All 8 questions from UPSC Civil Services Mains Management 2021 Paper II (400 marks total). Every stem reproduced in full, with directive-word analysis, marks, word limits, and answer-approach pointers.
8Questions
400Total marks
2021Year
Paper IIPaper
Topics covered
Statistical analysis, SCM strategies, Information systems, Inventory management, Index numbers (1)Probability, Decision theory, DSS and MIS, Equipment replacement, Inventory control (1)E-business, E-governance, Linear Programming, Statistics, Quality Control (1)Line Balancing, Quality Management, Six Sigma, Project Management, Statistics, ERP (1)Strategic management and business environment (1)International business and strategic management (1)Strategic management and international business (1)International operations and corporate governance (1)
A
Q1
50MCompulsorysolveStatistical analysis, SCM strategies, Information systems, Inventory management, Index numbers
(a) The mean annual income of workers in a company is ₹ 5,000 with a standard deviation of ₹ 1,200. It is suspected that local workers have higher than the average income. A sample of 144 local workers is drawn and their sample mean income is found to be ₹ 5,500. Can it be said that local workers have significantly higher income than the total population ? (Use α = 0·05) 10 marks
(b) What Supply Chain Management (SCM) strategies were adopted by leading e-commerce companies such as Amazon and Flipkart during the lockdown period caused by the Corona Pandemic ? 10 marks
(c) How can information system bring competitive advantage to business organisations by supporting managerial decision-making ? 10 marks
(d) An engineering firm has determined that for a particular part, the cost of purchase is ₹ 350 per order and ₹ 22 per part. Its inventory carrying cost is 15% of the average inventory. The firm currently purchases ₹ 2,20,000 worth of this part every year.
(i) Determine the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ). 5 marks
(ii) What is the optimum number of days supply per optimum order ? 5 marks
(e) What is Fisher's ideal index ? Why is it called ideal ? Describe the steps involved in the computation of Fisher's ideal index number. 3+2+5 marks
हिंदी में पढ़ें
(a) एक कंपनी के श्रमिकों की औसत वार्षिक आय ₹ 5,000 एवं मानक विचलन ₹ 1,200 है । ऐसा संदेह किया जाता है कि स्थानीय श्रमिकों की आय औसत से ज्यादा है । 144 स्थानीय श्रमिकों का नमूना लिया गया जिनकी औसत आय ₹ 5,500 पाई गई । क्या यह कहा जा सकता है कि स्थानीय श्रमिकों की आय पूरी जनसंख्या से सार्थक रूप से अधिक है ? (α = 0·05 उपयोग कीजिए) 10 अंक
(b) कोरोना वैश्विक महामारी के कारण की गई पूर्णबंदी (लॉकडाउन) के दौरान अमेज़ान एवं फ्लिपकार्ट जैसी प्रमुख ई-कॉमर्स कंपनियों के द्वारा कौन-कौन सी आपूर्ति-शृंखला प्रबंधन (एस.सी.एम.) रणनीतियाँ अपनाई गईं ? 10 अंक
(c) सूचना प्रणाली व्यवसाय संगठनों को प्रबंधकीय निर्णय लेने में सहायता देकर किस प्रकार प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक लाभ दे सकती है ? 10 अंक
(d) एक अभियांत्रिकी प्रतिष्ठान ने निश्चय किया है कि किसी विशेष पुर्जे के लिए क्रय की लागत ₹ 350 प्रति आदेश एवं ₹ 22 प्रति पुर्जा होगी । इसका माल रखने (इन्वेंटरी कैरिंग) की लागत औसत माल का 15% है । प्रतिष्ठान वर्तमान में ₹ 2,20,000 मूल्य के पुर्जे प्रति वर्ष खरीदता है ।
(i) आर्थिक आदेश मात्रा (ई.ओ.क्यू.) की गणना कीजिए । 5 अंक
(ii) प्रत्येक अनुकूलतम आदेश में कितने अनुकूल दिनों की आपूर्ति होती है ? 5 अंक
(e) फिशर का आदर्श सूचकांक क्या है ? इसे आदर्श क्यों कहा जाता है ? फिशर के आदर्श सूचकांक की गणना में सम्मिलित चरणों का वर्णन कीजिए । 3+2+5 अंक
Answer approach & key points
Framework: null. (a) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (b) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (d(i)) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (d(ii)) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (e) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance Full marks: Accurate calculations, specific examples, clear frameworks, and strong critical analysis.
State H₀: μ = 5000 and H₁: μ > 5000
Compute SE = 100 and Z = 5
Compare with the critical value 1.645 and conclude (reject H₀)
Essentials prioritisation and demand/stock reallocation
Sourcing and network resilience (local sellers, hyperlocal hubs)
Last-mile and safety measures linked to lockdown constraints
Link information systems to decision-making at operational, tactical and strategic levels
Connect better decisions to cost, differentiation or speed advantage
Give a concrete example
Annual demand D = 10,000 and carrying cost H = ₹3.30
Apply EOQ = √(2DS/H) with substitution
State EOQ ≈ 1,456 parts
Use EOQ from part (i)
Compute daily demand (10,000/365)
State days' supply ≈ 53
Define Fisher's index as the geometric mean of Laspeyres and Paasche
Explain the time reversal and factor reversal tests
50MsolveProbability, Decision theory, DSS and MIS, Equipment replacement, Inventory control
(a) (i) 'A' can hit a target 4 times in 5 shots, 'B' 3 times in 4 shots and 'C' twice in 3 shots. Calculate the probability :
(A) 'A', 'B', 'C' all may hit the target. 2 marks
(B) 'B' and 'C' may hit the target, but 'A' may not hit it. 2 marks
(C) 'C' and 'A' may hit the target, but 'B' may not hit it. 2 marks
(ii) A decision problem has been expressed in the following payoff table :
| States of Nature | Alternatives | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| | A₁ | A₂ | A₃ |
| E₁ | 190 | 186 | 182 |
| E₂ | 164 | 162 | 166 |
| E₃ | 142 | 144 | 174 |
Which alternative will be selected if the following criterion is used ?
