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (a(ii)) highlight: name the salient points > one line of substance each > close | (b(i)) highlight: name the salient points > one line of substance each > close | (b(ii)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (b(iii)) suggest: the problem in one line > implementable measures > who acts > conclusion | (c(i)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c(ii)) justify: claim > 3-4 reasons > evidence > conclusion | (c(iii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Comprehensive clinical reasoning, accurate statutory references, and clear management protocols.

  • Fetal effects: abortion, stillbirth, cretinism
  • Child and adult effects: goitre, hypothyroidism and impaired mental function
  • Neurological and myxoedematous cretinism
  • Goal: IDD prevalence below 5% with universal adequately iodised salt
  • Objectives: surveys, iodised salt supply, resurvey every 5 years, monitoring, health education
  • Programme history: NGCP 1962 renamed NIDDCP in 1992
  • Upper limit raised to 24 weeks for special categories
  • Opinion of one provider up to 20 weeks and two for 20–24 weeks
  • Medical Board for substantial fetal abnormalities with no upper limit
  • Female sterilisation as the most common method at 37.9%
  • Traditional methods, condoms, pills, IUDs, injectables and male sterilisation in correct order
  • Modern method use of 56.5% (NFHS-5)
  • Counselling and a wider method choice including injectables
  • Male involvement and promotion of condoms and vasectomy
  • Postpartum and post-abortion family planning
  • TSH and thyroid function
  • Neck ultrasound with TI-RADS
  • FNAC reported by the Bethesda system
  • Diagnostic hemithyroidectomy (lobectomy)
  • Histology for capsular or vascular invasion
  • Completion thyroidectomy if carcinoma with higher risk
  • Early checks of wound, voice and calcium or PTH
  • Levothyroxine with TSH target by risk
  • Radioiodine ablation decision and thyroglobulin follow-up

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