UPSC Zoology 2026

Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each : (a) Structure of gemmules in Porifera and their importance. (10 marks) (b) Structure and functions of parathyroid glan…

(a) Write peculiar characters of phylum Annelida. Classify this phylum into different classes and mention features of each class with examples. (20 marks) (b) Mention the structur…

(a) Give a comparative account of aortic arches in vertebrates. (20 marks) (b) Explain different ways of locomotion in Protozoa citing suitable examples. (15 marks) (c) Describe t…

(a) Explain types of fins in fishes and their role in locomotion. (20 marks) (b) Describe the functions of various gonadal hormones in humans. (15 marks) (c) Describe the general…

Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each : (a) Green house effect. (10 marks) (b) Sign stimuli in animals and their significance. (10 marks) (c) Gene therapy and…

(a) Enumerate various population characteristics. Explain the following characteristics in detail : (i) Natality and mortality (ii) Population dispersion (20 marks) (b) Describe o…

(a) Differentiate among alpha, beta and gamma diversity. Explain various factors which threaten the biodiversity. (20 marks) (b) Describe instinctive behaviour and learned behavio…

(a) Explain the following human genetic diseases : (i) Haemophilia (ii) Thalassemia (20 marks) (b) Explain various biological rhythms with the help of suitable examples. (15 marks…

Write on the following in about 150 words each : (a) Semiconservative replication of DNA (10 marks) (b) Difference between pinocytosis and phagocytosis (10 marks) (c) Principle an…

(a) What is DNA transcription? Explain the process of DNA transcription in eukaryotes. (20 marks) (b) What is primary and secondary sex determination? Explain hormonal regulation…

(a) What is recombinant DNA technology? Describe the different vectors used in DNA cloning. (20 marks) (b) Describe the applications of cladistics in modern taxonomy. (15 marks) (…

(a) What is Oparin concept? Comment on the chemical theory of origin of life. (20 marks) (b) Explain the functional elements of eukaryotic chromosomes. (15 marks) (c) Do mitochond…

Write on the following in about 150 words each : (a) Role of calcium in muscle contraction (10 marks) (b) How is excretion different from osmoregulation in mammals? (10 marks) (c)…

(a) Explain various levels of protein organization with suitable examples. (20 marks) (b) What is nerve impulse? How is the action potential generated and propagated across the ne…

(a) Name the proteins and their functions involved in skeletal muscle contraction. Unlike skeletal muscles, why do cardiac muscles not fatigue? (20 marks) (b) Describe the mechani…

(a) Define apoptosis. Explain the characteristics, molecular pathways and significance of apoptosis. (20 marks) (b) Describe the role of pancreas in blood sugar regulation. (15 ma…