(A) Maximax criterion 3 marks
(B) Maximin criterion 3 marks
(C) Hurwicz's criterion 3 marks
(Assume degree of optimism is 0·7)
(b) (i) "Decision Support System (DSS) and Management Information System (MIS) are very helpful for managers in taking decisions." Comment and support your answer. 5 marks
(ii) How can DSS be differentiated from MIS ? 5 marks
(iii) What are the components of DSS ? 5 marks
(iv) What are the similarities and dissimilarities between data-driven and document-driven DSS ? 5 marks
(c) (i) A firm is considering replacement of an equipment, whose first cost is ₹ 4,000 and the scrap value is negligible at the end of any year. Based on experience, it was found that the maintenance cost is zero during the first year and it is ₹ 1,000 for the second year. It increases by ₹ 300 every year thereafter.
(A) When should the equipment be replaced if the interest rate is 0% (zero percent) ? 5 marks
(B) When should the equipment be replaced if the interest rate is 12% ? 5 marks
(ii) "Inventory Control is a rational process in which decision-making is often done irrationally." Explain. 5 marks
हिंदी में पढ़ें
(a) (i) 'ए' किसी लक्ष्य पर 5 में से 4 बार निशाना लगा सकता है, 'बी' 4 में से 3 बार एवं 'सी' 3 में से 2 बार निशाना लगा सकता है । प्रायिकता की गणना कीजिए :
(A) 'ए', 'बी', 'सी' तीनों निशाना लगा सकते हैं । 2 अंक
(B) 'बी' और 'सी' तो निशाना लगा सकते हैं, पर 'ए' चूक सकता है । 2 अंक
(C) 'सी' और 'ए' तो निशाना लगा सकते हैं, पर 'बी' चूक सकता है । 2 अंक
(ii) निम्नलिखित भुगतान सारणी में एक निर्णय समस्या को व्यक्त किया गया है :
| प्रकृति की स्थितियाँ | विकल्प | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| | ए₁ | ए₂ | ए₃ |
| ई₁ | 190 | 186 | 182 |
| ई₂ | 164 | 162 | 166 |
| ई₃ | 142 | 144 | 174 |
यदि निम्नलिखित मापदण्ड उपयोग किए जाते हैं, तो कौन-सा विकल्प चयनित होगा ?
(A) मैक्सिमैक्स मापदण्ड 3 अंक
(B) मैक्सिमिन मापदण्ड 3 अंक
(C) हरविक्ज़ मापदण्ड 3 अंक
(यदि आशावाद का परिमाण 0·7 माना जाए)
(b) (i) "प्रबन्धकों द्वारा निर्णय लेने में निर्णय सहायता प्रणाली (डी.एस.एस.) एवं प्रबन्ध सूचना प्रणाली (एम.आई.एस.) बहुत उपयोगी है।" टिप्पणी कीजिए एवं अपने उत्तर के समर्थन में तर्क दीजिए । 5 अंक
(ii) डी.एस.एस. एवं एम.आई.एस. में कैसे अंतर किया जा सकता है ? 5 अंक
(iii) डी.एस.एस. के अवयव क्या हैं ? 5 अंक
(iv) डेटा-चालित एवं दस्तावेज़-चालित डी.एस.एस. के बीच क्या समानताएँ एवं असमानताएँ हैं ? 5 अंक
(c) (i) एक प्रतिष्ठान किसी उपकरण को प्रतिस्थापित करने पर विचार कर रही है, जिसकी प्रथम लागत ₹ 4,000 है एवं वर्षांत में स्क्रैप मूल्य नगण्य है । अनुभव के आधार पर यह पाया गया कि इस उपकरण की रखरखाव लागत प्रथम वर्ष में 0 तथा द्वितीय वर्ष में ₹ 1,000 है । तदुपरान्त यह प्रति वर्ष ₹ 300 से बढ़ती है ।
(A) यदि ब्याज दर 0% (शून्य प्रतिशत) हो, तो उपकरण को कब प्रतिस्थापित करना चाहिए ? 5 अंक
(B) यदि ब्याज दर 12% हो, तो उपकरण को कब प्रतिस्थापित करना चाहिए ? 5 अंक
(ii) "माल (इन्वेंट्री) नियंत्रण एक तर्कसंगत प्रक्रिया है जिसमें अक्सर निर्णय तर्कहीन रूप से लिए जाते हैं।" समझाइए । 5 अंक
Answer approach & key points
Framework: Decision Theory (Probability, Payoff Criteria) & Operations Research (Equipment Replacement, Inventory Control). (a(i)) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (a(i)) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (a(i)) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (a(ii)) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (a(ii)) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (a(ii)) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (b(i)) comment: context > arguments both sides > judgment > close | (b(ii)) compare: paired headings or table > key differences > significance > conclusion | (b(iii)) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (b(iv)) compare: paired headings or table > key differences > significance > conclusion | (c(i)) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (c(i)) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (c(ii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close Full marks: Accurate calculations with clear steps; precise definitions; well-structured comparisons; logical reasoning for qualitative parts.
