What mattered in the last day or two — from The Hindu and The Indian Express, written in our own words — then 15 questions in UPSC's formats. +2 for a right answer, −0.67 for a wrong one, 0 for a blank.
1. Escalating West Asia Crisis: US-Iran Conflict and Regional Impact
The Hindu editorial analyzes the intensifying military confrontation between the US and Iran, highlighting simultaneous economic and military pressures that threaten global energy security and regional stability.
Russian President Vladimir Putin has arrived in India to attend the 2026 BRICS summit and hold bilateral talks with Prime Minister Narendra Modi, focusing on expanding trade, energy, and defense cooperation amidst a fragmented global geopol
The visit is scheduled for three days, beginning on September 11, 2026.
This marks Putin's first in-person participation at a BRICS summit outside Russia since the Ukraine war began in February 2022.
India is hosting the two-day summit, positioning the bloc as an anchor for collective resilience in food, energy, health, and supply chains.
Bilateral talks between Putin and Modi will cover defense, energy, technology, pharmaceuticals, and people-to-people exchanges.
Other attending leaders include Chinese President Xi Jinping, Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian, and South African President Cyril Ramaphosa.
Key terms
BRICS
— A grouping of major emerging national economies (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) that aims to coordinate on issues of common interest.
Strait of Hormuz
— A narrow waterway connecting the Persian Gulf to the open waters of the Gulf of Oman, crucial for global oil transport.
3. Brent Crude Breaches $100: Implications for India's Economy
Escalating West Asia conflict and supply constraints have pushed Brent crude above $100, posing significant risks to India's trade balance and inflation.
The Centre has proposed a new constitutional provision to grant Ladakh a directly elected body with legislative powers, addressing political alienation since the 2019 reorganisation.
The Ministry of Home Affairs proposed Article 371(K) to create a directly elected governing body for Ladakh.
The proposed body would have legislative authority over land, culture, language, forests, and natural resources.
Key unresolved issues include executive powers, financial control, planning, and police jurisdiction.
Ladakh currently has two Hill Councils (Leh and Kargil) that are not under the Sixth Schedule.
The proposal follows an 'in-principle understanding' reached in May and July 2024 talks.
Key terms
Article 371(K)
— A proposed constitutional provision to grant Ladakh a directly elected governing body with specific legislative powers.
Sixth Schedule
— A constitutional provision under Article 244 that establishes Autonomous District Councils with legislative and administrative autonomy in specified tribal areas.
Hill Councils
— Existing administrative bodies in Leh and Kargil with limited powers, not covered under the Sixth Schedule.
5. Allahabad HC quashes NSA detention of Noida activist
The Allahabad High Court invalidated the National Security Act detention of a law student, criticizing the executive's arbitrary use of preventive laws during labor protests.
Allahabad High Court quashed the NSA detention order against Akriti Chaudhary on September 2, 2026.
The court awarded ₹5 lakh in compensation, to be deducted from the salaries of the responsible officers.
Justices Atul Sreedharan and Achal Sachdev termed the administration's conduct 'despotic' and an 'abuse of draconian law'.
The detention was linked to industrial worker protests in Noida between April 10 and 18, 2026.
The court noted that the District Magistrate passed the order without application of mind.
Key terms
National Security Act (NSA)
— A central legislation that allows the government to detain individuals without trial if they are deemed a threat to national security or public order.
Preventive Detention
— The act of detaining a person before they commit an offense, based on the prediction that they might do so, often used in times of perceived threat to public safety.
The Supreme Court rejected a public interest litigation challenging the implementation of the national HPV vaccination drive, stating that standard compensation rules apply to any adverse events.
7. Supreme Court Queries FSSAI on Thresholds for Front-of-Pack Warning Labels
The Supreme Court questioned the methodology behind FSSAI's proposed red warning labels for packaged foods high in sugar, salt, and fat, emphasizing public health concerns.
8. IEA Projects Record Coal Output and Demand Surge in India
The IEA forecasts a 4.2% rise in India's coal demand to 1,353 MT in 2026, driven by power needs and industrial growth, alongside record domestic production.
