UPSC Botany 2025

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (a) How many types of gametophytes are found in Lycopodium ? Why is it difficult to collect such prothalli in nature ? 5+5=…

(a) Enumerate the types of fruiting bodies of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Write the various steps of ascus formation in Ascomycetous members with suitable illustrations. 10+10=2…

(a) Discuss how progressive sterilization of sporogenous tissue occurs in bryophytes, with suitable diagrams and examples. 20 (b) Describe the ranges of thallus organization in th…

(a) Describe the causal organisms, disease cycle and control measures of Early Blight of Potato and Blast of Rice. 10+10=20 (b) What are eusporangiate and leptosporangiate sporang…

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (a) Give an account of post-fertilization changes leading to formation of seeds in angiosperms. 10 (b) What are the various…

(a) What are the diagnostic characters of the families – Cucurbitaceae and Poaceae ? Write the botanical names and economic importance of any five members from each family. 10+10=…

(a) Write the botanical name, family, morphology of useful parts and uses of the following plants: (i) Safflower (ii) Fennel (iii) Chicory (iv) Tapioca (v) Teak 20 (b) Explain the…

(a) What is micropropagation and how does it differ from traditional plant propagation methods ? Give an account of the applications of micropropagation in crop improvement and co…

Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each: (a) Nuclear pore complex (10 marks) (b) Epistasis (10 marks) (c) Synaptonemal complex (10 marks) (d) Amphidiploidy (10…

(a) What are the different methods of DNA sequencing? Elaborate the shotgun sequencing method. (20 marks) (b) Describe the phenomenon of linkage by giving suitable examples. Why i…

(a) Elucidate the molecular basis of sex determination in plants. Explain the role of homomorphic and heteromorphic sex chromosomes. (20 marks) (b) Describe the structure of nucle…

(a) What is organic evolution? Discuss in detail the indirect evidences of organic evolution with suitable examples. (20 marks) (b) Describe the structure of chloroplast with labe…

Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each: (a) Tests of significance (10 marks) (b) Kranz anatomy and its significance (10 marks) (c) Vernalization (10 marks) (d)…

(a) What are transgenic crops? Discuss the prospects and risks involved in their cultivation. (20 marks) (b) What is biological nitrogen fixation? Explain the mechanism of symbiot…

(a) What are the different gene transfer methods in plants? Give a brief account of direct gene transfer methods. (20 marks) (b) What are the different carbon fixation pathways in…

(a) Define biodiversity. Explain the various ex situ and in situ methods of conserving biodiversity. (20 marks) (b) What are phytohormones? Briefly discuss the role of auxin in pl…