UPSC Economics 2026

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each : (a) According to Michal Kalecki, how the degree of monopoly and the level of investment interact to determine the function…

(a) Under what conditions, does a market reach equilibrium ? Analyse the differences in stability between Marshallian and Walrasian approaches. (20 marks) (b) Critically examine t…

(a) The following values for an economy are given : C = 0.8 (1 – t)Y t = 0.25 I = 900 – 50r, G = 800, L = 0.25Y – 62.5r M̄/P = 500, P = 1 The variables have the usual meaning. Fin…

(a) Explain the instruments through which the government of any country tries to successfully carry out its three major roles namely, Allocation, Distribution and Stabilization. (…

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each : (a) “Import tariffs typically result in a net welfare loss for a country”. Do you agree ? Justify your answer by applying…

(a) Discuss the major differences between Old and New international trade theories. (20 marks) (b) Explain the effect of a monetary expansion on exchange rate in the short and the…

(a) Analyse the role of human capital as a driver of economic development in developing countries. How can education and healthcare investment overcome the “Low productivity trap”…

(a) “Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs, but not every man’s greed”. Analyse this statement in the context of environmental degradation and the rights of future ge…

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each : (a) Critically examine the ‘drain theory’ as propounded by Dadabhai Naoroji. How did it explain the root cause of poverty…

(a) Evaluate the success of land reforms in post-Independent India. Why was the success limited in certain States while non-existent in others? Link land reforms to the broader ag…

(a) Trace the trajectory of India’s industrial policy from the Nehruvian model of ‘Mahalanobis Strategy’ to the liberalization era. How has the focus shifted regarding the role of…

(a) Trace the evolution of the debate between the public and private sectors in India's industrial development from the Industrial Policy Resolutions to the 1991 reforms. (20 mark…

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each : (a) Analyze the impact of the TRIPS Agreement on the pricing and availability of generic drugs in the Indian pharmaceutica…

(a) Critically examine the impact of the New Economic Policy on the Indian corporate sector. Discuss its effects on privatization, the surge in FDI, and the domestic industry with…

(a) “Economic development without employment generation is meaningless.” Give your views. Critically analyze the phenomenon of ‘jobless growth’ in India in post-reform period, and…

(a) Explain the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) regime under the WTO. Discuss the specific implications of TRIPS and GATS on India’s trade policy and domestic regulations. (20…