India's coal demand projected to reach 1,353 million tonnes (MT) in 2026, a 4.2% year-on-year increase.
Domestic coal production expected to hit a record high of 1,095 MT in 2026.
Coal imports forecast to decline from 167 MT in 2025 to 160 MT in 2026 due to high pithead inventories.
Global coal demand is projected to grow by only 1.2% to 8.94 billion tonnes during the same period.
Key drivers for Indian demand include El Niño-induced cooling needs, lower hydropower availability, and strong industrial sectors like cement and steel.
Key terms
Pig Iron
— An intermediate product of smelting iron ore with coke, used primarily to make steel.
Direct Reduction of Iron (DRI)
— A process that removes oxygen from iron ore without melting it, producing sponge iron.
Metallurgical Coal
— High-quality coking coal used specifically in blast furnaces to produce steel.
9. MoSPI: Better Informal Sector Data Drives Lower GDP Revisions
The Statistics Ministry attributes downward revisions in nominal GDP estimates to the shift from proxy-based methods to direct empirical surveys of the informal sector.
11. Madras HC: SARFAESI Advocate Commissioner fees must be proportionate
The Madras High Court ruled that uniform fees for Advocate Commissioners under the SARFAESI Act are arbitrary and must be scaled to the specific workload and asset value.
Madras High Court bench comprising CJ Sushrut Arvind Dharmadhikari and Justice G. Arul Murugan issued the ruling.
The court struck down the Chengalpattu CJM's practice of fixing a uniform ₹80,000 fee for all Advocate Commissioners.
Fees must be proportionate to factors like outstanding loan amount, asset value, location, and distance traveled.
The court described the flat fee structure as an 'arbitrary levy' that vitiates judicial orders.
Cases were remanded to the CJM to fix fees based on the actual work involved in each specific case.
Key terms
SARFAESI Act, 2002
— Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, which allows banks to enforce security interest without court intervention.
Advocate Commissioner
— A legal professional appointed by a court to execute specific orders, such as taking possession of immovable property under the SARFAESI Act.
Doctrine of Proportionality
— A legal principle requiring that administrative or judicial actions be suitable, necessary, and balanced in relation to the objective pursued.
12. Human activity shapes dengue mosquito genetics in India
A study reveals that urbanization and human mobility, rather than just geography, are the primary drivers of genetic diversity in Aedes aegypti, impacting disease transmission and control strategies.
13. Bihar Floods: Ganga Backwater Effect & Sediment Issues
Bihar faced severe flooding despite a 27% rainfall deficit due to upstream discharge from UP, a 'backwater effect' from the swollen Ganga, and long-term sediment accumulation.
Bihar received 601.1 mm rain (June 1–Sept 8), which was 27% below normal, yet September rainfall was 31% above normal.
The Ganga crossed its previous Highest Flood Level (HFL) at Patna (50.58 m) and Bhagalpur (36.80 m), triggering a backwater effect that hindered tributary drainage.
Approximately 40.51 lakh people across 14 districts were affected, with 84 circles and 2,157 villages impacted.
The Ganga's rise was driven by rainfall in the Allahabad-Varanasi region and downstream discharge from neighboring states, not just local rain.
Bihar has over 3,730 km of river embankments protecting ~3,600 sq km, but sediment accumulation continues to raise riverbeds relative to the land.
Key terms
Backwater Effect
— A hydraulic phenomenon where a swollen main river impedes the drainage of its tributaries, causing water levels to rise in the tributaries and surrounding areas.
Diara Lands
— Shifting riverine islands and low-lying tracts in alluvial plains that are cultivated and inhabited but are highly vulnerable to flooding due to dynamic river channels.
Highest Flood Level (HFL)
— The highest water level recorded historically at a specific gauge station, used as a benchmark for assessing flood severity.
14. Ford Foundation vacates Lodhi Estate office after 6 decades
The Ford Foundation has left its historic Lodhi Estate headquarters, with the space reallocated to two India-led global alliances, marking the end of a 60-year institutional presence in Delhi.
Consider the following statements regarding the factors shaping the genetic structure of Aedes aegypti populations in India:
Statement-I: Human-mediated factors such as urbanization and transport infrastructure are the biggest contributors to the genetic structure of these mosquito populations.