Treat shots as independent and multiply
P = 4/5 × 3/4 × 2/3 = 2/5 = 0.4
Use the complement 1/5 for A missing
P = 1/5 × 3/4 × 2/3 = 1/10 = 0.1
Use the complement 1/4 for B missing
P = 4/5 × 1/4 × 2/3 = 2/15 ≈ 0.133
Take the best payoff of each alternative (190, 186, 182)
Choose the maximum, A₁
Take the worst payoff of each alternative (142, 144, 166)
Choose the maximum of these, A₃
Value = 0.7 × best + 0.3 × worst
Compute 175.6, 173.4 and 177.2
Choose A₃
Explain how MIS supports routine structured decisions
Explain how DSS supports semi-structured decisions with models and what-if analysis
Support with reasons or an example, noting limits
Structured routine versus semi-structured problems
Fixed reports versus interactive, model-based analysis
Information-oriented versus decision-oriented
Database subsystem
Model subsystem
User interface subsystem
At least one similarity (both support decisions through stored information)
Data type difference: structured numeric versus unstructured text
Tool difference: OLAP and analytics versus search and text mining
Compute average annual cost for each year (4,000; 2,500; 2,100; 1,975; 1,960; 2,000)
Identify the minimum at year 5
Replace at the end of year 5
Discount costs with v = 1/1.12
Divide present value of costs by the annuity factor to get average cost
Minimum at year 5 (about ₹2,169); replace at the end of year 5
State the rational tools (EOQ, ABC, reorder level, safety stock)
Give causes of irrational decisions (over-ordering, fear of stock-outs, discounts without costing)
50MsolveE-business, E-governance, Linear Programming, Statistics, Quality Control
(a) (i) What is e-business architecture? Which technological innovations have had a major impact on it? 5 marks
(ii) Describe the four pillars of e-governance and the various types of interactions performed in e-governance. 5 marks
(iii) Discuss the Indian Government's efforts and actions towards implementing e-governance. 5 marks
(b) (i) Solve the following Linear Programming Problem by Graphical Method: 10 marks
Minimize cost:
C = 5x₁ + 6x₂
subject to:
x₁ + x₂ = 1000
x₁ ≤ 300
x₂ ≥ 150
x₁, x₂ ≥ 0
(ii) A certain drug is claimed to be effective in curing cold. In an experiment on 500 persons suffering from cold, half of them were given the drug and the other half were given the sugar pills. Patients' reactions to the treatment are recorded in the following table:
| Treatment | Helped | Harmed | No Effect |
|-----------|--------|--------|-----------|
| Drug | 150 | 30 | 70 |
| Sugar pills | 130 | 40 | 80 |
| Total | 280 | 70 | 150 |
On the basis of the above data, can it be concluded that there is a significant difference in the effect of drug and sugar pills? 10 marks
(c) (i) Apply the concept of "Decay Curve of New Product Ideas" to an innovative product like 'e-Bike'. 5 marks
(ii) A manufacturing company always uses a sample size of 10. Data for the past 10 samples are as follows:
| Number of Defective Units | Total Units Sampled |
|---|---|
| 150 | 1,000 |
The system is believed to be operating under normal conditions.
(A) Construct a control chart with control limits such that measurements for 95% of the units under normal conditions would fall within the control limits. 5 marks
(B) Suppose the number of units defective in the next 5 samples are:
3, 4, 2, 0 and 7.
Demonstrate graphically whether the process is under control or not. 5 marks
हिंदी में पढ़ें
(a) (i) ई-व्यवसाय वास्तुकला क्या है? किन तकनीकी नवाचारों का इस पर प्रमुख प्रभाव पड़ा है?
(ii) ई-शासन के चार स्तम्भों एवं ई-शासन में निष्पादित विभिन्न प्रकार की पारस्परिक-क्रियाओं का वर्णन कीजिए।
(iii) ई-शासन के क्रियान्वयन के लिए भारत सरकार के प्रयासों एवं कार्यों की विवेचना कीजिए।
(b) (i) निम्नलिखित रैखिक (लीनियर) प्रोग्रामिंग समस्या को आलेखीय (ग्राफिकल) विधि से हल कीजिए:
लागत न्यूनतम करना:
C = 5x₁ + 6x₂
लागू शर्तें:
x₁ + x₂ = 1000
x₁ ≤ 300
x₂ ≥ 150
x₁, x₂ ≥ 0
(ii) एक निश्चित दवा का सर्दी को ठीक करने में प्रभावी होने का दावा किया जाता है। सर्दी-जुकाम से पीड़ित 500 व्यक्तियों पर किए गए प्रयोग में उनमें से आधे को दवा एवं आधे को चीनी की गोलियाँ दी गईं।
निम्नलिखित सारणी में रोगी के उपचार की प्रतिक्रियाएँ दर्ज की गई हैं:
| उपचार | मददगार | नुकसानदायक | कोई प्रभाव नहीं |
|--------|--------|-----------|---------------|
| दवा | 150 | 30 | 70 |
| चीनी की गोलियाँ | 130 | 40 | 80 |
| कुल | 280 | 70 | 150 |
उपर्युक्त आँकड़ों के आधार पर क्या यह निष्कर्ष निकाला जा सकता है कि दवा और चीनी की गोलियों के प्रभाव में महत्त्वपूर्ण भिन्नता है?
