Law

UPSC Law 2025

All 16 questions from the 2025 Civil Services Mains Law paper across 2 papers — 800 marks in total. Each question comes with a detailed evaluation rubric, directive word analysis, and model answer points.

16Questions
800Total marks
2Papers
2025Exam year

Paper I

8 questions · 400 marks
Q1
50M 150w Compulsory critically examine Constitutional Law - Executive power, Administrative tribunals, President's consultative power, Article 21, Separation of powers

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (a) Where does the Constitution of India vest executive power with respect to subject-matters in the Concurrent List over w…

Q2
50M discuss Constitutional Law - Parliamentary privileges, Directive Principles, Basic Structure doctrine

(a) What are the powers, privileges and immunities of Houses of Parliament in India? Do they have the power to expel any of their members for breach of privileges? If so, are such…

Q3
50M explain Constitutional Law - Judicial review, Parliament's legislative powers, Legal Services Authorities Act

(a) "In any democratic society, judicial review of administrative action is the soul of the system. Without it, democracy, and rule of law cannot be maintained." Explain with exam…

Q4
50M examine Constitutional Law - Governor's pardoning power, Emergency provisions, Lokpal and Lokayukta

(a) Examine the power of the Governor to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment, or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of an…

Q5
50M 150w Compulsory discuss International Law - Self-defence, UN General Assembly, State Succession, ICC Rome Statute, Contiguous Zone

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: (a) Is anticipatory and pre-emptive use of force for self-defence permissible under Article 51 of the UN Charter? Discuss.…

Q6
50M critically analyse International Law - UN Security Council, Law of the Sea, Territorial sovereignty

(a) There may be various reasons for the failure of the Security Council of United Nations in maintaining international peace and order. One of the main reasons is its composition…

Q7
50M examine International Law - Nationality, Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties, WTO and international trade law

(a) Examine the definition, meaning of 'Nationality' and modes of acquisition of nationality. Also, make a distinction between Nationality and Citizenship. (20 marks) (b) Discuss…

Q8
50M critically examine International Law - Nuclear weapons law, Asylum, International dispute settlement

(a) Critically examine the International Law relating to development and use of nuclear weapons with special focus on the Treaty on Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), 2017. (2…

Paper II

8 questions · 400 marks
Q1
50M 150w Compulsory explain Torts, Criminal Law, Civil Rights, Master-Servant Liability, Sentence Commutation

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each. Support your answer with relevant legal provisions and judicial pronouncements: (a) "Doctrine of 'foreseeability', not the…

Q2
50M explain Criminal Law - Homicide, Private Defence, Nuisance

(a) "Homicide means killing of a human being by a human being." Explain the statement and distinguish between culpable homicide amounting to murder and not amounting to murder. (2…

Q3
50M discuss Torts - Defamation, Ubi Jus Ibi Remedium, Offences Against Marriage

(a) Discuss the law of defamation. Is this correct to say that law of defamation gives too much protection to 'reputation' and imposes too a great restriction on the freedom of sp…

Q4
50M explain Criminal Law - Dacoity, Joint Offenders, Consumer Protection Mediation

(a) "Dacoity is an aggravated form of theft and robbery." Explain with relevant provisions and case-laws. (20 marks) (b) "In case of joint offenders, their liability is joint and…

Q5
50M 150w Compulsory elucidate Contract Law, Sale of Goods, Partnership, Certifying Officer, Public Interest Litigation

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each. Support your answer with relevant legal provisions and judicial pronouncements: (a) "Law as well as justice should try to p…

Q6
50M discuss Contract Law - Restraint of Trade, Acceptance, Coercion and Undue Influence

(a) "Every agreement by which anyone is restrained from exercising a lawful profession, trade or business of any kind is to that extent void." Discuss the statement along with the…

Q7
50M explain Contract Performance, Competition Law, Environmental Law Principles

(a) "The parties to a contract must either perform or offer to perform their respective promises unless the performance is dispensed with or excused under the provisions of the Co…

Q8
50M discuss RTI Act, Arbitration Agreement, Trademark Remedies

(a) "Right to Information, for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, is an important enactment." Discuss. Also describe the obligations…

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