Statement-II: Mosquitoes in highly connected urban centres exhibit greater gene flow compared to those in areas where human movement is restricted.
In the context of the above statements, which one of the following is correct?
Answer: (a)
Statement-I is true: The text explicitly states that human-mediated factors (urbanization, transport, etc.) have been the biggest contributor to shaping the genetic structure.
Statement-II is true: The text notes that mosquitoes in highly connected urban centres show greater gene flow than those in restricted areas.
Relationship: Statement-II provides specific evidence/mechanism (gene flow variation based on connectivity) that illustrates how human factors (Statement-I) shape the genetic structure.
b Statement-II directly supports and explains the mechanism behind Statement-I's claim about human factors shaping genetics.
Consider the following statements regarding the factors influencing global crude oil prices in the context of the West Asia conflict:
1. The Strait of Hormuz accounted for one-fifth of global oil and LNG flows prior to the conflict, and its effective closure has severely stifled energy flows.
2. China, the world’s largest importer of crude, has seen early signs of recovery in its oil imports, partly because Iranian oil exports have crashed due to US attacks and naval blockades.
3. The recent escalation involving US strikes on Iranian tankers near Kharg Island was a direct response to Iran firing ballistic missiles towards Jordan.
How many of the above statements are correct?
Answer: (b)
Statement 1 is correct: The text confirms the strait accounted for a fifth of global flows and its closure stifled supply.
Statement 2 is correct: The text notes China's import recovery and links it to the crash in Iranian exports (China being the main destination for sanctioned Iranian oil) forcing Beijing to buy elsewhere.
Statement 3 is incorrect: The text states the US carried out strikes in response to Iran attempting to strike a US Navy warship; Iran fired missiles at Jordan as a result of the US strikes, not vice versa.
a Statements 1 and 2 are both correct.
c Statement 3 reverses the cause-and-effect relationship described in the text.
Consider the following statements regarding the use of price indices in India's national accounts estimation:
1. The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) tracks ex-factory prices for manufactured goods, which is conceptually identical to the 'Basic Price' required for the Producer Price Index (PPI) framework.
2. For the double deflation process in the new series, MoSPI utilized the experimental input PPI because the output PPI was still in the trial stage.
3. The shift to using the Output PPI for deflation aligns with the principles noted in the UN System of National Accounts manual.
How many of the above statements are correct?
Answer: (b)
Statement 1 is correct: The text notes that WPI prices are 'ex-factory' (excluding transport/GST), which is conceptually identical to the 'Basic Price' in the PPI framework.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The text explicitly states that MoSPI did not use the experimental input PPI. Instead, double deflation was executed entirely using the newly released Output PPI.
Statement 3 is correct: The text confirms that the Output PPI was adopted for deflation as it is conceptually more aligned with the UN System of National Accounts manual.
a Statements 1 and 3 are both correct, so 'Only one' is wrong.
c Statement 2 is factually incorrect regarding the use of Input PPI.
With reference to the bilateral talks between the Prime Minister of India and the President of Russia during the 2026 BRICS Summit, which of the following areas is NOT mentioned in the text as a focus of their discussions?
Answer: (c)
The text states the bilateral talks are expected to focus on enhancing cooperation in defence, energy, technology, pharmaceuticals, and people-to-people exchanges.
While 'food' is mentioned as a focus of the broader BRICS summit regarding collective resilience, 'Agricultural exports' is not listed as a specific area for the bilateral talks between the PM and the President.
a People-to-people exchanges is explicitly listed as an area of focus for the bilateral talks.
b Defence is explicitly listed as an area of focus for the bilateral talks.
d Pharmaceuticals is explicitly listed as an area of focus for the bilateral talks.
With reference to the Supreme Court's recent ruling on the nationwide human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination campaign for adolescent girls, consider the following statements:
1. The petition was filed by a group of private medical practitioners challenging the efficacy of the HPV vaccine itself.
2. The Bench comprising Chief Justice Surya Kant and Justices Joymalya Bagchi and V. Mohana stated that in cases of incorrect vaccination, ordinary rules of compensation would apply.
