UPSC Botany 2026

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each : (a) Blue-green algae are also considered as bacteria. Discuss their major similarities with bacteria. (10 marks) (b) What…

(a) What are the major characteristics of Anthocerotopsida? Describe the gametophytic and sporophytic generations of Anthoceros. (20 marks) (b) Describe the salient features and e…

(a) Name the organism that causes stalk rot disease in maize. Describe its symptoms, disease cycle, control and management. (20 marks) (b) What are Mycoplasmas? How do they differ…

(a) Explain the APG IV classification. State briefly how it differs from existing classifications. Discuss its merits and demerits. (20 marks) (b) Describe in brief the major stra…

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each : (a) Describe the androecium of Orchidaceae and Asclepiadaceae. Highlight the differences between them. (10 marks) (b) Disc…

(a) Mention the diagnostic features of family Apiaceae and Solanaceae. Write the botanical names and uses of five members from each family. (20 marks) (b) “Botanical gardens are c…

(a) Briefly explain the method of herbaria preparation. What is its role in modern taxonomic research? (20 marks) (b) Write an account on types, regulation and significance of tot…

(a) What is the role played by media and growth regulators in micropropagation? How to control exudation and contamination problems during micropropagation? (20 marks) (b) Describ…

Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each : (a) Frame Shift mutation (10 marks) (b) Lampbrush chromosome and its significance (10 marks) (c) Reporter genes (10 ma…

(a) Give a detailed account on sex linked inheritance ? (20 marks) (b) Explain the structural variations of chromosomes and their significance. (15 marks) (c) Describe the role of…

(a) (i) Write in detail the chemical composition of microtubules. (10 marks) (ii) Elaborate the functions of cytoplasmic microtubules. (10 marks) (b) Explain the different means o…

(a) Discuss on the tools and techniques involved in PCR and FISH. (20 marks) (b) Explain the causes of Heterosis and its impact in Agriculture. (15 marks) (c) Describe the various…

Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each : (a) Munch hypothesis (10 marks) (b) Correlation and Regression (10 marks) (c) Heat Shock Proteins (HSP's) (10 marks) (…

(a) (i) Explain the significance of Nod factors and the process of root nodule formation. (10 marks) (ii) Describe the process of amino acid biosynthesis in nitrogen metabolism. (…

Explain the following : (a) (i) Explain the factors affecting enzyme activity. (10 marks) (ii) Describe the mechanism of enzyme action. (10 marks) (b) (i) Acid rain (5 marks) (ii)…

(a) (i) What is the basic concept of phytogeography ? (5 marks) (ii) Give a detailed account on various phytogeographical regions of India. (15 marks) (b) Give an account on farme…