(c) (i) 'ई-बाइक' जैसे नवप्रवर्तक उत्पाद के लिए "नवीन उत्पाद विचारों का क्षय वक्र" संकल्पना को लागू कीजिए।
(ii) एक विनिर्माण कंपनी हमेशा 10 का नमूना आकार (सैम्पल साइज़) उपयोग में लेती है। पिछले 10 नमूनों के आँकड़े निम्नलिखित सारणी में दिए गए हैं:
| दोषपूर्ण इकाइयों की संख्या | कुल नमूने की इकाइयाँ |
|---|---|
| 150 | 1,000 |
ऐसा विश्वास है कि यह प्रणाली (सिस्टम) सामान्य परिस्थितियों (शर्तों) में ही संचालित हो रही है।
(A) नियंत्रण सीमाओं के साथ एक नियंत्रण चार्ट बनाइए ताकि सामान्य परिस्थितियों (शर्तों) में कुल मापी गई इकाइयों का 95% नियंत्रण सीमाओं के अंदर पाया जाए।
(B) मान लीजिए कि अगले 5 नमूनों में दोषपूर्ण इकाइयों की संख्या:
3, 4, 2, 0 एवं 7 है।
आलेखीय (ग्राफिकल) रूप से प्रदर्शित कीजिए कि क्या प्रक्रिया नियंत्रण में है अथवा नहीं।
Answer approach & key points
Framework: Graphical Method for LPP; Chi-Square Test of Independence; p-Chart for Quality Control. (a(i)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (a(ii)) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (a(iii)) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b(i)) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (b(ii)) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (c(i)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c(ii)(a)) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (c(ii)(b)) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation Full marks: Comprehensive, accurate, and well-structured answers with clear application of concepts and frameworks.
Describe the layered architecture (presentation, application, data, network/security)
Explain integration through APIs and middleware
Name major technology influences (internet, mobile, cloud, AI, digital payments)
Four pillars: people, process, technology, resources
Interaction types G2C, G2B, G2G, G2E
Brief example for each interaction
National e-Governance Plan (2006) and mission-mode projects
Digital India (2015) and its platforms
Specific tools (Aadhaar, DBT, UPI, DigiLocker, UMANG, GeM)
Recognise that the equality restricts the feasible region to a line segment
Feasible segment from (0,1000) to (300,700)
Optimum x₁ = 300, x₂ = 700, C = 5700
State hypotheses and compute expected frequencies (140, 35, 75)
Compute χ² ≈ 3.52 with d.f. = 2
Compare with 5.99 and conclude no significant difference
Explain that ideas attrite through successive stages
Apply the stages (generation, screening, concept test, business analysis, development, launch) to an e-bike
State the lesson: begin with many ideas, invest as uncertainty falls
p̄ = 0.15 and σ = 0.113
Limits p̄ ± 1.96σ
UCL ≈ 0.371 and LCL = 0
Convert 3,4,2,0,7 to proportions or compare with the UCL 3.7
50MdiscussLine Balancing, Quality Management, Six Sigma, Project Management, Statistics, ERP
(a) (i) How does the balancing line reduce the cost of idleness? Describe the steps involved in solving a line balancing problem. 5 marks
(ii) W.E. Deming said, "85% of poor quality can be attributed to management". Discuss this statement in the context of World Class Manufacturing Systems. 5 marks
(iii) What role is played by Green belts, Black belts and Master Black belts for managing 'Six-Sigma' quality in a Software Development Company? 5 marks
(iv) For a project, the following information is given:
| Activity | Node | Expected Activity Completion Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| A | 1 – 2 | 11 |
| B | 2 – 3 | 10 |
| C | 2 – 4 | 8 |
| D | 2 – 5 | 5 |
| E | 3 – 6 | 6 |
| F | 4 – 6 | 9 |
| G | 5 – 7 | 2 |
| H | 6 – 7 | 7 |
| I | 7 – 8 | 12 |
| J | 7 – 9 | 5 |
(A) Draw the network diagram. 3 marks
(B) Find the critical path. 2 marks
(b) (i) Twelve salesmen are ranked for efficiency and their length of service. Find the rank correlation coefficient.