3. The petitioner alleged that the implementation of the programme violated constitutional guarantees of informed consent and bodily autonomy.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Answer: (c)
Statement 1 is incorrect because the plea was filed by the Universal Health Organisation and specifically flagged the lack of an adverse-event mechanism and compensation scheme, not the efficacy of the vaccine per se.
Statement 2 is correct as the Bench explicitly mentioned that ordinary rules of compensation would apply in cases of incorrect vaccination.
Statement 3 is correct as the plea alleged violations of constitutional guarantees including informed consent, bodily autonomy, transparency, and accountability.
a Statement 1 is incorrect; the petition did not challenge the vaccine's efficacy but rather its implementation mechanisms.
b Statement 1 is incorrect; the petition was not about the vaccine's efficacy but about procedural safeguards like consent and compensation.
d Statement 1 is incorrect; the petition was not about the vaccine's efficacy but about procedural safeguards like consent and compensation.
With reference to the practice of fixing fees for Advocate Commissioners under the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (SARFAESI) Act, 2002, consider the following statements:
1. The Madras High Court held that a uniform fee structure for Advocate Commissioners is permissible if it is based on the prevailing economic circumstances and representations made by the Bar.
2. The discretion of a Judicial Magistrate to fix remuneration for an Advocate Commissioner must adhere to the doctrine of proportionality, considering factors such as the amount outstanding, value of the asset, and distance to be travelled.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Answer: (b)
The Madras High Court explicitly disapproved of the uniform fee practice, stating that a blanket fixation operates as an arbitrary levy and vitiates orders.
The Court ruled that the Magistrate's discretion must strictly adhere to the doctrine of proportionality, taking into account the amount outstanding, value/location of the asset, number of properties, and distance travelled.
a Statement 1 is incorrect because the Court rejected the justification based on economic circumstances and Bar representations, deeming the uniform fee arbitrary.
c Statement 1 is incorrect as the Court held that uniform fees are not permissible regardless of external factors.
d Statement 2 is correct as it accurately reflects the Court's directive on proportionality.
With reference to the trade dispute between the United States and Canada, consider the following statements:
1. The economic integration between the two nations began with the establishment of free trade in automobiles in 1989.
2. Canada has levied reciprocal tariffs of up to 50% on U.S. imports in response to similar U.S. tariffs.
3. The U.S. has announced an outright ban on certain Canadian alcoholic spirits, dairy goods, and motorcycles effective from September 29.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Answer: (c)
Statement 1 is incorrect: The text states that free trade in automobiles was established in 1965, not 1989. The 1989 date refers to the full-fledged free trade agreement that later expanded into NAFTA.
Statement 2 is correct: The text explicitly mentions that Canada levied reciprocal tariffs of up to 50% in reaction to U.S. tariffs.
Statement 3 is correct: The text confirms that from September 29, the U.S. will ban certain Canadian alcoholic spirits, dairy goods, and motorcycles.
a Statement 1 is incorrect because the automobile free trade began in 1965, not 1989.
b Statement 1 is incorrect because the automobile free trade began in 1965, not 1989.
d Statement 1 is incorrect because the automobile free trade began in 1965, not 1989.
In the context of the U.S.-Iran conflict, how does the United States' current strategy differ from its approach in the recent past, as described in the analysis of the crisis?
Answer: (a)
The text explicitly states that the U.S. "in the recent past has used intense military strikes and economic strangulation as separate policy tools" but is "now using both simultaneously to exert maximum pressure on Tehran."
Option B accurately reflects this shift from separate to simultaneous use of both tools.
Options A, C, and D misrepresent the text by suggesting the abandonment of one tool or a change in naval escort policy that is not described as a strategic shift from the past.
b The text states the U.S. is using both military strikes and economic pressure, not abandoning strikes.
c The text states the U.S. is now using both tools simultaneously, not shifting to one alone.
d The text states the U.S. naval escort has helped blunt the impact of Iran's chokehold, implying the escort is active, not stopped.