| Salesmen | Efficiency | Length of Service |
|----------|------------|-------------------|
| A | 1 | 2 |
| B | 2 | 1 |
| C | 3 | 5 |
| D | 5 | 3 |
| E | 5 | 9 |
| F | 5 | 7 |
| G | 7 | 7 |
| H | 8 | 6 |
| I | 9 | 4 |
| J | 10 | 11 |
| K | 11 | 10 |
| L | 12 | 11 |
(ii) What are the tenets of Central Limit Theorem? Discuss the concept of Standard Error. What is its utility in hypothesis testing? 3+2+5 marks
(c) (i) Why is ERP important to a company? 4 marks
(ii) Explain the economic aspects of ERP implementation and the hidden cost therein. 5 marks
(iii) Discuss in detail any three ERP implementation strategies. 6 marks
हिंदी में पढ़ें
(a) (i) किस प्रकार संतुलन रेखा निश्चितता की लागत को कम करती है? रेखीय संतुलन समस्या को हल करने में शामिल चरणों का वर्णन कीजिए।
(ii) डब्ल्यू.ई. डेमिंग के शब्दों में "खराब गुणवत्ता का 85% श्रेय प्रबंधन को दिया जा सकता है"। विश्व स्तरीय उत्पादन प्रणालियों के संदर्भ में इस कथन की विवेचना कीजिए।
(iii) एक सॉफ्टवेयर विकसित करने वाली कंपनी में 'सिक्स-सिग्मा' गुणवत्ता के प्रबंधन में ग्रीन बेल्ट, ब्लैक बेल्ट एवं मास्टर ब्लैक बेल्ट की क्या भूमिका होती है?
(iv) किसी परियोजना के लिए निम्नलिखित सूचनाएं दी गई हैं:
| गतिविधि | नोड | संभावित गतिविधि समापन समय |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ए | 1 – 2 | 11 |
| बी | 2 – 3 | 10 |
| सी | 2 – 4 | 8 |
| डी | 2 – 5 | 5 |
| ई | 3 – 6 | 6 |
| एफ | 4 – 6 | 9 |
| जी | 5 – 7 | 2 |
| एच | 6 – 7 | 7 |
| आई | 7 – 8 | 12 |
| जे | 7 – 9 | 5 |
(A) नेटवर्क आरेख खींचिए।
(B) क्रांतिक पथ (क्रिटिकल रास्ता) खोजिए।
(b) (i) बारह बिक्रीकर्ताओं को उनकी दक्षता एवं सेवा अवधि के आधार पर क्रम में रखा गया है। कोटि सहसंबंध गुणांक निकालिए:
| बिक्रीकर्ता | दक्षता | सेवा अवधि |
|----------|--------|----------|
| ए | 1 | 2 |
| बी | 2 | 1 |
| सी | 3 | 5 |
| डी | 5 | 3 |
| ई | 5 | 9 |
| एफ | 5 | 7 |
| जी | 7 | 7 |
| एच | 8 | 6 |
| आई | 9 | 4 |
| जे | 10 | 11 |
| के | 11 | 10 |
| एल | 12 | 11 |
(ii) केन्द्रीय सीमा (सेन्ट्रल लिमिट) प्रमेय के सिद्धान्त क्या हैं? मानक त्रुटि की अवधारणा की विवेचना कीजिए। परिकल्पना परीक्षण में इसकी क्या उपयोगिता है?
(c) (i) किसी कम्पनी के लिए ई.आर.पी. क्यों महत्त्वपूर्ण है?
(ii) ई.आर.पी. क्रियान्वयन के आर्थिक पहलुओं एवं उसमें छुपी लागतों को समझाइए।
(iii) किन्हीं तीन ई.आर.पी. क्रियान्वयन रणनीतियों के बारे में विस्तार से विवेचना कीजिए।
Answer approach & key points
Framework: CPM/PERT, Spearman's Rank, CLT, ERP Implementation. (a(i)) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (a(ii)) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (a(iii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (a(iv)(a)) map: locate accurately > label > one line on why it matters | (a(iv)(b)) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (b(i)) calculate: given > formula > substitution > result with units > interpretation | (b(ii)) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c(i)) justify: claim > 3-4 reasons > evidence > conclusion | (c(ii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c(iii)) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close Full marks: Precise calculations, clear diagrams, and deep conceptual application.
Explain equalising station work content to cycle time to cut idle time
Compute cycle time and minimum stations
Assign tasks within precedence and cycle time, then compute efficiency
Explain that most defects come from the system, which management controls
Link to World Class Manufacturing practices (JIT, TQM, TPM)
Give a balanced view (worker-controllable causes, figure as rule of thumb)
Green Belt: part-time project work and data collection
Black Belt: full-time project leadership and coaching
Master Black Belt: training, mentoring and project selection
Correct nodes and arrows for A–J
Correct precedence (E and F both into node 6; G and H into node 7)
Label activity times
Critical path A–C–F–H–I (1-2-4-6-7-8)
Project duration 47
Compute d and Σd² = 62
Apply the tie correction (total 3)
ρ ≈ 0.77 with interpretation
State the CLT: sample mean tends to normal with mean μ and SD σ/√n
Define standard error and show it falls with n
Explain its use in test statistics, p-values and confidence intervals
Integrated single database across functions
Real-time information and better decisions
Reduced duplication, inventory and lead time
Visible costs and benefits (TCO, ROI)
Hidden costs (customisation, data migration, training, re-engineering)
Linking to total cost of ownership over the life cycle
50MCompulsoryelucidateStrategic management and business environment
(a) "The Government of India has been making efforts to remove the regional imbalances in development by providing incentives for setting up industries in rural areas." Elucidate. (10 marks)
(b) (i) Describe the different levels of regional economic integration. (5 marks)
(ii) What are the pros and cons of 'BREXIT'? (5 marks)
(c) "A vision is too abstract to be of any practical value." Do you agree with the statement? Justify your answer with a suitable example. Explain how objectives form hierarchy. (10 marks)
(d) (i) Elucidate the factors that influence country competitiveness. (5 marks)
(ii) Explain the factors that a company should evaluate to assess 'ease of doing business in India'. (5 marks)
(e) How does BCG Matrix help in portfolio planning? What are the advantages and limitations of such a portfolio analysis? (10 marks)
हिंदी में पढ़ें
(a) "भारत सरकार विकास में क्षेत्रीय असंतुलन को हटाने के लिए ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में उद्योग स्थापित करने के लिए प्रोत्साहन दे रही है।" व्याख्या कीजिए। (10 अंक)