With reference to the Allahabad High Court's order regarding the detention of activist Akriti Chaudhary under the National Security Act (NSA), consider the following statements:
1. The High Court quashed the detention order, characterizing it as an abuse of the preventive detention law and noting that the District Magistrate had passed the order without application of mind.
2. The Court ordered a compensation of ₹5 lakh to be paid by the State of Uttar Pradesh to the detainee.
3. The High Court's order resulted in the immediate release of the activist from all legal proceedings, as she was not named in any other cases by the U.P. Police.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Answer: (c)
Statement 1 is correct: The text explicitly states the High Court quashed the NSA detention, termed it an "abuse of the draconian preventive detention law," and noted the DM passed the order "without application of mind."
Statement 2 is incorrect: The compensation of ₹5 lakh was ordered to be deducted from the salaries of the officers concerned, not paid by the State of Uttar Pradesh.
Statement 3 is incorrect: The text states the relief did not set her free because she is named in 11 other cases by the U.P. Police.
a Statement 2 is wrong because the compensation is to be deducted from the salaries of the officers concerned, not paid by the State.
b Statement 2 is wrong regarding the source of compensation, and Statement 3 is wrong because she is still named in 11 other cases.
d Statements 2 and 3 are incorrect for the reasons mentioned above.
With reference to the proposed front-of-pack warning labels for packaged foods in India, consider the following statements:
1. The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has proposed that the thresholds for classifying a food as "high" in sugar, salt, or fat should be based on the Dietary Guidelines for Indians, 2024.
2. Under the initial two-phase rollout plan, the first phase would apply the red hexagonal warning label only to products found to be high in all three specified nutrients: added fat, added sugar, and salt.
3. The Supreme Court, while hearing the public interest litigation, questioned the FSSAI's reluctance to introduce such warnings and emphasized that food safety is a cause of national interest, particularly concerning the health of growing children.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Answer: (c)
Statement 1 is correct: The text states the thresholds would be based on those prescribed under the Dietary Guidelines for Indians, 2024, issued by ICMR-NIN.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The text specifies that under the first phase, the warning would apply to products high in two or more of the three specified nutrients, not all three.
Statement 3 is correct: The Supreme Court explicitly stated that food safety is a cause of "national interest" and expressed concern over the impact on public health, particularly that of growing children.
a Statement 2 is incorrect because the first phase applies to products high in two or more nutrients, not all three.
b Statement 2 is incorrect because the first phase applies to products high in two or more nutrients, not all three.
d Statement 2 is incorrect because the first phase applies to products high in two or more nutrients, not all three.
With reference to the International Energy Agency (IEA) projections for India's coal sector, consider the following statements:
1. The IEA projects that India's coal production will reach a record high in 2026, driven by government efforts to reduce import dependence and utilize elevated pithead stocks.
2. The agency attributes the projected surge in India's coal demand primarily to a decline in renewable energy capacity and reduced industrial activity.
3. Coal India Ltd is reported to be meeting customer demand by drawing down inventories rather than increasing output, due to tempered momentum from high stock levels.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Answer: (c)
Statement 1 is correct: The text states production is expected to scale a record at 1,095 MT in 2026 due to government focus on bolstering domestic supply and reducing import dependence.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The IEA attributes elevated demand to enhanced power requirements notwithstanding the spike in renewable capacities, alongside El Niño conditions and strong industrial demand (pig iron, DRI, cement), not a decline in renewables or industry.
Statement 3 is correct: The text notes that Coal India Ltd has been meeting customer demand by drawing down inventories as high pithead stocks have 'tempered output momentum'.
a Statement 2 is incorrect.
b Statement 2 is factually opposite to the source text regarding renewable energy trends.
With reference to the proposed Article 371(K) for Ladakh, consider the following statements:
1. It proposes a directly elected governing body at the Union Territory level with legislative powers over land, culture, and environment.
2. The proposal includes full executive authority and control over police and law and order in its current draft stage.
3. Unlike the Sixth Schedule, which creates district-level autonomous councils, Article 371(K) aims for a UT-level constitutional arrangement.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Answer: (d)
Statement 1 is correct: The text states the proposed arrangement provides for a directly elected governing body with legislative powers over areas including land, culture, language, forests, environment, and natural resources.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The text explicitly mentions that key questions regarding executive, financial, planning powers, and control over police/law and order remain unresolved, and there is no draft yet.