(b) (i) क्षेत्रीय आर्थिक एकीकरण के विभिन्न स्तरों का वर्णन कीजिए। (5 अंक)
(ii) 'ब्रेक्सिट' के पक्ष एवं विपक्ष क्या हैं ? (5 अंक)
(c) "एक दृष्टि (विजन) जो कि बहुत अमूर्त (एब्स्ट्रैक्ट) है उसका कोई प्रायोगिक मूल्य नहीं होता।" क्या आप इस कथन से सहमत हैं ? एक उपयुक्त उदाहरण से अपने उत्तर का औचित्य सिद्ध कीजिए। समझाइए कि कैसे उद्देश्य पदानुक्रम का निर्माण करते हैं। (10 अंक)
(d) (i) उन घटकों की व्याख्या कीजिए जो देश प्रतिस्पर्धात्मकता को प्रभावित करते हैं। (5 अंक)
(ii) उन घटकों को समझाइए जिनका एक कंपनी को 'भारत में व्यवसाय करने में आसानी' का आकलन करने हेतु मूल्यांकन करना चाहिए। (5 अंक)
(e) पोर्टफोलियो नियोजन में 'बी.सी.जी. मैट्रिक्स' कैसे सहायता करता है ? ऐसे पोर्टफोलियो विश्लेषण के क्या लाभ एवं सीमाएं हैं ? (10 अंक)
Answer approach & key points
Framework: BCG Matrix. (a) examine: intro > how/why with reasoning > evidence > conclusion | (b(i)) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (b(ii)) comment: context > arguments both sides > judgment > close | (c) justify: claim > 3-4 reasons > evidence > conclusion | (d(i)) examine: intro > how/why with reasoning > evidence > conclusion | (d(ii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (e) analyse: intro > causes > effects > stakeholders/linkages > way forward Full marks: Comprehensive, specific examples, clear frameworks, balanced analysis
Name specific incentives (backward-area finance and tax benefits, DICs, KVIC/SFURTI, PMEGP, special-area packages)
Link incentives to reducing regional imbalance
Give a balanced assessment of results and limits
PTA, free trade area and customs union
Common market and economic union
Political union with an example for each level
Pros: sovereignty, independent trade deals, immigration control
Cons: trade friction, supply chain disruption, loss of single-market access
A balanced, neutral conclusion
Take a clear stand with justification
Use a suitable example
Explain the hierarchy (vision, mission, objectives, targets)
Porter's diamond determinants
Institutions, infrastructure and macro stability
Skills, technology and innovation
Ten Doing Business indicators (starting a business, permits, credit, taxes, contracts, insolvency and others)
Time, cost and procedures from the firm's view
State-level differences and regulation
Axes: market growth and relative market share
Four quadrants with strategic implication (star, cash cow, question mark, dog)
50Mcritically analyseInternational business and strategic management
(a) (i) What is the rationale behind liberalization strategies adopted by the New Industrial Policy? (6 marks)
(ii) "The term 'globalisation' assumes increasing importance in today's techno-economic parlance." Explain this statement in the context of the Indian economy. (7 marks)
(iii) Discuss the various initiatives undertaken by the Indian Chamber of Commerce (ICC) to promote both national and international trade. (7 marks)
(b) (i) Describe the four cultural predispositions that MNCs are likely to adopt towards managing employees in global context. (5 marks)
(ii) How does Hofstede's model on cultural dimensions equip international managers with an understanding of cultures across countries? (10 marks)
(c) (i) Identify the linkages between primary and secondary activities of Porter's value-chain model. (5 marks)
(ii) How is value-chain analysis conducted? Explain with the help of an example. (5 marks)
(iii) "Strategy follows structure, structure supports strategy." Critically analyse this statement. (5 marks)
हिंदी में पढ़ें
(a) (i) नवीन औद्योगिक नीति में उदारीकरण रणनीतियों को अपनाने का औचित्य क्या है ? (6 अंक)
(ii) "वर्तमान में तकनीकी-आर्थिक शब्दावली में 'वैश्वीकरण' पद का महत्व बढ़ता जा रहा है।" भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था के परिप्रेक्ष्य में इस कथन को समझाइए। (7 अंक)
(iii) राष्ट्रीय और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय दोनों व्यापार को बढ़ावा देने के लिए इंडियन चैम्बर ऑफ कॉमर्स (आई.सी.सी.) द्वारा दिए जा रहे विभिन्न प्रोत्साहनों की विवेचना कीजिए। (7 अंक)
(b) (i) वैश्विक संदर्भ में कर्मचारियों का प्रबंधन करने के लिए बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियों (एम.एन.सी.) के द्वारा उपयोग में लाई जाने वाली चार सांस्कृतिक पूर्ववृत्तियों का वर्णन कीजिए । (5 अंक)
(ii) देशों के आर-पार संस्कृतियों को समझने में सांस्कृतिक आयामों पर हॉफस्टीड का मॉडल अंतर्राष्ट्रीय प्रबंधकों को कैसे समर्थ बनाता है ? (10 अंक)
(c) (i) पोर्टर के 'मूल्य-श्रृंखला मॉडल' की प्राथमिक एवं द्वितीयक गतिविधियों के बीच के अंतर्संबंधों को पहचानिए । (5 अंक)
(ii) मूल्य-श्रृंखला विश्लेषण कैसे संचालित किया जाता है ? उदाहरण की सहायता से समझाइए । (5 अंक)
(iii) "रणनीति संरचना का पालन करती है, संरचना रणनीति को सहयोग करती है ।" इस कथन का आलोचनात्मक विश्लेषण कीजिए । (5 अंक)
Answer approach & key points
Framework: Porter's Value Chain, Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions, MNC HR Strategies. (a(i)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (a(ii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (a(iii)) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (b(i)) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (b(ii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c(i)) enumerate: list the items in order > one line each > no commentary | (c(ii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c(iii)) critique: the claim > its strengths > its weaknesses > your judgment Full marks: Comprehensive, well-structured, with specific examples and critical analysis.
Link to the 1991 crisis and inefficiency of the licence-permit system
Name the main measures (licensing abolished, MRTP diluted, reservation cut, FDI and technology approvals)
State the aims: efficiency, competition, investment, competitiveness
Define globalisation as integration of trade, capital, technology and labour
Link to India's 1991 reforms and WTO membership
Show effects (trade share, FDI, IT exports) and challenges (competition, shocks, inequality)
Policy advocacy before the government
Services such as certificates of origin and arbitration
Trade fairs, delegations and links with foreign chambers
Ethnocentric and polycentric
Regiocentric and geocentric
Brief explanation of each with staffing implication
Name the dimensions (power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation)
Apply to leadership, motivation, communication or HR
Note limitations of the model
List the primary and support activities
Show specific linkages between support and primary activities
Explain advantage from coordinated linkages
Identify activities and assign costs and value
Identify drivers and benchmark against competitors
Concrete example
Note Chandler's view that structure follows strategy
Explain how structure also shapes strategy
Conclude that the relationship is reciprocal and context dependent
50MelaborateStrategic management and international business
(a) (i) "Generic strategies help a firm to gain and sustain competitive advantage over its rivals." Elaborate this statement by giving suitable examples for each type of generic strategy. (8 marks)
(ii) Explain the growth strategies of expansion, integration and diversification by citing suitable examples. Under which conditions are these strategies most suitable for adoption ? (12 marks)
(b) A number of Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) are managed and controlled by the government. Justify the State participation in business by citing suitable examples from these PSUs. Do you think that the government's decision to monetize some of these PSUs is justified ? Give reasons to support your answer. (10+5 marks)
(c) (i) Explain the various financing techniques employed in foreign trade. (5 marks)
(ii) What are the main features of the following documents ? (10 marks)
(A) Letter of Credit
(B) Bill of Lading
(C) Commercial Invoice
(D) Consular Invoice
(E) Insurance Certificate
हिंदी में पढ़ें
(a) (i) "किसी प्रतिष्ठान को अपने प्रतिद्वंद्वी के ऊपर प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक लाभ प्राप्त करने एवं बनाए रखने में सामान्य (जेनेरिक) रणनीतियाँ मदद करती हैं ।" प्रत्येक प्रकार की सामान्य रणनीति हेतु उपयुक्त उदाहरणों द्वारा इस कथन को विस्तार से समझाइए । (8 अंक)
(ii) उपयुक्त उदाहरणों को उद्धृत करते हुए विस्तार, एकीकरण एवं विविधीकरण की विकास रणनीतियों को समझाइए । किन परिस्थितियों में ये रणनीतियाँ अपनाने के लिए सर्वाधिक उपयुक्त हैं ? (12 अंक)
(b) सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के अनेक उपक्रमों (पी.एस.यू.) को सरकार द्वारा प्रबंधित एवं नियंत्रित किया जाता है । इन उपक्रमों (पी.एस.यू.) के उपयुक्त उदाहरणों को उद्धृत करते हुए व्यापार में सरकार की सहभागिता का औचित्य सिद्ध कीजिए । क्या आप मानते हैं कि इनमें से कुछ पी.एस.यू. का मुद्रीकरण करने का सरकार का निर्णय उचित है ? अपने उत्तर के समर्थन में कारण दीजिए । (10+5 अंक)
(c) (i) विदेशी व्यापार में प्रयुक्त विभिन्न वित्तपोषण तकनीकों को समझाइए । (5 अंक)
(ii) निम्नलिखित प्रपत्रों की मुख्य विशेषताएँ क्या हैं ? (10 अंक)
(A) साख पत्र
(B) लदान पत्र
(C) वाणिज्यिक बीजक
(D) कांसुली बीजक
(E) बीमा प्रमाण-पत्र
Answer approach & key points
Framework: Porter's Generic Strategies; Ansoff Matrix / Growth Vectors; Public Sector Rationale & Monetization; International Trade Finance Instruments. (a(i)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (a(ii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (b(i)) justify: claim > 3-4 reasons > evidence > conclusion | (b(ii)) comment: context > arguments both sides > judgment > close | (c(i)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (c(ii)) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance Full marks: Comprehensive application of frameworks (Porter/Ansoff) with specific examples; clear justification for PSUs; precise technical details on trade finance documents.