Statement 3 is correct: The text contrasts the Sixth Schedule (district-level institutions) with the proposed Article 371(K), which is aimed at creating a governing body at the Union Territory level.
a Statement 2 is incorrect; additionally, Statement 1 is correct but missing from this option.
b Statement 2 is incorrect as these powers are not part of the current proposal.
c Statement 2 is incorrect because executive and police powers are currently unresolved issues, not included in the offer.
Consider the following statements regarding the Ford Foundation's operations and history in India:
1. It established its office in New Delhi in 1952 at the invitation of the Government of India.
2. It provided foundational grants to institutions like the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) and supported early Green Revolution initiatives.
3. In 2015, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs placed it on a watchlist for funding anti-India activities.
How many of the above statements are correct?
Answer: (b)
Statement 1 is correct: The text quotes the foundation's website stating it established its office in New Delhi in 1952 at the invitation of the Government of India.
Statement 2 is correct: The text lists IIMs (Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Kolkata) among institutions receiving 'foundational grants' and mentions support for the 'beginning of the Green Revolution'.
Statement 3 is incorrect: The text states that the Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), not the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA), placed the foundation on a watchlist in 2015. MoHUA was involved in the recent eviction proceedings.
a Statements 1 and 2 are both correct.
c Statement 3 is factually incorrect regarding the ministry involved.
Consider the following statements regarding the composition and economic weight of BRICS:
1. Indonesia joined the BRICS grouping in 2024 alongside Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, UAE, and Saudi Arabia.
2. The grouping represents approximately 49.5% of the global population and around 40% of global GDP.
3. Brazil was represented at the recent Leaders’ Summit by its President, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.
How many of the above statements are correct?
Answer: (a)
Statement 1 is incorrect: The text states that Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, UAE, and Saudi Arabia expanded in 2024, while Indonesia joined in 2025.
Statement 2 is correct: The text confirms BRICS represents ~49.5% of global population and ~40% of global GDP.
Statement 3 is incorrect: The text explicitly mentions that Brazil’s President Lula did not attend (having visited earlier for the AI summit) and was represented by Foreign Minister Mauro Vieira.
b Only Statement 2 is correct; Statements 1 and 3 are factually wrong based on the timeline of expansion and attendance details.
How many of the following statements regarding the Supreme Court's dismissal of the PIL concerning the HPV vaccination campaign are correct?
1. The Court directed the government to immediately halt the vaccination drive until a specific adverse-event mechanism was established.
2. The petitioner's counsel clarified that the objection was limited to the absence of an adverse-event mechanism and compensation scheme, not the vaccine itself.
3. The Bench consisted solely of Chief Justice Surya Kant who delivered the order dismissing the plea.
Answer: (a)
Only Statement 2 is correct. The lawyer explicitly stated he was flagging the lack of an adverse-event mechanism and compensation scheme, and nothing on the HPV vaccine per se.
Statement 1 is incorrect; the Court dismissed the plea and allowed it to be withdrawn without directing a halt to the drive or mandating immediate establishment of a new mechanism.
Statement 3 is incorrect; the Bench included CJI Surya Kant along with Justices Joymalya Bagchi and V. Mohana, not just the CJI alone.
a This option is actually the correct answer, so this field is reserved for explaining why other options are wrong. However, based on the prompt structure, I must explain why the wrong options are wrong. Let's re-evaluate the 'why_wrong' keys. The correct answer is 'a'. So I need to explain why b, c, d are wrong.
b Statement 1 is false (no halt ordered) and Statement 3 is false (Bench had 3 judges), so only one statement is correct, making 'Only two' incorrect.
c Statements 1 and 3 are factually incorrect based on the release text.
d Statement 2 is factually correct, so 'None' is incorrect.
Items are summarised in our own words from The Hindu and The Indian Express; nothing is reproduced from the articles, and each item links to the original. Questions are generated from those releases and re-checked against the source text by a second model before publishing. If one looks wrong, use Feedback — every report is read.
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