Cost leadership with an example
Differentiation with an example
Focus (cost or differentiation) with an example
Expansion (penetration, market and product development) with example
Integration (backward, forward, horizontal) with example
Diversification (related, unrelated) with example
Strategic, security and infrastructure rationale with named PSUs
Social and developmental objectives (regional balance, employment, financial inclusion)
50MdiscussInternational operations and corporate governance
(a) (i) What are the similarities and dissimilarities between domestic operations management and international operations management ? (5 marks)
(ii) Explain the various strategic issues involved in international operations management. (10 marks)
(iii) Describe the various issues involved in global organizational design. (5 marks)
(b) (i) Why are mergers and acquisitions (M&As) gaining popularity among Indian corporates ? (5 marks)
(ii) Is it possible to take over a target company in a hostile manner ? Justify your answer. (5 marks)
(iii) Despite comprehensive strategic planning, many M&As do not yield the desired results. Discuss the possible reasons for the same, citing suitable examples. (5 marks)
(c) (i) "The past decades have witnessed a number of scandals and shareholder disputes, all of which indicate lacunae, if not lapses, in governance." In the light of this statement, discuss the role of Indian corporate governance framework in responding to these challenges. (8 marks)
(ii) "While the Public Distribution System (PDS) forms a cornerstone of government food and nutrition policy, India continues to be home to a large population of hungry and malnourished people." Critically analyze this statement by focussing on the functioning and efficiency of the PDS in achieving food and nutritional security in India. (7 marks)
हिंदी में पढ़ें
(a) (i) देशीय प्रचालन प्रबंध एवं अंतर्राष्ट्रीय प्रचालन प्रबंध में क्या समानताएँ एवं असमानताएँ हैं ? (5 अंक)
(ii) अंतर्राष्ट्रीय प्रचालन प्रबंध में सम्मिलित विभिन्न रणनीतिक मुद्दों को समझाइए । (10 अंक)
(iii) वैश्विक संगठनात्मक प्रारूप (डिजाइन) में सम्मिलित विभिन्न मुद्दों का वर्णन कीजिए । (5 अंक)
(b) (i) भारतीय निगमों (कॉर्पोरेट) के बीच क्यों विलय और अधिग्रहण (एम एंड ए) लोकप्रियता प्राप्त कर रहे हैं ? (5 अंक)
(ii) क्या किसी लक्षित कंपनी पर प्रतिकूल तरीके से कब्जा करना संभव है ? अपने उत्तर का औचित्य सिद्ध कीजिए । (5 अंक)
(iii) व्यापक रणनीतिक नियोजन के बावजूद, कई एम एंड ए इच्छित परिणाम नहीं दे पाते हैं । उपयुक्त उदाहरणों को उद्धृत करते हुए संभावित कारणों की विवेचना कीजिए । (5 अंक)
(c) (i) "विगत दशक अनेक घोटालों एवं शेयरधारक विवादों के साक्षी रहे हैं, जिनमें से सभी, शासन में यदि चूक नहीं, तो कमियों को दर्शाते हैं ।" इस कथन के आलोक में, इन चुनौतियों के उत्तर हेतु भारतीय निगमित शासन ढांचे की भूमिका की विवेचना कीजिए । (8 अंक)
(ii) "जबकि सार्वजनिक वितरण प्रणाली (पी.डी.एस.) सरकारी खाद्य एवं पोषण नीति की आधारशिला है, फिर भी भारत भुखे एवं कुपोषित लोगों की एक बड़ी जनसंख्या का घर है ।" भारत में खाद्य एवं पोषण सुरक्षा प्राप्त करने में पी.डी.एस. की कार्य-प्रणाली एवं दक्षता पर ध्यान केंद्रित करते हुए इस कथन का आलोचनात्मक विश्लेषण कीजिए । (7 अंक)
Answer approach & key points
Framework: null. (a(i)) compare: paired headings or table > key differences > significance > conclusion | (a(ii)) explain: definition/context > points in order > small example > short close | (a(iii)) describe: define > structure or process in order > labelled diagram > significance | (b(i)) account for: state the phenomenon > the causes in order of weight > conclusion | (b(ii)) justify: claim > 3-4 reasons > evidence > conclusion | (b(iii)) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c(i)) discuss: intro > 3-4 dimensions > example > balanced close | (c(ii)) critically evaluate: positives > negatives/limits > conditions/safeguards > conclusion Full marks: Comprehensive, well-structured, uses specific examples and frameworks, addresses all parts of the question.
Similarities in core operations decisions and objectives
Dissimilarities from exchange rate, political risk, regulation and culture
Dissimilarities in logistics, supply chain length and standardisation versus adaptation
Location and sourcing decisions (make or buy, offshoring)
Supply chain, logistics and product/process design
Risk, quality, coordination and partnership issues
Structural options (international division, product, area, matrix, transnational)
Global integration versus local responsiveness
Centralisation, coordination and control
Growth, market access, technology and scale motives
Enabling environment (Companies Act 2013, SEBI rules, IBC, finance)
Indian examples
State that it is possible but difficult in India
Mechanisms (market purchase, open offer under SEBI takeover rules, proxy contest)